musculoskeltal anatomy

Question 1

19th century burke and hare

Answer 1

• 1751: only hanged murderers could be dissected and used as cadavers in med schools
  finite bodies so graverobbing occured but the bodies were partly decomposed
• get bodies by murdering and killed 16 to sell to med school
  caught, hare caved to avoid death and burke found guilty and hung and corpse in museum

Question 2

19th century

Answer 2

1832- anatomy act, corspes used for diseection if unclaimed for 2 days
- worjouses, hospitals and asylums so lower class, not able to pay for body to be buried, punishement

• 1867: Dr J Barnard Davis, 1474 human skulls, collected races and across uk to see differences, no ethical considerations
  shrunken head collectors = wanted tribes heads to analyse, fascinated by tsantas in indeginous countries so murdered

Question 3

20th and 21st century

Answer 3

repatriation of skulls and bodies, return to where it originated from

• Alder hey= well repected childrens hospital, 1999- organs from children who died from illness were removed without parental consent and collected, desire for collection hasnt ended, human tissue act 2004 = put a stop, hospitals need consent from families, strict regulations about organ dissections, constant checks on bodies are there
• Gunther von hagens = live autopsy on channel 4, plastination technique to preserve body

Question 4

nazi

Answer 4

• Eduard pernkopf a nazi renowned for exceptional detail of antomy in book but aquired bodies unethically by using concentration camp victims
  ie. onnsbruk recieved decapitated bodies and jews who committed suicide to escape deportation
• august hirt = project of jewish skelton collection, 86 peoplpe picked to be killed
• neuropathologies need tissues with relavant pathologies, killing on psychartriac patients dueing the third reich seen as unique oppurtunity by researchers in this field
• Berthold ostertag dissected bodies of children killed at euthensia climic funded by researc foundation, children deemed unfit would die

Question 5

scapula notch

Answer 5

high degree of variation
some more likely to cause nerve entrapment
type 1 = none present - 21
2= wide blunted v shape 9
3= u shaped and parallel lateral margins 60
4 = small v shaped 3
5 = u shaped with partial ossification 6
6 = ossified so now a foramen 2
percentage in India
muscular skeletal region for that- nerves more likely to be trapped if notch is smaller so more muscle or nerve pain (sangmen et al)
also variation in each arm

Question 6

sacrum and lumbar veterbra

Answer 6

fusion
- causes spinal pain
- link to degeneration of disk above
sacrum = triangle shaped bone at base of spine
lumbar = lower back

Question 7

sesamoids

Answer 7

bone embedded within tendon or muscle
- gives tendons a smooth surface to slide over
ie, kneecap/patella
- variation in human hands at metacarphalangeal joint - 60% have seasomoid in index and little fingers
interphalangeal joints - 16% in thumb

Question 8

psoas minor and major

Answer 8

minor = stablises hip, weak flexor of lumbar veterbrae
major= trunk/thigh flexor, big flexor muscle
variation in human with racial component, but independent of sex
44 male cadavers = black = 9% and 87% white
ACSA (anatomical cross-sectional area) of psoas 3x bigger in black linked to larger psoas major is stronger
BUT remember race is cultural differentiation, bias, and only dead people

Question 9

skeletal system functions

Answer 9

Provides support
Protects the internal organs (brain, heart, etc.)
Assists body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
Metabolic: Stores & releases salts of calcium & phosphorus
Participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow

Question 10

how is bone created and broken down

Answer 10

osteogenic cells devlop into osteroblasts which forms the bone matrix by depositing minerals and osteoids and devlop into osteocytes due to beig trapped in matric cavities which maintains bone tissue
become…
osteoclasts are specialised bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption and remodel bone by breaking down the matrix

• repeated use of muscles getting stronger, chnaging directions of internal structure

Question 11

two types of bone

Answer 11

compact = support and protection
spongy = lightweight and provides tissue support
ie. humerus has shaft with compact bone and head of spongy bone

Question 12

three types of muscle

Answer 12

1) skeletal = skelton, moves bone, voluntary control
2) cardiac = heart, pumps blood, involuntary contorl
3) visceral/smooth = organs, various functions e.g. peristatis, involuntary control

Question 13

skeletol muscle

Answer 13

at birth 21% of body mass is skeletal muscle and 42% in adults
number of important functions, including: locomotion, posture, metabolism, venous return, heat production and continence
- atatch to bone directly or via a tendon and go from a fixed atattchemnt to bone that moves

Question 14

muscle shapes

Answer 14

ciruclar
convergent
fusiform
multipennate
bipennate
parallel
unipennate

Question 15

what is a tendon, ligament, fascia, cartilage, synovial membrane, bursa

Answer 15

Tendon: Force transmission muscle-bone
Ligament: Support bone-bone
Fascia (sheets of connective tissue): Compartmentalisation & protection of muscles
Cartilage: Articular decrease friction of bone to bone; fibrocartilage decreases shock absorption and increases bony congruity
Synovial membrane: Secretes synovial fluid for joint lubrication
Bursa: Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect tendons, ligaments etc.

Question 16

how to compare MSK between species but what are the issues

Answer 16

Within-individual developmental (ontogeny)
Sexual dimorphism & geography
Plasticity within an individual not due to development
Within individual effects of disease
Idiosyncratic ‘natural variation’ between individuals of the same species
BUT
Different sizes and proportions
Sexual dimorphism
Ontogeny
Disease/ illness
Genetic variation

Question 17

muscle fibre types

Answer 17

bound together is fascicles
PCSA = calculate this by cutting muscle in half and measuring the length of fascicles
ACSA = anatomical cross sectional area
slow and fast twicth fibres:
1) type 1 = capable of sustained contraction without fatigue, used in posture or slow/sustained locomotion, slow to fatigue, aerobic metabolism, slow twicth
2) type 2a = fast twicth, fast and sustained contarction, fatigues quickly, tends to use aerobic metabolism
3) type 2b = fast twicth, fast and sustained contraction, fatigues quickly, tends to use glycolesis
4) type 2x = fast twitch, fast and sustained contrcation, fatigues quickly, tends to use gylycoleis

Question 18

psoas minor

Answer 18

variation - double headed but only few cases
-more muscle, go halfway up and two points of origin, meaning it arises from two separate attachment sites before converging into a single muscle
- located in the posterior abdominopelvic region

Question 19

piriformis and sciatica

Answer 19

type a is normal
- five other recognised types
18 studies >6000 dissected and of these 1000 anomalous affecting
when piriformis muscle irritates sciatic nerve it leads to sciatica

Question 20

accessory soleus

Answer 20

variation in 3% of population
- descends anterially to the achilles tendon
-pain after prolonged exercise

Question 21

plantar foot muscles

Answer 21

-found in males
- additional muscle associated with big toe in right foot
- impacts toe movement, arch support, nerve compression related conditions

Question 22

modern forelimb variations

Answer 22

dorsoepitrochlearis = found in monkeys for quadrapedalism and humans 5-20%, limits range of movement behind you

palmaris longus= 4-26% population, inherited, orangutuns use this muscle, no side effects, used for tendon grafts

linburg-comstock varation = often asymptomatic, connection between flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus, hispanics had 34.5% whereas africans only 8.8%, repetive tasks is painful, diffuculty tying shoe laces

Question 23

skeltal plasticity

Answer 23

shaped or moulded, train anatomy to change via sport or biproduct of job etc

Question 24

bone structure

Answer 24

thick corticle bone on outside and trabelcular bone is spongy inside bone

Question 25

henry VIII mary rose

Answer 25

- ship - crew shoulder and arm anatomy strange - acrononmian had not fused and should be by adulthood and elbow joints bigger longbow archers- needs powerful pullback so need a lot of strength and constant stress and movement meant robust joints and unfused to give movemnt needed

Question 26

baseball pitchers

Answer 26

- spend hours throwing and high forces on muscles and humerus, humeral bone changes and becomes robust over time to withstand direction and scale of force,

Question 27

high vs low impact sports

Answer 27

- 255 female athletes from range of sports were scanned to look at femoral neck high impact= volleyball odd impact = squash high magnitude = weightlifting low impact= orienteering non impact = swimming way bone is connected at neck changes - causes biggest effect to femoral neck

Question 28

age

Answer 28

34 men = 65-80 years old, 12 months of hopping exercises for around 3 minutes a day CT scans before and after - changes in trabecular section, internal structure as opposed to outer structure of bone - looked at children who played baseball, bone size and strength retains throughout lifetime, if strong in childhood you keep, continued adulthood means retains more

Question 29

does all bone adapt equally

Answer 29

14 female weighlifters vs 14 female psiotherapy students were CT scenned - distal and shaft of radius - weighlifters had enlarged bone in cortec but no increase in density -distal femur - weightlifters have denser trabecular bone but not bigger overall -arms take most force so bigger bones, femurs withstand but don't do lifting element so strong but not bigger

Question 30

astronauts

Answer 30

russian cosmonauts had scans before and after - decrease in bone density despite in flight exercise programme

Question 31

ageing = sarcopenia

Answer 31

loss of muscle mass, strength and function with ageing which effects - balance, gait, everyday tasks and linked with inactivity prevention = meta study on high intesnity resistance training = training advoce is always incorrect meta analysis of 17 studies on over 65 years old - exercise with vitamins, proteins etc reduces sarcopenia

Question 32

ageing = osteoporosis

Answer 32

- more than 3 million in uk - post menopausal - lack of oestrogen decreases osteoblasts relative to osteoclasts -bones weaken and comes more porous which more likely to break treatment = responds positively to exercise and lowers fracture risks, vitamin d and calcium helps

Question 33

ageing = osteoarthritis

Answer 33

- wear and tear of joints - cartilage breaks down and bone exposed - erode meniscus (crescent shaped cartilage) - formation of oestophoytes and bone spurs - grating sound as move - swollen, stiff , knees hips hands neck etc caused by: sports, family history, joint injury or conditions ie, gout exercise doesn't help advice: diet and weight

Question 34

tai chi

Answer 34

- elderly tai chi practioners, swimmers and sedentary looked at movemnt directions tai chi could sense smaller movement in knee and ankle seen in both studies, help with balance contraption and move limb and say yes or no to moving it - how quick react