N368 Final Chapter 44 Insulin Drugs

Question 1

insulin

Answer 1

decreases blood glucose levels

Question 2

glucagon

Answer 2

increases blood glucose levels

Question 3

diabetes mellitus

Answer 3

deficient insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors on target cells resulting in hyperglycemia

Question 4

type 1

Answer 4

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
lack of insulin secretion
since glucose is unable to enter cells
lipids are utilized as an energy source
ketoacids are produced as waster
fruity breath
treated with insulin injections

Question 5

type 2

Answer 5

insulin resistance
target cells become unresponsive to insulin due to a defect in insulin receptor function
treated with oral hypoglycemics
diet and exercise

Question 6

human regular insulin

Answer 6

Humulin R, Novolin R
antidiabetic agent, pancreatic hormone
short acting hypoglycemic agent
maintains blood glucose levels within normal limits

Question 7

sulfonylureas

Answer 7

oral hypoglycemic
stimulate the release of insulin from pancreatic islet cells by inhibiting the sensitive of KATP (potassium-ATP) channel, which changes membrane potential of the beta cells so they release insulin

Question 8

biguanides

Answer 8

oral hypoglycemic
metformin (glucophage)
decrease the hepatic production of glucose
reduce insulin resistance

Question 9

alpha glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 9

oral hypoglycemic
block enzymes in the small intestine that are responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosacharides
digestion of glucose is delayed

Question 10

thiazolidinediones

Answer 10

oraly hypoglycemic

reduce blood glucose by decreasing insulin resistance and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis

Question 11

meglitinides

Answer 11

oral hypoglycemic

stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells

Question 12

metformin

Answer 12

fortamet, glucophage, glumetza
antidiabetic, hypoglycemic agent
reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels
does not cause hypoglycemia
lowers glucose levels in pts who no longer secrete insulin

Question 13

byetta

Answer 13

injection for type 2 that has not been controlled
lowers blood glucose
increases the secretion of insulin
slows the absorption of glucose
reduces the action of glucagon

Question 14

What is the major SE for all insulins?

Answer 14

hypoglycemia

Question 15

What are the major SEs for Sulfonylureas

Answer 15

Nausea, heartburn, dizziness; Hypoglycemia (tremors, palpitations, sweating), cholestatic jaudice

Question 16

What are the major SEs for Meglitinides

Answer 16

Flulike symptoms, upper respiratory infection, back pain

Question 17

What are the major SEs for Biguanide

Answer 17

Flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, abdominal pain, lactic acidosis

Question 18

what are the major SEs for Thiazolidinediones/G litazone

Answer 18

Upper respiratory infection, myalgia, headache, edema, hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity, bone fracture

Question 19

What are the major SEs for Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 19

Flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal distension, severe- hypoglycemia

Question 20

What are the major SEs for sitagliptin (Januvia)

Answer 20

_Flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal distension, hypoglycemia