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1
Q

Dr. He Jinkui

A

Dr. He Jiankui is a Chinese biophysicist known for creating the world’s first gene-edited babies using CRISPR technology

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2
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Robert Bakewell

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Robert Bakewell was an English agriculturalist. He is renowned for revolutionizing livestock breeding through systematic selective breeding techniques.

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3
Q

Francis Galton

A

He is best known for his pioneering work in eugenics, behavioral genetics, and statistics.

coined the term eugenics in 1883

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4
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Karl Ereky

A

a pioneering agricultural engineer who coined the term “biotechnology” in 1919.

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5
Q

Margaret Dayhoff

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‘mother of bioniformatics’, a physical chemist, developed COMPROTEIN, ‘a complete computer prgram for the IBM 7090’

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6
Q

Peter Wason (1966) & Johnson-Laird

A

Experiment
“if a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number of the other side”

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7
Q

Sinnott-Armstrong

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author of the chapters “why to learn how to argue” and “how to spot an argument”

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8
Q

Arthur Caplan

A

Bioethicist at NYU, coined the term ‘yuck factor’

“What is immoral about eugenics?”
- 1999
-Coercion
- Subjectivity of perfection: not clear which traits are properly perceived as optimal; leads to stigma + prejudice
-Equality: favours fundamental social inequalities

in favour of enhancements
‘individual autonomy’
claims people should be informed on potential risks of enhancement but the final choice is theirs

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9
Q

Herbert Simon

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Coined the term Heuristics

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10
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George Boole

A

use of algebraic symbols for depicting an argument

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11
Q

H. Reichenbach

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Reichenbach’s approach, known as the “pragmatic vindication of induction,” suggests that while we cannot prove the reliability of inductive reasoning through logical means, it is pragmatically justified because it is the best strategy for predicting future events based on past experiences.

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12
Q

Pierre Duhem

A

Creator of “The Duhem Problem”

It states that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions. When an experiment contradicts a hypothesis, it is unclear whether the hypothesis itself is wrong or if one of the background assumptions is at fault.

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13
Q

Kuhn-Feyerabend-Lakatos

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created “The Constructivist Objection”

Science works in “paradigms”, adherence to the theories of the day

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14
Q

Worrall (2002)

A

John Worrall’s 2002 paper, “What Evidence in Evidence-Based Medicine?” explores the principles and challenges of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Worrall examines the role of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the evidence hierarchy in EBM, aiming to provide a coherent account of what constitutes the best evidence in medical practice

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15
Q

David Hume

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Best known for his influential system of empiricism, skepticism, ad naturalism

Enunciated the Naturalistic fallacy

Modern supporter of virtue ethics

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16
Q

Copi Cohen

A

Wrote the fallacies chapter

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17
Q

Tversky and Kahneman

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1970s, showed three heuristics
- Representativeness
- Anchoring
- Availability

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18
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Model 1932
- Maturity is obtained along with the capacity to formal operations (logic)

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19
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

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1958

Stages of moral development based on Piaget’s model

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20
Q

Gerd Gigrenzer

A

2015

wrote an article on libertarian paternalism. Critical of it.

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21
Q

Thaler and Sunstein

A

2008

Coined the term nudge

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22
Q

Dan Kahan

A

2017

Wrote an article
Kahan argues that individuals tend to accept or reject information based on their cultural identities, which can lead to polarization and resistance to correcting misinformation

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23
Q

Van Rensselaer Potter

A

1970
coined the term Bioethics

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24
Q

Thomas Percival

A

He is best known for writing one of the earliest codes of medical ethics. In 1794, he drew up a pamphlet with the code, and in 1803, he published an expanded version titled “Medical Ethics”, in which he coined the term “medical ethics”

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25
John Gregory
1970 Lectures upon the duties and qualifications of a physician (sympathy) He made significant contributions to the history of medical ethics by writing the first philosophical, secular, clinical medical ethics in the English language.
26
Karen Quinlan
a 22-year-old woman who, in 1975, fell into a persistent vegetative state after ingesting a harmful mix of drugs and alcohol. Her parents sought to remove her from the mechanical respirator that was keeping her alive, but her doctors refused, leading to a legal battle. In 1976, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled in favor of her parents, allowing them to remove the respirator.
27
Fritz Jahr
1927 coined the term Bio-ethik
28
Christiaan Barnard
1967 Performed the first heart transplant, introducing new ethical dilemmas about death and life-saving interventions
29
Duff and Campbell
1973 Published research on non-treatment decisions for infants in the "New England Journal of Medicine", sparking debates on 'quality of life' vs. 'sanctity of life'
30
Joseph Fletcher
1954 his 'Moral and Medicine' was one of the first modern works in bioethics
31
Daniel Callahan and Willard Gaylin
1969 Founded the Hastings Center, and early institution dedicated to bioethics
32
Kuhse and Singer
1985 wrote 'Should the Baby Live?' contributed to debates about treatment for disables newborns
33
James F. Childress
wrote chapter on principlism
34
R.M. Hare
Wrote chapter about Utilitarian Approach
35
Oakley
wrote chapter on Virtue ethics
36
Eric Racine
2008 wrote article " defense for moderate (pragmatic) naturalism"
37
John Dewey
contributed to moderate naturalism promoted ethics grounded in human experience and empirical inquiry
38
Jonathan Moreno
contributed to moderate naturalism highlighted bioethics' alignment with American pragmatism, emphasizing interactive methodologies and practical goals
39
Anne Fagot-Largeault
contributed to moderate naturalism Advocated for bioethics as an adaptive, context-sensitive regulatory practice, akin to aristotle's naturalism
40
Rawl
1971 critiques aggregationism used in utilitarianism
41
Immanuel Kant
Deontologist 1785 Kant critiques utilitarianism but overlaps in ideas like universal respect
42
Carol Gilligan
1982 Carol Gilligan's 'In a Different Voice' introduces care ethics
43
Nel Noddings
1984 Nel Nodding's 'Caring' established care ethics as a moral framework
44
Rita C. Manning
wrote chapter on Care ethics
45
John Arras
wrote chapter on Case approach
46
Wringley et al
Claim that since with MST, fertilization comes after maternal gamete manipulation has been done "... a numerically different individual will be born than if MST had not been used". They add that "With PNT, however, the intervetion happens after fertilization, the gametes used are unaffected, and so the Non-identity Problem does not arise" They defend PNT but not MST
47
Hiromitsu Nakauchi
in 2010 his lab produced a rat-mouse chimera Japan in 2019 has approved these experiments on human-animal
48
Greene and Cohen
2004 Defend consequentialism for punishment
49
Daniel Dennett
He made significant contributions to the understanding of consciousness, free will, and the nature of the mind.
50
David Reisnek
in favour of genetic modification wrote an article on genetic determinism
51
Robert Nozsick
1974 coined the term 'Genetic supermarket' The concept refers to a system where prospective parents can freely choose the genetic traits of their future children within certain moral limits, without state interference. Nozick argued that this system would have the virtue of avoiding centralized decision-making about the future human types, allowing individual preferences to shape genetic choices.
52
Corbellini & Sirgiovanni (2015)
wrote paper against paternalistic approaches on neuroenhancement
53
Julian Suvalescu
From oxford in support of enhancements "social protection" Radically transhumanist in favour of: - Doping in sports - Genetic enhancements - Neuro enhancements - moral enhancement
54
John Harris
2007 in support of enhancements Non-discrimination Against moral bio enhancement One this is to improve the ability to judge morally, the other is to choose to behave morally the choice must be free, no coercion Also against mood enhancements for moral purposes believes that cognitive enhancement is itself enough to cultivate our skills in the best way and that makes moral enhancement redundant; argument is based on the assumption of self-determination and free will
55
Michael Sandel
against enhancement 'manipulation' argues that the enhancements wouldd favour unhealthy 'promethean' aspiration of parents wanting to build a child on the basis of their own desires
56
Leon Krass
against enhancement 'Innatural'
57
Jürgen Habermas
against enhancement 'Discrimination' 'enhancements would favour forms of social inequality because the initial natural conditions are the only ones putting people on the same moral ground, providing them with freedom
58
Savulescu and Persson
article in support of moral enhancement believe in moral enhancements and say that rational methods are insufficient to enhance morally; believe scientific progress represents a threat to human welfare
59
Adina Roskies
coined the term neuroethics in her 2002 article
60
Benjamin Libet
Benjamin Libet's famous experiment, conducted in the 1980s, investigated the relationship between conscious intention and brain activity. Libet discovered that a specific brain activity called the readiness potential (or Bereitschaftspotential) occurred several hundred milliseconds before participants reported being consciously aware of their intention to act.
61
Daniel Wegner
conscious will is an illusion Wegner argues that our common belief that our conscious choices directly cause our voluntary actions is mistaken.
62
Jonathan Haidt
Moral dumbfounding occurs when strong intuition is left unsupported by articulable reasons
63
A. Damasio
emotivist approach emotions point us towards a direction and we think rationally there. EMOTIONS DO NOT TAKE OVER RATIONAL THOUGHT
64
S. Matthew Liao, E. Sirgiovanni
Wrote article on challenges of neuroethics
65
Greene
2016 article introduces the dual-process theory of moral judgement
66
Lo Sapio
2023 article on the ethics of cultured meat
67
Edmond Award
2018 article on moral machine experiment clusters etc
68
Mihaly Heder
2020 article "Epistemic opacity of AS and ethical consequences"
69
Thomas Aquinas
1225 - 1274 Medieval supporter of Virtue ethics
70
Elizabeth Anscombe
contemporary supporter of virtue ethics
71
Philippa Foot
The early 1980s in her writing a supporter of virtue ethics
72
Rosalind Hursthouse
formulation in the 1990s usually applied to bioethics "An action is right if and only if it is what an agent with a virtuous character would do in the circumstances" Hursthouse applies it to the right of abortion Philippa Foot (1977) applies it to fulfill requests of euthanasia
73
John Searle
1980 The chinese room A criticism of the turing test
74
Thomas Aquinas
formulated the principle of double effect It addresses situations where an action has both a good effect and harmful unintended effect

bioethics (9 decks)

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