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Anatomy Exam 1 > Superficial Back, Shoulder and Upper Arm > Flashcards

Superficial Back, Shoulder and Upper Arm Flashcards

1
Q

the upper limb

A

-Characterized by its mobility and its ability to conduct fine motor skill –> by having so much mobility we sacrifice stability
-Stability sacrificed to gain mobility
-Stability through boney structures,
ligaments and muscles
-Hand function and position dependent on ability to place it in the proper position by movements at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints

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2
Q

what are the major segments of the upper limb

A

-shoulder, pectoral region, arm, forearm and hand

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3
Q

shoulder regions

A

-pectoral (ant.) region
-scapular (post.) region
-deltoid (lat.) region

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4
Q

what joint has the most mobility in the body

A

the shoulder

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5
Q

what bones are included with the shoulder?

A

-clavicle
-scapula
-proximal and body of the humerus
-other boney structures

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6
Q

the clavicle

A

-collarbone
-connects upper limb to the trunk

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7
Q

articulations of the clavicle

A

-manubrium (creates the SC joint –> hold everything to the axial skeleton –> very strong)
-acromion (makes the AC joint)

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8
Q

surfaces and landmarks of the clavicle

A

-sternal end (more knob like)
-acromial end (flatter)
-superior surface
-inferior surface (conoid tubercle, trapezoid line, subclavian groove)
-anterior surface
-posterior surface

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9
Q

scapula

A

-shoulder blade
-triangular flat bone that lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax

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10
Q

scapula articulations

A

-clavicle (AC joint)
-Humerus (glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint))

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11
Q

injuries including the scapula

A

-shoulder separation (happens at the AC joint)
-shoulder dislocation (happens at the GH joint)

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12
Q

surfaces and landmarks of the scapula

A

-anterior surface
-posterior surface
-borders
-angles
-glenoid cavity
-coracoid process
-suprascapular notch

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13
Q

anterior surface of the scapula

A

-costal surfaces
-subscapular fossa

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14
Q

posterior surface of the scapula

A

-spine
-acromion
-supraspinatus fossa
-infraspinatus fossa

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15
Q

borders of the scapula

A

-medial
-lateral
-superior

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16
Q

angles of the scapula

A

medial, lateral, superior

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17
Q

glenoid cavity of the scapula

A

-supraglenoid tubercle
-infraglenoid tubercle

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18
Q

humerus

A

-proximal and body is apart of the upper arm region
-largest bone of the upper limb

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19
Q

articulations of the humerus (upper)

A

scapular –> GH joint

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20
Q

surfaces and landmarks of the humerus (upper)

A

• Head
• Anatomical neck
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Bicipital groove
• Surgical neck
• Anterior border
• Medial border
• Lateral border
• Anteromedial surface
• Anterolateral surface
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Posterior surface
• Radial groove

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21
Q

head of the humerus

A

articulation with the scapula

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22
Q

anatomical neck of the humerus

A

holds the head of the humerus up

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23
Q

bicipital groove of the humerus

A

in b/w the tubercles

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24
Q

surgical neck of the humerus

A

common site for fractures

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25
Q

radial groove of the humerus

A

-if a fracture happens here, there could be damage to the nerve –> injury to the muscles the radial nerve innervates

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26
Q

other boney structures of the upper region

A

-occipital bone
-vertabrae
-nuchal ligament
-ilium

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27
Q

the occiptal bone in the upper region

A

-back of the head
-external occipital protuberance
-superior nuchal line (on both sides lateral of the external occipital protuberance)

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28
Q

vertebrae in relation to the upper region

A

-body
-pedicles (holds up laminae)
-laminae (comes together to make the spinous process)
-transverse processes
-articular processes
-spinous processes (sticks out posteriorly, cervical spine –> bifid)
-vertebral foramen/canal (individually –> foramen, multiple vertebrae –> canal)
-vertebral notches (individually: superior and inferior notches, multiple together: intervertebral foramen in which the spinal nerves come through)

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29
Q

nuchal ligament of the upper region

A

a triangular membrane that forms a median fibrous spetum b/w the muscles of the 2 sides of the neck

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30
Q

ilium as a part of the upper region

A

-largest part of the hip bone
-iliac crest (in line with L4 spinous process)

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31
Q

trapezius muscle

A

-provides a direct attachment of the pectoral girdle to the trunk
-3 parts (descending, transverse and ascending)
-parts are labeled on how the fibers run
-superficial

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32
Q

origin of the descending part of the trapezius muscle

A

O: occipital bone and spinous process C1-C7

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33
Q

insertion of the descending part of the trapezius

A

I: clavicle (lateral 1/3)

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34
Q

innervation of the trapezius muscle

A

spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11)

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35
Q

action of the descending part of the trapezius

A

A: draws scapula obliquely upward, rotates glenoid cavity superiorly, tilts the head to the side sides, rotates the head to the opposite side

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36
Q

origin of the transverse part of the trapezius

A

O: aponeurosis at T1-T4 spinous process

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37
Q

insertion of the transverse part of the trapezius

A

I: acromion

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38
Q

action of the transverse part of the trapezius

A

A: draws scapula medially

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39
Q

origin of the ascending part of the trapezius

A

O: spinous process of T5-T12

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40
Q

insertion of the ascending part of the transverse process

A

I: scapular spine

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41
Q

action of the ascending part of the trapezius

A

A: draws scapula medially downward

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42
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

-widest muscle in the back
-4 parts (vertebral part, scapular part, costal part, iliac part)
-superficial

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43
Q

origin of the vertebral part of the latissimus dorsi

A

O: spinous process of T7-T12

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44
Q

origin of the scapular part of the latissimus dorsi

A

O: inferior angle of the scapula

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45
Q

origin of the costal part of the latissimus dorsi

A

O: ribs 9-12

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46
Q

origin of the iliac part of the latissimus dorsi

A

O: iliac crest (posterior 1/3)

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47
Q

insertion of latissimus dorsi

A

I: floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus

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48
Q

innervation of the latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

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49
Q

actions of the latissimus dorsi

A

A: IR, ADD, EXT, respiration (cough muscle)

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50
Q

origin of the levator scapulae

A

O: transverse processes of C1-C4

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51
Q

insertion of the levator scapulae

A

I: scapula (superior angle, medial border, b/w the superior angle and the superior portion of the spine)

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52
Q

innervation of the levator scapulae

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

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53
Q

actions of the levator scapulae

A

A: draws scap medially upward, move the inferior angle medially, inclines neck to the same side

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54
Q

origin of rhomboid minor

A

O: spinous process of C6-C7

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55
Q

insertion of rhomboid minor

A

I: posterior medial border of scap at level with the scap spine

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56
Q

innervation of the rhomboid minor

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

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57
Q

action of the rhomboid minor

A

A: steadies scapula, draws scap medially upward, retracts the scap and tilts the glenoid cavity inferiorly

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58
Q

origin of the rhomboid major

A

O: spinous processes T1-T4 vertebrae

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59
Q

insertion of rhomboid major

A

I: medial border of the scap below the scap spine

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60
Q

innervation of the rhomboid major

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

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61
Q

action of the rhomboid major

A

A: steadies scapula, draws scapula medially upward

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62
Q

deltoid muscle

A

-thick, powerful, coarse-textured muscle covering the shoulder
-3 parts (clavicular, acromial, spinal)

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63
Q

origin of the clavicular part of the deltoid muscle

A

(anterior part)
O: lateral 1/3 of the clavicle

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64
Q

origin of the acromial part of the deltoid

A

O: acromion

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65
Q

origin of the spinal part of the deltoid

A

O: scapular spine

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66
Q

insertion of the deltoid

A

I: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

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67
Q

innervation of the deltoid

A

axillary nerves (C5-C6)

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68
Q

actions of the clavicular part of the deltoid

A

A: Flexion, IR and ADD

69
Q

actions of the acromial part of the deltoid

A

A: ABD

70
Q

actions of the spinal part of the deltoid

A

A: extension, ER, ADD

71
Q

origin of the teres major

A

O: inferior angle of the scap

72
Q

insertion of the teres major

A

I: medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of humerus

73
Q

innervation of teres major

A

lower subscapular nerve (C5-C7)

74
Q

action of teres major

A

A: IR, ADD, EXT

75
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles

A

-subscapularis
-supraspinatus
-infraspinatus
-teres minor

76
Q

which RC muscle is most commonly torn and why

A

-supraspinatus
-repetitive bad mechanics

77
Q

origin of supraspinatus

A

O: supraspinous fossa of the scap

78
Q

insertion of the supraspinatus

A

I:greater tuberosity of the humerus

79
Q

innervation of the supraspinatus

A

suprascapular nerve (C4-C6)

80
Q

action of the supraspinatus

A

A: ABD (first 30 degrees)
(only muscle that does not contribute to rotation)

81
Q

origin of infraspinatus

A

O: infraspinous fossa of scap

82
Q

insertion of infraspinatus

A

I; greater tuberosity of humerus

83
Q

innervation of infraspinatus

A

suprascapular nerve (C4-C6)

84
Q

actions of infraspinatus

A

A: ER

85
Q

origin of teres minor

A

O:lateral border of scap

86
Q

insertion of teres minor

A

I: greater tuberosity of the humerus

87
Q

innervation of teres minor

A

axillary nerve (C5-C6)

88
Q

actions of teres minor

A

A: ER, weak ADD

89
Q

origin of subscapularis

A

O: subscapular fossa of scapula

90
Q

insertion of subscapularis

A

I: lesser tuberosity of humerus

91
Q

innervation of subscapularis

A

upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5,C6)

92
Q

actions of subscapularis

A

A: IR

93
Q

what is the deep (thoracolumbar) fascia

A

-extensive facial complex attached to the vertebral column
-think and strong in the lumbar region
-attached to the latissimus dorsi

94
Q

arteries of the upper region

A

subclavian artery –> thyrocervical trunk –> suprascapular –>

-travels with suprascapular nerve
-found in the scapular notch
-supplies supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Dorsal scapular –> deep branch
-supplies the rhomboids

95
Q

nerves of the upper region

A

cranial nerve 11 –> spinal accessory nerve
-motor innervation to the trapezius muscle

96
Q

what are the spaces of the upper region

A

quadrangular space and triangular space

97
Q

quadrangular space of the upper region

A

-boundaries (superior, medial, inferior, lateral)
-contents (axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery)

98
Q

what is the superior boundary of the quadrangular space

A

teres minor

99
Q

what is the medial boundary of the quadrangular space

A

long head of triceps

100
Q

what is the inferior boundary of the quadrangular space

A

teres major

101
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the quadrangular space

A

lateral head of the triceps (or humerus)

102
Q

triangular space

A

-boundaries (superior, inferior, lateral)
-contents (circumflex scapular artery)

103
Q

what is the superior boundary of the triangular space

A

teres minor

104
Q

what is the inferior boundary space of the triangular space

A

teres major

105
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the triangular space

A

long head of triceps

106
Q

superior transverse scapular ligament

A

suprascapular artery
-over the ligament (ARMY goes over the bridge)

suprascapular nerve
-goes under the ligament (NAVY goes under the bridge)

107
Q

inferior transverse scapular ligament

A

dorsal scapular artery and nerve go under the ligament

108
Q

what is the pectoral region

A

-external to the anterior thoracic wall
-anchors the upper limb to the trunk

109
Q

what does the pectoral region consist of

A

a superficial and deep compartment

110
Q

superficial compartment of the pectoral region

A

contains the skin, superficial fascia and breasts

111
Q

deep compartment of the pectoral region

A

muscles and associates structures

112
Q

what do the breasts consist of

A

-consist of glandular and supporting fibrous tissue embedded w/in a fatty matrix

113
Q

what is the most prominent superficial structure in the anterior thoracic wall

A

-breasts
-especially in women

114
Q

what are the external factors of the breast

A

-areola
-nipple

115
Q

what is the areola

A

-contains numerus sebaceous glands

116
Q

what are sebaceous glands

A

enlarge during pregnancy and secrete oily substance that provides a protective lubricant

117
Q

what is the nipple

A

-conical or cylindrical prominences in the centers of the areolae
-composed mostly of circulatory arranged smooth muscle fibers

118
Q

what is the internal composition of the breast

A

-glandular tissue
-connective tissue framework

119
Q

glandular tissue of the breast

A

-the lactiferous ducts give rise to buds that develop into 15-20 lobules of the mammary gland
-constituted the parenchyma (functional
substance) of the mammary gland

120
Q

connective tissue framework of the breast

A

-suspensory ligaments –> fibrous connective tissue that helps support the lobes and lobules of the mammary gland

121
Q

where is the sternum

A

lies in the anterior midline of the thorax

122
Q

parts of the sternum

A

-manubrium
-body
-xyphoid process

123
Q

manubrium

A

-on the sternum
-“knife handle”
-superior section (“knot of necktie”)
-2 articulations –> manubriosternal joint and the sternal angle

124
Q

body of the sternum

A

-midportion
-makes up the bulk of the sternum
-articulations (2) –> sternoclavicular joints and the clavicular notch (really strong joint)

125
Q

xyphoid process

A

-on the sternum
-“sword like”
-forms the inferior end of the sternum

126
Q

what articulation of the sternum is related to the ribs

A

sternocostal joints (articulation)

127
Q

landmarks of the sternum

A

-jugular notch
-sternal angle
-epigastric fossa (either side of the xiphoid process)

128
Q

describe the ribs

A

-12 pairs of ribs
-form the sides of the thoracic cage
-all ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae
-run anterioinferiorly to reach the front of the chest

129
Q

what are the true ribs

A

-ribs 1-7
-attach directly to the sternum
-vertebrosternal

130
Q

what are the false ribs

A

-ribs 8-10
-have the costal cartilage but attach to rib 7 (indirectly attach to sternum)

131
Q

what are the floating ribs

A

-ribs 11-12
-no anterior connections to the sternum

132
Q

surfaces and landmarks of the ribs

A

-shaft/body
-costal groove
-head of rib
-neck of the rib
-tubercle

133
Q

costal groove of the rib

A

-inner face of the rib
-intercostal nerves and vessels run in this groove

134
Q

what does the 1st rib have a groove for

A

subclavian artery and vein

135
Q

how does the head of the rib articulate with vertebral bodies

A

-2 facets –> super and inferior costal facets

136
Q

neck of the rib

A

-short
-constricted region
-just lateral to the head

137
Q

costal tubercle

A

-knoblike
-articulates w/ transverse process of thoracic vertebrae of the same number

138
Q

how many parts does the pec major have

A

-3 parts (clavicular, sternocostal, abdominal)

139
Q

origin of the clavicular part of the pec major

A

clavicle (medial half)

140
Q

origin of the sternocostal part of the pec major

A

O: sternum and costal cartilage of ribs 1-6

141
Q

origin of the abdominal part of the pec major

A

O: rectus sheath (anterior layer)

142
Q

insertion of the pec major

A

I: lateral border of crest of the bicipital groove

143
Q

innervation of pec major

A

medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1)

144
Q

actions of the pec major

A

A: shoulder ADD and IR
-clavicular and sternocostal parts –> shoulder flexion and assist in respiration when the shoulder is fixed

145
Q

pectoralis minor

A

-directly beneath pec major
-flat and thin

146
Q

origin pec minor

A

O: ribs 3-5 near costal cartilage

147
Q

insertion pec minor

A

I: coracoid process

148
Q

innervation of pec minor

A

medial pectoral nerve (C6-T1)

149
Q

actions of pec minor

A

A: draws scap downward (inferior angle moves posteromedially), rotates glenoid inferiorly, assists in respiration

150
Q

subclavius

A

-small cylindrical muscle extending from the first rib to the clavicle

151
Q

origin of subclavian

A

O: first rib

152
Q

insertion of subclavian

A

I: inferior surface of the clavicle

153
Q

innervation of subclavian

A

nerve to subclavius (C5,C6)

154
Q

action of subclavian

A

A: steadies the clavicle in the SC joint

155
Q

serratus anterior

A

-fan shaped
-lies deep to scap (underneath)
-deep and inferior to pec muscles on lateral rib cage
-3 action points (superior, inferior, entire muscle)

156
Q

origin of the serratus anterior

A

O: 1st to 9th ribs

157
Q

insertion of the serratus anterior

A

I: costal aspect of the medial border of the scap

158
Q

innervation of serratus anterior

A

long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)

159
Q

actions of the serratus anterior

A

-superior part –> lowers the arm
-inferior part –> rotates scapula laterally
-entire muscle –> draws scap laterally forward and elevates the ribs when the shoulder is fixed

160
Q

what is scapular winging

A

-weakness of the serratus anterior
-injury to the long thoracic nerve
-cannot ABD arm above the horizontal place

161
Q

deep fascias of the pectoral region

A

-pectoral fascia
-clavipectoral fascia

162
Q

pectoral fascia

A

-deep fascia of the pectoral region
-invests the pec major
-continuous inferiorly with the fascia of the anterior abdominal wall

163
Q

clavipectoral fascia

A

-Deep fascia of the pectoral region
-deep to the pectoral fascia
-descends from the clavicle, enclosing the subclavius and pec minor –> becoming continuous inferiorly with the axillary fascia

164
Q

arteries of the pectoral region

A

axillary

165
Q

veins of the pectoral region

A

cephalic and axillary vein

166
Q

nerves of the pectoral region

A

-supraclavicular
-anterior cutaneous branches ventral rami (C5)
-intercostal nerves (T2-T12)

167
Q

spaces of the pectoral region

A

deltopectoral triangle

168
Q

deltopectoral triangle boundaries

A

-superior –> clavicle
-medial –> pec major
-lateral –> deltoid

169
Q

contents of the deltopectoral triangle

A

-cephalic vein
-deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial trunk

Anatomy Exam 1 (15 decks)

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