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Nursing N368 Pharmacology I > N368 Test 3 Diuretics, Electrolyte and Fluid Replacement, Vaccines, NSAIDs, Immunomodulators, and Antibiotics > Flashcards

N368 Test 3 Diuretics, Electrolyte and Fluid Replacement, Vaccines, NSAIDs, Immunomodulators, and Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Loop Diuretics: name the classification and the mechanism of action

A

Diuretics and HTN: Act on ascending limb of the loop of Henle to block the reabsorption of sodium and water.

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2
Q

Loop Diuretics: name the major SEs

A

Hypokalemia, postural hypotension, tinnitis

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3
Q

Loop Diuretics: name two prototypes

A

Furosemide (Lasix) Bumetanide (Bumex)

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4
Q

Thiazides Diuretics: name the classification and the mechanism of action

A

Act on the early distal tubule to block the reabsorption of sodium and water.

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5
Q

Thiazide Diuretics: name the major SEs

A

Hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension

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6
Q

Thiazide Diuretics: name the two prototypes

A

Chlorothiazide (Diuril) Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

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7
Q

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: name the classification and the mechanism of action

A

Act on the late distal tubule and collecting ducts to block the reabsorption of sodium while retaining the secretion of potassium

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8
Q

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: name the major SEs

A

Hyperkalemia, dehydration, dysrhythmia (hyperkalemia), gynecomastia

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9
Q

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: name the two prototypes

A

Spironolactone (Aldactone) Amiloride (Midamor)

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10
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

Misc. Diuretic; to produce uresis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, a enzyme that affects acid-base balance by its ability to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) from water and carbondioxide (CO2); this inhibition promotes the direction making more CO2 and water, which will be excreted. Used for the management of open-angle glaucoma or other forms of ocular hypertension

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11
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor: name the major SEs

A

Dehydration, pancytopenia

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12
Q

pancytopenia

A

reduction in RBC, WBC, and PLTs

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13
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor: name the two prototype drugs

A

Acetazolamide (Diamox) Methazolamide (Neptazane)

_

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14
Q

Osmotic Diuretics: name the classification and the mechanism of action

A

Misc. Diuretics; Increases the osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting reabsoprtion of water and electrolyte, and reduce plasma volume

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15
Q

Osmotic Diuretics: name the major SEs

A

__________Osmotic Diuretics
Misc. Diuretics; Increases the osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting reabsoprtion of water and electrolyte, and reduce plasma volume
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, thrombophlebitis

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16
Q

Osmotic Diuretics: name the two prototype drugs

A

_mannitol (Osmitrol)

glycerin(Colace, Osmoglyn)

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17
Q

____Colloids: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

fluid replacement agent; Provides colloidal oncotic pressure of blood, which serves to mobilize fluid from extravascular space into vascular system; expands plasma volume within minutes of administration

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18
Q

Colloids: name the major SEs

A

Hypertension, Fluid overload, cardiac failure

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19
Q

Colloids: name the major prototype drug

A

Albumin (Albuminar, plasbumin)

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20
Q

____Sodium bicarbonate: name the drug classification and mechanism of action

A

Agents to treat acidosis or bicarbonate deficiency

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21
Q

Sodium bicarbonate: name the major SEs

A

Metabolic Akalosis due to too much HCO3 infusion(confusion, irritability, slow HR); Hyperkalemia; Tx for metabolic alkalosis (give KCL or NH3CL, ammonium chloride)

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22
Q

sodium bicarbonate: name the prototypes

A

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

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23
Q

_____Ammonium chloride: name the classification

A

Agents to treat alkalosis

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24
Q

Ammonium chloride: name the major SEs

A

Metabolic Acidosis due to too much loss of HCL

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25
Q

Ammonium chloride: name the prototype

A

Ammonium chloride

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26
Q

vaccines: what is the purpose?

A

Vaccines; provide weak antigen for disorder to human body, which can produce antibodies on their own. _produce active immunity

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27
Q

vaccines: what are the major SEs

A

pain and inflammation at injection site, transient fever or fatigue

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28
Q

vaccines: name the vaccines for hepB and HPV

A

Hepatitis B (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB); human papillomavirus (Gardasil)

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29
Q

Interferon: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

immunostimulant/biologic

response modifier; Natural antiviral and immunoregulatory properties produced by T cell.
Suppress cell division, increase phagocytic activity of macrophage, and promote cytotoxic activity of T cells; enhances or stimulates immune system to remove antigens; suppresses growth of cancer cells

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30
Q

interferon: name the major SEs

A

flu-like SXs

headache, N/V, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity, suicidal ideation

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31
Q

interferon: name the two prototypes

A

(Roferon-A) interferon alfacon-1 (Infergen); interferon- beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif)

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32
Q

Antimetabolites: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

Immunosuppressant;
Inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA polymerase during lymphocyte

replication —-> disrupt T cell function

33
Q

Antimetabolites: name the major SEs

A

Severe nausea and vomiting, bone marrow suppression

34
Q

Antimetabolites: name the prototypes

A

sirolimus (Rapamune) azathioprine (Imuran) methotrexate

35
Q

Calcineurin inhibitors: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

mmunosuppressant; Bind to calcineurin, an intracellular messenger, and disrupt T cells (especially, T-helper cells)

36
Q

Calcineurin inhibitors: name the major SEs

A

hypertension, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, **reduction in urine flow

37
Q

Calcineurin inhibitors: name the prototype drugs

A

cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) tacrolimus (Prograf)

38
Q

Name the three types of NSAIDs

A

ibuprofen, ASA=aspirin, COX-2 Inhibitors

39
Q

Ibuprofen: name the class of drug and the mechanism of action

A

Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
antipyretics, analgesics

work by inhibiting cox-1 and cox-2 decreasing pain and inflammation response

40
Q

ibuprofen: major SEs

A

N/V

41
Q

Ibuprofen: prototype drugs

A

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others)

42
Q

ASA: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

Antiplatelet/ Anti-inflammatory; inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2, therefore, inhibiting production of prostaglandins and decreasing platelet aggregation; providing analgesia and reducing inflammation & fiver response.

43
Q

ASA: major SEs

A

Stomach pain, heartburn (tinnitus-prolonged use); Avoided to children s syndrome

44
Q

ASA: prototype drugs

A

Asprin(acetylsalicylic acid, ASA)
Choline
slicylate( Arthropan)

45
Q

Cox-2 Inhibitors: drug classification and mechanism of action

A

antirheumatics, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agents; Selectively inhibit the enzyme COX-2. This enzyme is required for synthesis of prostaglandins; hence Cox-2 Inhib. reduce pain and inflammation response

46
Q

Cox-2 Inhibitor: major SEs

A

Dyspepsia, headache

47
Q

COX-2 inhibitors: name the prototype

A

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

48
Q

Glucocorticoids: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

antiasthmatics, corticosteroids, steroidal anti-inflammatory agents;
Inhibit inflammatory response by suppressing histamine and prostaglandins
Can inhibit immune system to reduce inflammation

49
Q

Glucocorticoids: name the major SEs

A

__Suppression of adrenal- gland function, hyperglycemia

50
Q

Glucocorticoids: name the prototypes

A

prednisone (Meticorten) hydrocortisone (Cortef, Hydrocortone, others)

51
Q

Centrally Acting COX inhibitors example drug

A

acetaminophen which has NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT

52
Q

acetaminophen (NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT): name the drug classification and mechanism of action

A

antipyretics, non-opioid analgesics; to reduce fever by direct action at level
of hypothalamus and dilation of peripheral blood vessels

53
Q

acetaminophen (NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT): name the major SEs

A

potential liver damage; though less gastric irritation than aspirin

54
Q

acetaminophen (NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT): name the prototype

A

Tylenol (acetaminophen)

55
Q

PCN (Penicillins): name the classification and mechanism of action

A

anti-bacterial; antibiotics; to kill bacteria by disrupting their cell walls and allowing water to enter

56
Q

PCN (Penicillins): name the major SEs

A 
allergic rxn (rash, fever)
Diarrhea
57
Q

PCN (Penicillins): name prototype drugs

A

penicillin G (Pentids) amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox)

58
Q

Cephalosporin; cell wall inhibitors: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

anti-bacterial; antibiotics; act by attaching to PCN-binding protein receptor to inhibit bacterial cell-wall synthesis

59
Q

Cephalosporin; cell wall inhibitors: name the major SEs

A

Abdominal cramping, pseudomonas colitis, nephrotoxicity

60
Q

Cephalosporin; cell wall inhibitors: name prototypes

A

cefotaxime (Claforan) cefadroxil (Duricef)

61
Q

Tetracycline, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

anti-bacterial; antibiotics; inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, slow microbial growth and exert BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT

62
Q

Tetracycline, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the major SEs

A

superinfections = i.e., killing natural flora in gut leading to C. difficile infection

63
Q

Tetracycline, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the

A 
tetracycline HCL (Achromycin, others)
_demeclocycline (Declomycin)
64
Q

Macrolide, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

anti-bacterial; antibiotics; inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome; to act as spectrum similar to that of penicillins

65
Q

Macrolide, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the major SEs

A

nausea, abdominal cramping, Most severe is hepatotoxicity

66
Q

Macrolide, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the prototypes

A

erythromycin (E- Mycin, Erythrocin) azithromycin (Zithromax, Z-Pak)

67
Q

Aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitors: name the classification and mechanism of action

A

anti-bacterial; antibiotics; to act as broad-spectrum, bacteriocidal antibiotic, inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

68
Q

Aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitors: name the major SEs

A

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

69
Q

Aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitors: name the prototypes

A

ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Moxifloxacin (Avelox)

70
Q

Sulfonamide: name the drug class and the mechanism of action

A

anti-bacterial; antibiotics; to kill bacteria by inhibiting bacterial metabolism of folic acid

71
Q

Sulfonamide: name the major SEs

A

skin rashes agranulocytosis or thrombocytopenia

72
Q

Sulfonamide: name the prototypes

A

trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) sulfadiazine (Microsulfon)

73
Q

Anti-MRSA drug treatment

A

Vancomycin (Vancocin)

74
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin): name the major SEs

A

ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

75
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin): name the mechanism of action and drug classification

A

Anti-MRSA treatment Antibiotics; Bactericidal action is due to inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis and inhibition of bacterial cell membrane permeability

76
Q

Isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid) Pyrazinamide(PZA): Name the indication

A

Anti-TB

77
Q

Isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid) Pyrazinamide(PZA): Name the indication: name the mechanism of action

A

Anti-TB meds; Act by interfering with biosynthesis of bacterial proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids, Exerts bacteriostatic action against actively growing tubercle bacilli

78
Q

Isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid) Pyrazinamide(PZA): Name the indication: name major SEs

A

Nausea, vomiting, Hepatotoxicity

Nursing N368 Pharmacology I (16 decks)

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