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Anatomy Exam 1 > Musculoskeletal System and Nervous System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Types of tissues

A

epithelium
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
connective tissue

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2
Q

what is the epithelium

A

anything that lines a surface or lines cavities
forms outer layer of the skin
4 layers

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3
Q

what are the four layers of the epithelium

A

simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
pseudostratified

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4
Q

what are muscle cells (fibers)

A

specialized contractile cells organized into tissues that move body parts or alter shape of internal organs

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5
Q

what do muscles do

A

give form to body and provide heat

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6
Q

what are the types of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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7
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

striated
long
multinucleated
voluntary

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8
Q

what is cardiac muscle

A

branching
interrelated discs
fused at plasma membrane
found in heart –> forms most walls of heart
also known as myocardium
involuntary

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9
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

long
single nucleated
spindle shaped
found in hollow organs –> walls of digestive tract
found in the skin (makes hair stand up)
involuntary

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10
Q

what is the skeletal muscle consisted of

A

muscle fibers –> structural units of a muscle

endomysium
perimysium
epimysium

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11
Q

what is the endomysium

A

connective tissue covering individual muscle fiber (inner most layer)

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12
Q

what is the perimysium

A

connective tissue covering group of fibers (fascicles) (middle layer)

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13
Q

what is the epimysium

A

connective tissue covering the entire muscle (deep fascia) (outer layer)

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14
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal muscle

A

agonist
fixators
synergist
antagonist

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15
Q

what is the agonist muscle

A

it is the prime mover
main muscle responsible for movement

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16
Q

what is the fixator muscles

A

steady, proximal parts of the limb while movement occurs in distal part

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17
Q

what is the synergist muscle

A

complements action of prime mover

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18
Q

what is the antagonist muscle

A

opposes action of prime mover
Ex: tricep is antagonist to flexion of bicep

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19
Q

what are the shapes of skeletal muscles

A

pennate
fusiform
parallel
convergent
circular
digastric

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20
Q

what is the pennate shape of the skeletal muscle

A

feather-shaped
can be bi-penate
ex: rectus femoris

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21
Q

what shape is the fusiform skeletal muscle

A

wider towards middle
narrow at ends
ex: biceps brachii

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22
Q

what is the parallel shape of skeletal muscle

A

all muscle fibers parallel to each other

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23
Q

what is the convergent shape of skeletal muscle

A

fan shaped
wider at one end but fibers converge at the other end
ex: pectoralis major

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24
Q

what is the circular shape of the skeletal muscle

A

used to close and open
ex: eyes and mouth

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25
Q

what is the digastric shape of the skeletal muscle

A

has two bellies connected by a tendon

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26
Q

what are the four parts of connective tissue

A

fibrous connective tissue
cartilage
blood cells
bones

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27
Q

what is fibrous connective tissue

A

has 2 fiber types (collagen and elastic)
consists of loose fibrous connective tissue and dense fibrous connective tissue

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28
Q

what is loose fibrous connective tissue

A

has more cells and fewer fibers
ex: adipose

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29
Q

what is dense fibrous connective tissue

A

has more closely packed fibers
can be regular (tendons or ligaments) or irregular (fascia)

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30
Q

what are the parts of connective cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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31
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

smooth, glossy, bluish
articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage

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32
Q

what is the fibrocartilage

A

white
contains many collagen fibers

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33
Q

what is the elastic cartilage

A

yellowish
found in external ear

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34
Q

what is bone

A

bone is a type of connective tissue

provides protection, support, mechanical basis of movement, storage for salts, continuous supply of blood cells

main supporting tissue of the body

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35
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

head, neck, trunk

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36
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs

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37
Q

what is compact bone

A

provides strength for weight bearing

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38
Q

what is spongy bone

A

where you find bone marrow

if bone was all compact, the muscles would not be able to move the heavy bones

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39
Q

parts of the long bone

A

periosteum
articular cartilage
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis

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40
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue covering bone

very sensitive

where pain comes from

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41
Q

articular cartilage

A

found on the ends of the bone

made up of hyaline

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42
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft

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43
Q

epiphysis

A

very ends of the bone

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44
Q

metaphysis

A

transition b/w diaphysis and epiphysis

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45
Q

classifications of bones

A

long bone: humerus
short bone: carpal
flat bone: sternum
irregular bone: vertebra
sesamoid bone: patella

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46
Q

vascular and innervation of bones

A

-nutrient arteries: provide nutrients to bone tissue
-periosteal arteries: supplies periosteum
-metaphyseal and epiphysial arteries: supplies shaft and ends
-nerves: located on periosteum –> periosteal and vasomotor

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47
Q

nerves of the bones

A

-periosteal nerves
-vasomotor nerves

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48
Q

periosteal nerves

A

innervate the bones
gives pain, pressure and temperature

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49
Q

vasomotor nerves

A

innervate the bones
control blood flow going through bones

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50
Q

what are joints (articulations)

A

-union or junction: b/w two or more bones
-no movement: epiphyseal plates of growing long bone b/w diaphysis and epiphysis
-slight movement: teeth within their sockets
-freely moveable: shoulder joints

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51
Q

what are the types of joints

A

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints

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52
Q

what are fibrous joints

A

syndesmosis: sheet of fiber jointing two bones together
-found in sutures of cranium, in b/w ulnar and radius bone, in b/w tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane)

gomphosis: dentialveolar syndesmosis
-fibrous joint where root of tooth fits into socket in the bone of the jaw

53
Q

what are cartilaginous joints

A

-articulating structures are united by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
-primary cartilaginous joint and secondary cartilaginous joint

54
Q

primary cartilaginous joint

A

-synchondrosis
-bones are united by hyaline cartilage
-usually temporary
-epiphyseal plate, joint b/w first rib and sternum

55
Q

secondary cartilaginous joint

A

-symphysis
-strong, slightly moveable, provide shock absorption
-bones united by fibrocartilage
- ex: intervertebral discs

56
Q

what are synovial joints

A

-most common joint
-provides free movement

57
Q

what are the structural aspects of the synovial joint

A

-joint capsule
-articular cartilage
-synovial fluid
-inside the capsule
-outside of the capsule
-accessory ligaments
-special features

58
Q

joint capsule of the synovial joint

A

-articular capsule
-unites the bones
-encloses articular joint cavity
-outer fibrous later
-synovial membrane: inner layer of the joint capsule

59
Q

what is the synovial fluid

A

-secretes by synovial membrane
-acts as lubricant for the joint

60
Q

where do you find articular cartilage in the synovial joint?

A

on the ends of each bone within the capsule

61
Q

what is in the inside of the capsule of a synovial joint

A

-articular cartilage: covers articulating surfaces of the bones

62
Q

what is on the outside of the capsule of a synovial joint

A

periosteum: blends with the fibrous layer of the joint capsule

63
Q

what do the accessory ligaments do for the synovial joint

A

-reinforce the joint
-can be extrinsic ( separate) or intrinsic (thickening of a portion of the joint capsule)

64
Q

what are some special features of the synovial joint

A

fibrocartilaginous articular discs or menisci allows rounded edge of femur to fit better with tibia when articulating bones are incongruous

65
Q

what are the different types of synovial joints

A

-hinge
-pivot
-saddle
-condyloid
-plane
-ball and socket

66
Q

hinge joint

A

-uniaxial
-elbow permits flexion and extension
- medial/lateral axis
Ex: humerus and ulna, elbow joint

67
Q

pivot joint

A

-uniaxial
-allows pronation/supination of arm
-b/w 1st and 2nd vertical vertebra
-vertical axis rotation

68
Q

saddle joint

A

-biaxial
-occurs at 2 axis
-ex: located in thumb (frontal plane)

69
Q

condyloid joint

A

-ellipsoid
-biaxial
-flexion and extension a little more free than abd/add
ex: metacarpal phalangeal joint

70
Q

plane joint

A

-nonaxial
-tight
-limited joint movement
-numerous in the body
ex: facet joint in articular facets of vertebra

71
Q

ball and socket joint

A

-multiaxial movement
-medial/lateral
-ant/post
-vertical axis
ex: shoulder joints

72
Q

plane of movement

A

parallel to plane
ex: flex of arm us parallel to sagittal plane

73
Q

vasculature and innervation of synovial joints

A

-articular arteries and veins (found mostly in synovial membrane)
-articular nerves (pain fibers are numerous in fibrous layer of joint capsule)
-transmit proprioception feeling of knowing where parts of your body are in relationship to other parts of the body
-synovial membrane is insensitive

74
Q

what is the central nervous system (cns) composed of

A

brain
spinal cord

75
Q

what is the role of the cns

A

carry out high mental functions like thinking, math, decision making

76
Q

what are neurons

A

communicate through synapses
basic unit of nervous system

77
Q

what is a nucleus

A

collection of nerve bodies

78
Q

what is a tract

A

a bundle of axons (nerve fibers) connecting different parts of CNS

79
Q

what is the white matter

A

tracts

80
Q

what is grey matter

A

collection of cell bodies

81
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system (pns)

A

outside of CNS

82
Q

what is the pns compsed of

A

somatic nervous system (SNS-voluntary ex: skeletal muscle)

autonomic nervous system (PNS- involuntary)

83
Q

how many cranial nerves are there and where are they located

A

PNS

12 pairs

84
Q

how many spinal nerves are there and where are they located

A

8 pairs cervical spinal nerves

12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves

5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves

5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves

1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves

85
Q

where are the cervical spinal nerves located

A

8 pairs

First pairs come out from above C1

nerves are number by the cervical vertebra they come out above of

C8 comes out from below C7

86
Q

where are the thoracic spinal nerves

A

12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves

come out from below the vertebrae they are named after

87
Q

where are the lumbar spinal nerves

A

5 pairs

come out from below the vertebrae they are named after

88
Q

where are the sacral spinal nerves located

A

5 pairs

named after the segment they come out below of

89
Q

where is the coccygeal spinal nerve located

A

from below the coccyx

90
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS

same as a nucleus for the CNS

91
Q

structure of peripheral nerves

A

schwann cells and 3 layers of connective tissue (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium)

92
Q

what are schwann cells

A

produce sheaths that surround individual axons (nerve fibers)

-large diameter fibers –> myelinated
-small diameter fibers –> unmyelinated but still supported by schwann cells

93
Q

what are the three layers of connective tissue in the peripheral nerves

A

endoneurium –> around a single axon

perineurium –> around bundles of axons (fascicles), small blood vessels found

epineurium–> surrounds all fascicles, small blood vessels found

94
Q

Acronym for cranial nerves

A

Oh Oh Oh, To Touch and Feel Very Good Velvet, Such Heaven

95
Q

CN 1

A

olfactory –> sense of smell

96
Q

CN 2

A

optic nerve –> ability to see

97
Q

CN 3

A

oculomotor –> controls the muscles of the eye

98
Q

CN 4

A

trochlear –> controls the muscles of the eye

99
Q

CN 5

A

trigeminal –> 3 parts (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular) and motor functions of mastication)

100
Q

CN 6

A

abducent –> controls extra ocular muscles

101
Q

CN 7

A

facial –> all the muscles of facial expression, provides sensory info for the nasal cavity, partial sense of taste

102
Q

CN 8

A

vestibulocochlear –> hearing and balance

103
Q

CN 9

A

glossopharyngeal –> controls salivary glands in the cheek, muscles of the pharynx, provides posterior part of the tongue with taste

104
Q

CN 10

A

vagus –> hep innervate portions of the viscera

105
Q

CN 11

A

spinal accessory –> motor nerve for SCM and trapezius

106
Q

CN 12

A

hypoglossal –> controls all the muscles in the tongue

107
Q

structure of the spinal nerve

A

roots of spinal nerves –> one way (dorsal root and ventral root)

spinal nerve

rami of spinal nerves (dorsal ramus and ventral ramus)

108
Q

what is the dorsal root

A

root of the spinal nerve

one way street

carries only afferent (sensory) fibers to CNS

attached to dorsal root ganglion (contains cells bodies of afferent neurons)

109
Q

what are ventral root spinal nerves

A

carries only efferent (motor) fibers to the periphery

nucleus for ventral nerve cell bodies found in spinal cord

110
Q

what is the spinal nerve

A

formed by union of dorsal and ventral roots

two way street which means both sensory and motor running through

111
Q

dorsal (posterior) ramus

A

2 way street

only carries info to the deep muscles of the back, vertebral column and the skin that covers these muscles

112
Q

ventral (anterior) ramus

A

2 way street

only carries info to the front and the upper and lower limbs

113
Q

what is the general somatic efferent

A

sensory info foes to the skeletal muscle

nerve fibers travel from CNS (cell body located in ventral horn) through the ventral root, to spinal nerve, to dorsal or ventral ramus

114
Q

what is the motor unit of the GSE

A

axon and the muscle cells it innervates

115
Q

what is a large motor unit

A

one axon innervates 100-1000s of muscle cells (for power) ex: gluteus maximus

116
Q

small motor unit

A

one axon innervates 3-5 fibers (for fine control)
ex: muscles in the eyes

117
Q

general visceral (organ) afferents (GVA)

A

enters CNS by passing through sympathetic ganglion and short, centrally part of ventral ramus, then goes through SN to dorsal root

118
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consist of

A

general visceral efferents

always has 2 neurons

(sympathetic and parasympathetic division)

119
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

-1st neuron only exist in T1-L2
-1st neuron is short and the second is long
-cell bodies must be located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord

120
Q

process of the SNS

A

-1st neuron leaves through ventral root (motor)
-enters spinal nerve
-runs to ventral ramus for short distance
-travels through white ramus communicans to reach the sympathetic ganglion to synapse with cell body of 2nd neuron
-2nd neuron leaves through grey ramus communicans back to ventral ramus to reach the effector cell

121
Q

what are sympathetic ganglia

A

contains cell bodies of 2nd neuron

=to paravertebral ganglia

connected by a sympathetic truck

122
Q

what are prevertebral ganglia

A

celiac

superior mesenteric

inferior mesenteric ganglia

123
Q

what are paravertebral ganglia

A

connect prevertebral ganglia through splanchnic nerves

124
Q

what is the parasympathetic division

A

-rest and digest
-mainly exists in cranial and sacral nerves
do not extend to extremities
come from 2 places (cranial and sacral)
-1st neuron is long and the 2nd is short

125
Q

what nerves in the parasympathetic NS come from the cranial place

A

CN 3, CN5, CN9, CN10

126
Q

what nerves come from the sacral part of the parasympathetic division

A

S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnic nerves)

127
Q

where is the ganglia located in the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

wall of the organs

128
Q

what are the effector organs of the ANS

A

smooth muscle (heart, lungs, digestive organs etc.)

glands

either divisions carry out different sets of actions on these effector organs

Anatomy Exam 1 (15 decks)

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