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Anatomy & Physiology > N - Skin and Body Membranes > Flashcards

N - Skin and Body Membranes Flashcards

Chapter 4

1
Q

▪ Classified according to tissue types
▪ Cover body surfaces
▪ Line body cavities
▪ Form protective sheets around organs

A

Body Membranes

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2
Q 
▪ Also called covering and lining membranes
▪ Simple organs
▪ These membranes contain:
= Epithelial tissue layer
= Connective tissue layer
A

Epithelial Membranes

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3
Q

Type of Epithelial Membranes

▪ Skin
▪ Dry membrane
▪ Outermost protective boundary
▪ Contains Epidermis and Dermis

A

Cutaneous Membrane

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4
Q

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

Mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue

A

Dermis

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6
Q

Type of Epithelial Membranes

▪ Moist membranes
▪ Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
▪ Adapted for absorption or secretion
▪ Construction
= Epithelium type depends on site
= Loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

A

Mucous Membranes

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7
Q

Type of Epithelial Membranes

▪ Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
▪ Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a
visceral and parietal layer
▪ Construction
= Simple squamous epithelium
= Areolar connective tissue

A

Serous Membranes

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8
Q

Serous Membranes around the abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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9
Q

Serous Membranes around the lungs

A

Pleura

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10
Q

Serous Membranes around the heart

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

Type of Connective Tissue Membrane

▪ Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue)
▪ Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints
= Line bursae
= Line tendon sheaths
▪ Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity

A

Synovial Membranes

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12
Q

The Integumentary System consists of the

A

▪ Skin

▪ Skin appendages

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13
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A

▪ Insulates and cushion deeper body organs
▪ Protects the entire body from:
= Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
= Chemical damage (acids and bases)
= Thermal damage (heat or cold)
= Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight)
= Microbes (bacteria)
= Desiccation (drying out)
▪ Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled by the nervous system
▪ Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
▪ Synthesizes vitamin D

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14
Q

Structure of Skin

▪ Anchors the skin to underlying organs
▪ Not technically part of the integumentary system
▪ Composed mostly of adipose tissue
▪ Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues

A

Hypodermis

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15
Q 
▪ Outer layer of skin
▪ Capable of being hard and tough
▪ Stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Avascular
▪ Composed of five layers (strata)
A

Epidermis

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16
Q

The most common cell and produce a fibrous protein called keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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17
Q

Layers of Epidermis

From the most superficial to deepest

A 
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
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18
Q

Layers of Epidermis

▪ Deepest layer of the epidermis
▪ Lies next to dermis
▪ Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together
▪ Cells undergoing mitosis
▪ Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

A

Stratum Basale

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19
Q

Layers of Epidermis

Cells become increasingly flattered and more keratinized

A

Stratum Spinosum

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20
Q

Layers of Epidermis

▪ Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
▪ Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

A

Stratum Lucidum

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21
Q

Layers of Epidermis

▪ Outermost layer of the epidermis
▪ Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

A

Stratum Corneum

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22
Q

▪ It is a pigment produced by melanocytes
▪ Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis
▪ Color is yellow to brown to black
▪ It accumulates in membrane-bound granules
called melanosomes
▪ Amount of ____ produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight

A

Melanin

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23
Q

Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion)

A

Epidermal Dendritic Cells

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24
Q

▪ Associated with sensory nerve endings

▪ Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs

A

Merkel Cells

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25
Q

▪ Connective tissue

▪ Underlies the epidermis

A

Dermis

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26
Q

Layers of Dermis

▪ On the upper dermal region that contain projections called dermal papillae
▪ Indent the epidermis above
▪ Many projections contain capillary loops and others house pain and touch receptors
▪ On palm and sole surfaces, papillae increase friction and gripping ability
▪ Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat

A

Papillary Layer

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27
Q

Layers of Dermis

▪ Deepest skin layer
▪ Blood vessels
▪ Sweat and oil glands
▪ Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)

A

Reticular Layer

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28
Q

Pigments to Skin Color

Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments

A

Melanin

29
Q

Pigments to Skin Color

Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

A

Carotene

30
Q

Pigments to Skin Color

▪ Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
▪ Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

A

Hemoglobin

31
Q

Skin Color

▪ Redness
▪ Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

A

Erythema

32
Q

Skin Color

▪ Blanching
▪ Due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

A

Pallor

33
Q

Skin Color

▪ Yellow cast
▪ Indicates a liver disorder

A

Jaundice

34
Q

Skin Color

▪ Black and blue marks
▪ Hematomas

A

Bruises

35
Q

4 Skin Appendages

A

▪ Sweat glands
▪ Oil glands
▪ Hair
▪ Nails

36
Q

All exocrine glands

A

Cutaneous Glands

37
Q

Type of Cutaneous Glands

▪ Located all over the skin except for palms and soles
▪ Produce sebum (oil)
▪ Makes skin soft and moist
▪ Prevents hair from becoming brittle
▪ Kills bacteria
▪ Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
▪ Glands are activated at puberty

A

Sebaceous (oil) Glands

38
Q

Type of Cutaneous Glands

▪ Produce sweat
▪ Widely distributed in skin

A

Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands

39
Q

Type of Sweat Glands

▪ Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s surface
▪ Produce acidic sweat
▪ Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste
▪ Function in body temperature regulation

A

Eccrine Glands

40
Q

Type of Sweat Glands

▪ Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals
▪ Begin to function at puberty
▪ Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color)
▪ Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation

A

Apocrine Glands

41
Q

▪ Produced by hair follicle
▪ Root is enclosed in the follicle
▪ Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin
▪ Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
▪ Melanocytes provide pigment for its color
▪ It grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale

A

Hair

42
Q

Hair Anatomy

In the center

A

Medulla

43
Q

Hair Anatomy

Surrounds medulla

A

Cortex

44
Q

Hair Anatomy

▪ Outside of cortex
▪ Most heavily keratinized region of the hair

A

Cuticle

45
Q

▪ Composed of an epithelial root sheath and fibrous
sheath
▪ Dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb
(deepest part of the follicle)

A

Hair Follicle

46
Q

It connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened

A

Arrector Pili Muscle

47
Q

▪ Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the
epidermis
▪ Stratum basale extends beneath the ____ bed, which is responsible for the growth
▪ Lack of pigment makes it colorless

A

Nails

48
Q

Infections and Allergies

▪ Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis)
▪ Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes

A

Athlete’s Foot

49
Q

Infections and Allergies

▪ Caused by inflammation of hair follicles
▪ Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by bacteria

A

Boils (furuncles) and Carbuncles

50
Q

Infections and Allergies

▪ Caused by human herpesvirus 1
▪ Blisters itch and sting

A

Cold Sores (fever blisters)

51
Q

Infections and Allergies

▪ Caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses
▪ Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin

A

Contact Dermatitis

52
Q

Infections and Allergies

▪ Caused by bacterial infection
▪ Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose

A

Impetigo

53
Q

Infections and Allergies

▪ Caused by bacterial infection
▪ Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose

A

Psoriasis

54
Q 
▪ Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat,
electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
▪ Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the
invasion of bacteria
▪ Associated dangers
= Protein denaturation and cell death
= Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
= Circulatory shock
A

Burns

55
Q

Degree of Burn

▪ Superficial burn
▪ Only epidermis is damaged
▪ Skin is red and swollen

A

First-degree Burn

56
Q

Degree of Burn

▪ Partial-thickness burn
▪ Epidermis and superficial part of the dermis are damaged
▪ Skin is red, painful, and blistered
▪ Regrowth of the epithelium can occur

A

Second-degree Burn

57
Q

Degree of Burn

▪ Full-thickness burn
▪ Destroys epidermis and dermis; the burned area is
painless
▪ Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible
▪ Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black

A

Third-degree Burn

58
Q

Degree of Burn

▪ Full-thickness burn
▪ Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons)
▪ Appears dry and leathery
▪ Requires surgery and grafting
▪ May require amputation
A

Fourth-degree Burn

59
Q

Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds

A

Skin Cancer

60
Q

Classification of Cancer

means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread

A

Benign

61
Q

Classification of Cancer

means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas

A

Malignant

62
Q

Type of Skin Cancer

▪ Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer
▪ Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no longer make keratin
▪ Lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that
develop a central ulcer

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

63
Q

Type of Skin Cancer

▪ Believed to be induced by UV exposure
▪ Arises from cells of stratum spinosum
▪ Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that
gradually form shallow ulcers
▪ Early removal allows a good chance of cure
▪ Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

64
Q

Type of Skin Cancer

▪ Most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5 percent of skin cancers
▪ Arises from melanocytes
▪ Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
▪ Detection uses ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma

A

Malignant Melanoma

65
Q

ABCDE Rule

A 
Asymmetry
Border Irregularity
Color
Diameter
Evolution
66
Q

A downy hair, covers the body by the fifth or sixth month of fetal development but disappears by birth

A

Lanugo

67
Q

An oily covering and is apparent at birth

A

Vernix caseosa

68
Q

Small white spots, are common at birth and disappear by the third week

A

Milia

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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