My lower limb Flashcards
1
Q
Where does The head of the femur articulate within the Pelvis?
A
The acetabulum of the pelvis
2
Q
What joint movement do muscles in the anterior thigh region do at the hip joint?
A
Flex the thigh at the hip joint
3
Q
What joint movement do muscles in the medial thigh region do at the hip joint?
A
adduct the thigh at the hip joint.
4
Q
What joint movement do muscles in the Posterior thigh region do at the hip joint?
A
extend the thigh at the hip joint.
5
Q
What joint movement do muscles in the ANTERIOR thigh region do at the KNEE joint?
A
extend the leg at the knee joint.
6
Q
What joint movement do muscles in the POSTERIOR thigh region do at the KNEE joint?
A
flex the leg at the knee joint.
7
Q
What surrounds the
thigh like a sleeve?
A
Deep fascia - the fascia lata
8
Q
What are muscles in the anterior part of the thigh innervated by?
A
by the femoral nerve (spinal nerves L2-L4).
9
Q
What are the 7 muscles of the anterior thigh
A
Quadriceps femoris – a group of four large muscles.
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
10
Q
What are the four quadracpes muscles
A
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
11
Q
What are the muscles of the Medial thigh, Lateral to most medial? (there are 5 of them)
A
- Obturator externus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor longus
- Adductor magnus
- Gracilis
12
Q
What are muscles of the medial thigh innervated by?
A
innervated by the obturator nerve (spinal nerves L2-L4).
13
Q
What is the femoral artery a continuation of?
A
external iliac artery.
14
Q
Where does the Femoral artery become the Popliteal artery?
A
At the distal part of the posterior thigh (the popliteal fossa), proximal to the knee
15
Q
What is the Obturator artery a branch of? What does it anastomose with
A
The obturator artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery. It travels through the
obturator canal into the medial compartment of the thigh. It anastomoses with
branches from the femoral artery.
16
Q
What is the femoral triangle?
What does it do?
A
The femoral triangle is a wedge-shaped area located within the superomedial aspect of the anterior thigh.
It acts as a conduit for structures entering and leaving the anterior thigh.
17
Q
What are the contents of the Femoral triangle?
A
Femoral nerve – innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh, and provides sensory branches for the leg and foot.
Femoral artery – responsible for the majority of the arterial supply to the lower limb.
Femoral vein – the great saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein within the triangle.
Femoral canal – contains deep lymph nodes and vessels
NAVEL (Lateral to medial)
18
Q
What are The femoral artery, vein and canal are contained within?
A
within a fascial compartment – known as the femoral sheath.
19
Q
What is the Acronym for the contents of the femoral triangle?
A
(lateral to medial) – NAVEL: Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty space (allows the veins and lymph vessels to distend to accommodate different levels of flow), Lymph nodes.
20
Q
What muscle is attached to the fascia lata on the lateral side of the leg? What does it do?
A
The tensor fascia lata - it tenses the fascia lata
21
Q
What do all the 4 quadraceps muscles insert onto?
A
The quadraceps tendon, which runs over the patella to insert onto the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
22
Q
What can happen to the patella due to the angles of the tibia and femur in respect to the hip, knee and ankle joint?
What counteracts this?
A
The patella has a slight tendency to move laterally during contraction of the quadriceps muscles when the knee is straight.
If the muscles pull very strongly it is possible the patella would dislocate laterally.
The VASTUS MEDIALIS counteract this by pulling the patella inwards (medially) when contracting
23
Q
What is the adductor hiatus?
A
a hiatus (gap) between the adductor magnus muscle and the femur that allows the passage of the femoral vessels from the anterior thigh to the posterior thigh and then the popliteal fossa.
24
Q
Where is the Great Saphenous vein? what does it drain?
A
Great Saphenous Vein is extremely long. It runs superficially from the inner ankle up the medial side of the leg and thigh until it drains into the Femoral Vein, AT THE FEMORAL TRAINGLE!
25
What is the order of the 3 adductor muscles in the thigh, from most superficial to deepest?
Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis (in the crevice), Adductor Magnus.
26
What artery and nerve supplies all muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh? (that is the obturator externus, and Adductor Brevis, Longus and Magnus)
All the medial thigh muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve, which arises from the lumbar plexus. Arterial supply is via the obturator artery.
27
What are the muscles of the Anteriror thigh innervated by?
The femoral nerve.
The exception is the Iliopsoas muscle:
The psoas major is innervated by anterior rami of L1-3, while the iliacus is innervated by the femoral nerve.
28
What are the 4 superficial Gluteal muscles?
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
29
Where does the Gluteus Maximus Originate and insert? What is its action?
Originates from the posterior surface of
the ilium, the sacrotuberous ligament and the sacrum.
Inserts on the iliotibial tract, with a smaller proportion attaching onto the gluteal
tuberosity.
It is an extensor of the hip and is important
for standing from a sitting position.
It also acts as a lateral rotator of the hip. Because
it inserts into the iliotibial tract, it stabilises the knee joint.
30
Where do Gluteus Medius and Minimus Originate and insert?
| What are their actions
- they both attach to
anterior parts of the posterior surface of the ilium. They both insert onto the LATERAL ASPESCT OF THE
greater trochanter.
Because of their similar bony attachments, they move the hip in
the same way – they abduct and medially rotate it
31
How do the Gluteus Medius and minimus help with walking?
They contract to keep the pelvis level when walking so that it does not tilt to the side that is unsupported. If paralysed or weak = results in a limp
32
What is the Origin and insertion of the Tensor fascia Latae?
Originates on the ASIS and inserts onto the Iliotibial band, which itself inserts onto the proximal tibia.
33
What is the innervation of the 4 superficial gluteal muscles?
Gluteus maximus is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve.
Gluteus medius and minimus, and TFL, are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
34
What are the 4 deep gluteal muscles?
Piriformis
The superior and inferior gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
35
Describe the pathway of the Piriformis, where it originates, inserts, and what it is related to.
It Originates from the anterior surface of the sacrum, passes through the greater sciatic foramen and inserts on the greater
trochanter.
The nerves of the sacral plexus lie over it in the pelvis. The sciatic nerve
emerges below its inferior border in the gluteal region
36
Where do the other deep gluteal muscles originate and insert from? (Superior and inferior Gemmell, Obturator internus, and quadratus femoris)
They originate from the ischium except the obturator internus, which arises from the obturator membrane. They all insert onto, or close to, the greater trochanter.
37
What is the action of the deep gluteal muscles?
To primarily stabilise and laterally rotate the hip joint.
| the Glut Maximus also laterally rotates the hip
38
What are the 4 muscles of the posterior thigh?
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris.(a long and a short head)
hamstring part of adductor magnus
39
What are the 3 posterior muscles that are known as the hamstring muscles? what are their actions at the Hip and Knee? What are they innervated by?
- semimembranosus, semitendinosus and the long head of
biceps femoris
As a group these muscles:
are attached proximally to the ischial tuberosity
extend the hip
flex the knee
are innervated by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve
40
Where do the Semimembranosus and semitendinosus insert? Where do they long and short heads of Biceps femoris insert?
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus insert on the medial aspect of the proximal
tibia. The long head of biceps femoris forms a common tendon with the short head,
which inserts onto the head of the fibula
41
What is the short head of Biceps femoris innervated by? What is its action?
Flexion of the knee, innervated by the common peroneal nerve
42
What are the gluteal muscles supplied by? What is this a branch of?
Where do these vessels leave the pelvis?
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries,
which are branches of the internal iliac artery
They leave the pelvis via the greater
sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region.
43
What artery are the hamstring muscles supplied by?
The hamstring muscles are
supplied by three or four perforating arteries that arise from the profunda
femoris.
44
Where does the Sciatic nerve leave the pelvis?
via the greater sciatic foramen and enters the gluteal
| region inferior to the lower border of piriformis.
45
What are the two nerves that really make up the sciatic nerve?
What do these two nerves innervate?
The nerve is really composed of two
separate nerves bound together – the tibial nerve and the common peroneal
(common fibular) nerve.
The tibial nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh and posterior leg.
The common peroneal (common fibular) nerve innervates the muscles of the
anterior and lateral leg.
46
What is the popliteal fossa?
The popliteal fossa is a diamond shaped area located on the posterior aspect of the knee. It is the main path by which vessels and nerves pass between the thigh and the leg.
47
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
Superomedial border – semimembranosus and semi tendinosus
Superolateral border – biceps femoris.
Inferomedial border – medial head of the gastrocnemius.
Inferolateral border – lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.
48
What are the contents of the Popliteal fossa? (medial to lateral)
Popliteal artery (continuation of the femoral artery)
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve (innervates muscles of the posterior leg)
Common fibular nerve (common peroneal nerve)
49
What does the common peroneal (fibular) nerve split into? What do these innervate?
The common peroneal nerve wraps around the
neck of the fibula and then splits into a superficial and a deep branch.
The
superficial peroneal nerve innervates the muscles of the lateral leg and the
deep peroneal nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior leg
50
Where would be a safe place to do a intramuscular injection?
The only safe place is the Upper outer quadrant of the buttock. Avoid the sciatic nerve!
51
What vein enters the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa?
The short saphenous vein
52
What is more medial - semimebranosus or semitendinous muscle?
SemiMembranosus! It is a bit thinner than semi tendinosus as well
53
what is the most lateral of the 3 hamstring muscles?
Biceps Femoris is the most lateral of the 3 hamstring muscles. Note its close association with Semitendinosus. The Long Head is much larger, more medial and posterior than the Short Head
54
In the popliteal fossa, what is the arangement of the nerves?
Tibial Nerve is in the middle more of the popliteal fossa. The common fibular nerve is more lateral
55
Posterior thigh muscles: what is their arrangement from lateral to medial?
Biceps Femoris (short head), Biceps Femoris (long head), Semitendinous, then semimembraneous
56
Where does the sacrospinous ligament run between?
The sacrum to the ischial spine.
57
Where does the sacrotuberous ligament run from and to?
The sacrum to the ischial tuberosity (at the a back of the sacrum)
58
What does the sacrospinous ligament divide?
the greater sciatic foramen from the lesser sciatic foramen
59
Semimembranous, Semitendinnous and Biceps femoris long head are the hamstring muscles innervated by the Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve. What innervates the hamstring part of the adductor magnus?
Also the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve nerve. (psyche!)
60
What nerve innervates the adductor part of the adductor magnus?
The obturator nerve
61
What innervates the short head of the biceps femoris? What is its action?
the common peroneal (fibular) nerve, and it only flexes the at the knee. It does not extend at the hip.
62
What nerve lies between the adductor longus and adductor brevis?
The obturator nerve.
63
What are the sciatic nerve roots?
L4 - S3 (lumbosacral plexus).
64
What is the difference between Condyle and Epicondyle?
The condyle is smooth and round whereas epicondyle is rough.
Epicondyle is a projection on the condyle
condyle forms an articulation with another bone. whereas epicondyle provides sites for the attachment of muscles
65
What does the proximal part of the tibia form?
The medial and lateral tibial condyles.
66
What is on the superior surfaces of the tibial condyles?
The Medial and lateral tibiail plateaus. They are flat and articulate with the femoral condyles to form the knee joint
67
What lies between the tibial plateaus?
The intercondylar tubercles
68
What does the patellar ligmaent insert to on the tibia?
The tibial tuberosity. It projects from the upper anterior surface of the tibia and is
palpable.
69
landmarks of the tibia - what is the soleal line?
An oblique ridge of bone on the posterior surface of the tibia
70
What are the 7 tarsal bones?
the talus, calcaneus (heel bone),
| navicular, cuboid and three cuneiforms (medial, intermediate and lateral)
71
What makes up the
- Hindfoot
- Midfoot
- Forefoot
Talus and Calcaneus are hindfoot
navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms are midfoot
The Metatarsals and phalanges comprise the forefoot
72
Where do Metatarsophalangeal joints lie?
between the metatarsals and the
| proximal phalanges.
73
Where do Interphalangeal joints lie?
lie between the phalanges.
74
How many phalanges does each toe have
Big toe - 2 (only one IPJ)
| Toes 2-5 3 (two IPJ)
75
What are the 3 muscles in the anterior lower compartment of the leg
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus (EHL)
Extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
76
What is the prime act of the 3 anterior leg muscles at the ankle
dorsiflexors (extensors) of the foot at the ankle joint and
| extensors of the toes.
77
What are the 3 anterior leg muscles innervated by?
The deep peroneal (Deep fibular nerve)
78
Where does the tibialis anterior insert?
It inserts on the Medial Cuneiform. It is the most superficial
79
What does the Extensor digitorum longus give rise to? Where does it insert?
It gives rise to four tendons. They cross the anterior
aspect of the ankle and insert onto the distal phalanges of toes 2-5, extending them. It
also dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle joint.
80
What does the Extensor Hallucis longus give rise to? Where does it insert?
extends the big toe. Its tendon crosses the anterior aspect
| of the ankle and inserts onto the distal phalanx of the big toe
81
Where would you find the medial malleolus?
On the distal end of the tibia, it forms part of the socket for the talus
82
Where would you find the lateral malleolus?
The distal end of the fibula, forms part of the socket for the talus
83
What forms the Subtalar joint?
the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus and navicular.
84
What are the two muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
What are they innervated by?
- Peroneus Longus
- Peroneus Brevis
(In some textbooks these muscles are called fibularis longus and brevis).
They are innervated by the Superficial branch of the Peroneal (fibular ) nerve
85
Where does Peroneus Longus insert?
It inserts on the plantar (inferior) surface of the medial cuneiform bone and the 1st metarasal
it is more superficial than the Peroneus brevis
86
Where does Peroneus Brevis insert?
It inserts onto the base of the 5th
metatarsal.
It is deeper than the Peroneus longus
87
Where do the tendons of the Peroneus Longus and brevis travel in relation to the lateral malleolus?
The tendons of both muscles travel posterior the lateral malleolus to their
insertions in the foot.
88
What does the Popliteal artery bifurcate into?
anterior and posterior
| tibial arteries.
89
What does the anterior tibial artery supply?
It pierces the interosseous membrane to enter the anterior
| compartment of the leg, which it supplies.
90
What happens to the anterior tibial artery when it crosses the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and enters the dorsum of the foot?
It becomes the dorsalis pedis artery, and is palpable in the foot
lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus.
91
What artery is the lateral compartment of the leg supplied by?
the fibular artery, which is a
| branch of the posterior tibial artery.
92
What are the two major veins in the that drain the foot?
The great saphenous vein
| The small saphenous vein
93
How does the great saphenous vein travel?
Anterior to the medial malleolus and courses all the way up the medial aspect of the lower limb to its termination at the femoral vein in the femoral triangle.
94
How does the small saphenous vein travel?
Posterior to the lateral malleolus and courses up the posterior aspect of the leg to its termination at the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa.
95
What is the band of fascia that runs across the ankle?
extensor retinaculum and it holds the extensor the tendons against the ankle joint so that when the muscles pull instead of bow stringing
96
What nerves supplies sensation to lateral side of the foot?
Superficial peroneal nerve
97
What would happen if there was damage to the common peroneal nerve?
It supplies all the muslces that lift the foot and toes up, on the anterior lower leg. So if damaged == leads to foot drop
98
What are the two deep muscles in the dorsum of the foot?
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
| Extensor Hallucis Brevis
99
what does the Extensor Digitorum Brevis do? What is it innervated by?
Aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending the medial four toes at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.
Innervated by Deep Peroneal (fibular) nerve
100
what does the Extensor hallucis Brevis do? What is it innervated by?
Aids the extensor hallucis longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint.
Innervated by Deep Peroneal (fibular) nerve
101
What is the most medial of the 3 anterior lower leg muscles?
Tibialis anterior
102
What is eversion?
Turning of the foot outwards
103
The flat surface formed proximally by the tibial condyles is known as the......?
The tibial plateau
104
What artery goes under the medial malleolus to enter the foot?
The posterior tibial artery
105
What artery would you find just lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon?
The dorsalis pedis artery, that branches off the anterior tibial artery
106
What branches off the posterior tibial artery ?
the fibial artery
107
What is the action of the Sartorius?
Flexion of the hip, and the ability to sit cross legged
108
What is the primary action on the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
plantarflexors of the foot at the ankle joint and flexors of
the toes.
109
What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg innervated by?
What is this a branch of?
The Tibial nerve
It branches off the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa
110
What are the 3 superficial muscles in the posterior leg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
111
Where do the 3 superficial muscles in the posterior leg all insert? Through what tendon
into the calcaneus (heal bone) via the calcaneal
| (Achilles) tendon.
112
Other than Plantarflexion at the ankle, what other movement can the Gastrocnemius also do?
it can flex the knee, as it attaches via two heads to the distal femur
113
What are the 4 deep muscles in the posterior leg
popliteus
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus (FHL)
flexor digitorum longus (FDL)
114
What movement does the Popliteus allow for
A small degree of rotation in the knee, as it is attached to Lateral side of the femur and medial side of the tibia
115
What does the tibialis posterior do? where does it insert?
Plantarflexes and inverts the foot. It attaches to multiple bones on the foot
116
What does the flexor hallucis longus do? where does it insert?
flexes the big toe via its insertion
into the distal phalanx. It also
plantarflexes the foot.
117
What does the flexor digitorum longus do? where does it insert?
```
gives rise to four tendons that
insert into the distal phalanges of
toes 2-5. Its primary action is
flexion of the toes, but it also
plantarflexes the foot.
```
118
What do the muscles on the plantar aspect (sole) of the foot do?
They are abductors of the big and little toes, flexors of the toes, as well as lumbricals and interossei.
119
What are the muscles on the plantar aspect (sole) of the foot innervated by?
the medial and lateral plantar nerves, which are the
| terminal branches of the tibial nerve
120
What is the popliteal artery give rise to?
The anterior and posterior tibial arteries
121
What artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
The posterior tibial artery. It also supplies the sole of the foot
122
What artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
The fibular artery, a branch of the posterior tibial artery which itself is a branch of the popliteal artery
123
What does the posterior tibial artery bifurcate into to supply the sole of the foot?
the medial and lateral plantar
| arteries, which supply the sole of the foot
124
What do the dorsalis pedis artery and the lateral plantar artery do?
They anastomose to form the Deep plantar arch
125
What is the sole of the foot innervated by? What does this split into?
The tibial nerve, that travels posterior to the medial malleolus and enters the sole of the foot divides into two branches; the medial and lateral plantar nerves, which course along the medial and lateral aspects of the sole of the foot
126
Surface innervation- What supplies the sole of the foot mainly
The tibial nerve
127
Surface innervation- What supplies the medial anterior lower leg?
The Saphenous nerve
128
Surface innervation- What supplies the Lateral anterior and medial posterior surface of the lower leg?
The common fibular nerve
129
Surface innervation- what supplies the middle posterior aspect of the upper thigh and the skin over the popliteal fossa?
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
130
Surface innervation- What supplies the lateral side of the thigh?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
131
Does soleus have any action on the knee joint?
No - because it is attached below the knee joint
132
What is the most lateral of all the deep posterior lower leg muslces?
The Flexor hallucis longus
| it passes posterior to the medial malleolus though
133
What is the rhyme for lateral to medial the structures at the back ankle?
```
Tom (Tibialis Posterior)
Dick (flexor Digitorum longus)
And (Tibial artery)
Very (Tibial Vein)
Naughty (Posterior Tibial Nerve)
Harry (Flexor hallucis longus)
```
134
Where do the 3 hamstring muscles (Semitendinous, Semimembraneous, and long head of Biceps femoris) originate from?
The Ischial Tuberosity
135
Where do all nerves in the leg branch off from? What is the exception?
All branches of nerves in the leg branch off the sciatic nerve, other than the saphenous nerve, that branches off the femoral nerve.
136
What is the most superior muscle out of the 4 deep posterior leg muscles?
the popliteus (duh!)
137
What is the most lateral muscle out of the 3 deep posterior leg muscles, FHL, TP and FDL?
Flexor hallucis longus
138
What muscle is the most medial out of the 3 deep posterior leg muscles, FHL, TP and FDL?
Flexor Digitorum longus (note that the tendon of Tibialis posterior crosses under the FDL muscle and attaches most medially)
139
What muscle is the deepest out of the 3 deep posterior leg muscles, FHL, TP and FDL?
Tibialis posterior. It is also in the middle of the two Flexors
140
What nerve runs along the superficial surface of Gastrocnemius?
The sural nerve. It is made from Tibial and Common Fibular Nerves
141
What is the small muscle just medial to the Femoral Sheath (NAV)
The Pectineus
142
What is the most anterior of the adductor muscles
The adductor longus
143
What is the small muscle just lateral to the Femoral Sheath (NAV)
The Illiopsoas
144
what is the action of tensor fasciae latae?
muscle contracts it pulls the fascia tight to stabilize the thigh and knee.
145
What does the femoral sheath contain?
contains the Femoral Artery, Vein, and Lymphatics, but NOT the Femoral Nerve.
146
what is the rim of fibrocartilage that deepens the acetabulum?
acetabular labrum
147
What are the 3 ligaments that stabilise the hip?
iliofemoral, pubofemoral and
| ischiofemoral ligaments.
148
is the hip more stable in flexion or extension?
In extension - the 3 ligaments become taut and hold the femoral head more tightly
149
Movement of the hip - What muscles are involved in Abduction of the hip?
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
150
Movement of the hip - What muscles are involved in adduction of the hip?
Adductor brevis, longus and magnus (adductor part),
| pectineus. Gracilis is a weak adductor
151
Movement of the hip - What muscles are involved in lateral rotation of the hip?
Deep gluteal muscles – piriformis, superior and inferior
gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris.
Obturator externus (medial compartment)
Gluteus maximus too
152
Movement of the hip - What muscles are involved in medial rotation of the hip?
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
153
What is the only muscle below the knee that is involved in movement at the knee?
What movement is it involved in?
The Gastrocnemius (it is involved in Flexion)
154
Movement of the foot, - What muscles are involved in Eversion at the subtalar joint?
What are these innervated by?
Lateral leg muscles: peroneus longus and brevis.
The superficial peroneal nerve
155
Movement of the foot, - What muscles are involved in inversion at the subtalar joint?
Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior.
156
Movement of the foot, - What muscles are involved in plantarflexion at the ankle joint?
What are these innervated by?
Posterior leg muscles: gastrocnemius, soleus and
tibialis posterior. Flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus contribute
The tibial nerve
157
Movement of the foot, - What muscles are involved in dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?
What are these innervated by?
Anterior leg muscles: tibialis anterior, extensor
hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus.
The deep peroneal nerve
158
What articulates to form the hinge joint at the knee?
The femoral and tibial condyles
159
Where does the the iliotibial tract attatch?
The lateral aspect of the tibia, this stabilises the knee
160
Where do the menisci lie? what are they/what do they do?
are C-shaped cartilages that lie on the tibial plateaus. They are wedge-shaped, with the thickest part lying peripherally and the thinnest part lying centrally. They deepen the tibial condyles for articulation with the femoral condyles.
161
Is the medial or lateral meniscus more prone to injury? Why?
The medial, because it is attached to the medial (tibial) collateral ligament and joint capsule.
The lateral meniscus is not attached to the
lateral (fibular) collateral ligament; it can move more freely, so is less prone to injury.
162
What do the collateral ligaments do? Where do they connect?
```
The medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments support the knee and
resist sideways movement of the tibia on the femur.
```
The medial connects the femur to the tibia and the lateral connects the femur to
the fibula.
163
Where are the medial and lateral collateral ligaments attached to?
```
The medial (tibial) collateral ligament is attached to the medial meniscus; the
lateral (fibular) collateral is not attached to the lateral meniscus, but the fibula, making it less prone to injury
```
164
When are the collateral ligaments loose and when are they taunt?
They are loose when the knee is flexed but taut in extension.
165
When are the cruciate ligaments lax and when are they taunt?
The cruciate ligaments are lax
| when the knee is flexed, but taut when the knee is extended.
166
Where is the
- Anterior Cruciate ligament
attached?
The anterior cruciate ligament is attached to the anterior part of the intercondylar
area of the tibia. It attaches to the medial aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur. (Infermedially)
167
Where is the
Posterior Cruciate ligament
attached?
The posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the posterior part of the
intercondylar area of the tibia. It attaches to the lateral aspect of the medial condyle
of the femur.
168
What does the Anterior cruciate ligament do?
prevents the tibia moving anteriorly relative to the femur (or, it prevents the femur moving posteriorly relative to the tibia).
Being able to pull the tibia anteriorly indicates ACL injury.
(So think that where the ligament is attached on the tibia is where it will STOP the tibia moving in relation to the femur)
169
What does the Posterior cruciate ligament do?
prevents the tibia moving posteriorly relative to the femur (or, it prevents the femur moving anteriorly relative to the tibia).
It's crucial for stability of the knee when walking downhill or downstairs. Being able to push the tibia posteriorly indicates PCL injury
(So think that where the ligament is attached on the tibia is where it will STOP the tibia moving in relation to the femur)
170
What bones make the the ankle joint?
Distal tibia, distal fibula, and talus
| It is a synovial hinge joint
171
What are the 3 ligaments that make up the lateral aspect of the ankle joint?
anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular.
172
What is the name of the group of ligaments that support the medial aspect of the ankle joint?
Where do they attach
The deltoid ligaments.
| They attach to the medial malleolus
173
What bones form the subtalar joint?
the articulation of the talus with the calcaneum and navicular.
174
What is inversion?
Lateral side of the foot down, medial side of the foot up
DONE BY TIBIALIS ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
175
What is eversion?
Lateral side of the foot up medial side of the foot down
176
At which joint does inversion and eversion of the foot occur?
The Subtalar joint
177
Which vessels supply blood to the head of the femur? What results if these
vessels are disrupted by a fracture of the femoral neck?
The blood supply to the head of the femur arises principally from branches
of the profunda femoris.
These branches give rise to retinacular arteries, which travel along the
neck of the femur. If disrupted by fracture of the femoral neck, avascular
necrosis of the femoral head results.
178
What structures pass through the obturator canal?
Obturator nerve, artery and vein
179
What structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?
```
Pudendal nerve (into the perineum)
Internal pudendal artery (into the perineum)
Tendon of obturator internus
```
180
Which muscles attach to the ischial tuberosity?
Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, long head of biceps femoris,
hamstring part of adductor magnus.
181
. How many muscle layers are in the sole of the foot?
There are four muscle layers in the sole of the foot.
182
What is the origin of rectus femoris?
the anterior inferior iliac spine
183
What are the two mechanisms that avoid dislocation of the patella?
this prominence of the lateral part of the patella groove and active contraction of this medial group of vastus medialis.
184
what is the shape of the
a) lateral meniscus
b) medial meniscus
Lateral - more circular
| medial - more crescent/semi circular
185
Where is the transverse ligament situated?
| What does it connect?
The transverse ligament of the knee is a round, horizontal ligament on the anterior face of the tibia that connects the lateral meniscus to the medial meniscus.
186
During running only one foot is in contact with the ground at any one time. Which bone of the foot supports ALL the body weight?
The Talus
187
What muslces contract to stop postitive unilateral pelvic drop when walking ?
what are they innervated by?
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Superior gluteal nerve
188
A patient present with a ‘foot drop’. State which nerve is affected, and its root.
Common peroneal nerve
| - Root L5
