Napoleon in Europe Flashcards
(335 cards)
1
Q
French victory over the Russians near Zurich
A
September 1799
2
Q
Tsar decided to pull Russia out of the Second Coalition
A
November 1799
3
Q
Napoleon attempted to make peace with Britain and Austria
A
Winter 1799-1800
4
Q
Napoleon’s Second Italian Campaign
A
1800
5
Q
Napoleon and his troops began to march over the Alps on the Great Saint-Bernard Pass
A
15 May 1800
6
Q
Masséna surrendered Genoa to the Austrians
A
4 June 1800
7
Q
Battle of Marengo (date)
A
14 June 1800
8
Q
Battle of Marengo (events)
A
- Field Marshal Melas (leader of the Austrian troops in Italy) attacked Victor’s corps on the River Bormida
- The French had been forced to retreat over 5 miles during the day (Melas had double the number of troops)
- Desaix arrived, having heard the battle by chance and come back
- Napoleon then launched a counter-attack
- Austrians retreated across the Bormida
9
Q
Battle of Marengo (casualties)
A
French = 4500 Austrians = 6500
10
Q
Battle of Hohenlinden (date)
A
3 December 1800
11
Q
Battle of Hohenlinden (events)
A
- Moreau ambushed the Austrians as they emerged from the Ebersburg Forest
- At the same time, Richepanse’s division enveloped the Austrian left flank
- Despite being outnumbered, the French were thus able to defeat the Austrians with an encircle and eliminate manoeuvre
12
Q
Battle of Hohenlinden (casualties)
A
French = 2,500 Austrians = 4,500
13
Q
Treaty of Lunéville (date)
A
9 February 1801 with Austria
14
Q
Treaty of Lunéville (terms)
A
French gained control of Belgium and the area west of the Rhine
Austria accepted French satellites in Italy and the Netherlands
15
Q
Treaty of Amiens (date)
A
25 March 1802 with Britain
16
Q
Treaty of Amiens (terms)
A
Napoleon withdrew from Naples
Britain returned France’s colonies (except Ceylon and Trinidad)
British monarchy dropped ‘King of France’ from its title
Britain recognised the French Republic
17
Q
Britain declared war on France (start of the Third Coalition)
A
16 May 1803
18
Q
Austria and Russia had joined the Coalition with Britain against France by…
A
August 1805
19
Q
Battle of Ulm (date)
A
16-19 October 1805
20
Q
Battle of Ulm (events)
A
- Napoleon realised he had inadvertently missed a large Austrian army
- Napoleon used the Grande Armée in a massive encirclement manoeuvre, cutting off the Austrians from Russian forces (who were actually 100 miles away anyway)
- Archduke Ferdinand fled from Ulm with 6,000 troops
- Napoleon sent Murat and cavalry after them
- Napoleon began to bombard Ulm
21
Q
General Mack was forced to surrender after Ulm
A
20 October 1805
22
Q
General Mack failed again to persuade the Austrians to attack from the rear
A
12 October 1805 (before Ulm, when Napoleon was still unaware that he had missed the Austrian army)
23
Q
Battle of Trafalgar (date)
A
21 October 1805
24
Q
Battle of Trafalgar (events)
A
- Franco-Spanish fleet planned to escort barges of soldiers across the Channel to invade
- Lord Nelson realised the French plan
- British decimated the Franco-Spanish fleet
25
Battle of Trafalgar (casualties)
```
Franco-Spanish = 22 ships
British = 0 ships lost
```
26
Battle of Austerlitz (date)
2 December 1805
27
Battle of Austerlitz (events)
1. Napoleon ordered Soult to evacuate Pratzen Heights in fake panic and disorder
2. Met with a Russian envoy and presented the French as weak
3. Lured the Russians/Austrians into occupying Pratzen Heights, exposing their rear to an attack from behind
4. Russians/Austrians charge down from Pratzen towards Napoleon’s right flank
5. Hidden French units charge back up the hill and attack the weak Russian/Austrian centre, eventually turning their attack towards the rear of the Russian forces
6. The French force the Russians/Austrians into a frozen swamp where they are unable to defend themselves
28
Battle of Austerlitz (casualties)
```
French = 1,500
Russians = 15,000
```
29
Treaty of Pressburg (date)
26 December 1805
30
Treaty of Pressburg (terms)
1. Austrians had to recognise French supremacy in northern Italy and cede Venetia, Dalmatia and Istria to Kingdom of Italy
2. Austria agreed that the German states of Baden, Bavaria and Württemburg would be independent kingdoms
3. Austria cedes further land to Bavaria (staunch French ally)
4. Austria pay 40 million francs in reparations
31
Napoleon abolished HRE and created Confederation of the Rhine
July 1806 - ‘Rheinbund’
| Murat is placed in charge in Dusseldorf (which had been the Grand Duchy of Berg)
32
Formation of the Fourth Coalition
October 1806
33
Battles of Jena-Auerstädt (date)
14 October 1806
34
Battle of Jena (events)
1. Napoleon ordered Lannes to shift from the centre to aid Ney, weakening the French centre
2. Napoleon deployed his Imperial Guard to hold French centre
3. Napoleon ordered the army to break through the Prussian flanks and encircle the main Prussian army
4. Many of the Prussian flanks fled and the army withdraw
35
Battle of Auerstädt (events)
1. Napoleon misjudged where the Prussian army lay and thus gave his whole attention to Jena - bulk of the army was in fact at Auerstädt
2. Davout broke the Prussian centre and cavalry, forced them back over the Lissbach Stream
3. Davout’s single corps destroyed the Prussian army and prevented Brunswick joining the Russians
36
Battles of Jena-Auerstädt (casualties)
```
French = 5,000
Prussians = 11,000
```
37
Fall of Berlin to Napoleon
27 October 1806 - Prussian capital of Berlin was taken by the French in the aftermath of Jena-Auerstädt
38
Battle of Eylau (date)
7-8 February 1807
39
Battle of Eylau (events)
1. Frontal attack against Russians led by Napoleon failed, with catastrophic losses (troops were blinded by a blizzard and artillery was launched against their own men)
2. Cavalry charge (Murat) and flank attack (Davout) strengthened the French position
3. Bennigsen’s army was in danger of collapse but was joined by 9,000 Prussians
4. Davout forced to retreat
5. Ney attacked Bennigsen
6. Two sides disengaged and then Bennigsen retreated
7. Technically a French victory but not decisive
40
Battle of Eylau (casualties)
```
French = 25,000
Russians = 20,000
```
41
Battle of Friedland (date)
14 June 1807
42
Battle of Friedland (events)
1. Bennigsen attacked the isolated corps of Marshal Lannes
2. Lannes only had 26,000 men so he forced Bennigsen to commit progressively more troops across the River Alle to defeat him
3. By late afternoon, the French had amassed a force of 80,000 troops on the battlefield
4. Relying on superior numbers, Napoleon ordered a massive assault against the Russians
5. The main attack was delivered against the Russian left, which Napoleon saw at once to be cramped in the narrow tongue of land between the river Alle and the Posthenen mill-stream (many Russians died falling into the river)
43
Battle of Friedland (casualties)
Russia lost over 40% of its forces in that battle
44
Treaty of Tilsit with Russia (date)
7 July 1807
45
Treaty of Tilsit with Russia (terms)
1. Russia agreed to recognised French domination over W and central Europe
2. Russia agreed to join the continental blockade system against Britain
3. Russian territory in Poland would become French (Grand Duchy of Warsaw)
4. Napoleon recognised Eastern Europe as a Russian sphere of influence
5. French agreed to aid Russia again Turkey, if the Turks didn’t agree to give Russia some of their land
46
Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia (date)
9 July 1807
47
Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia (terms)
Almost half of Prussia’s territory would become French (Kingdom of Westphalia)
48
Nelson bombarded Copenhagen which angered the Russians
February 1801
49
League of Armed Neutrality (Russia, Denmark, Sweden and Prussia) kept Britain out of the Baltic
1800-1801
50
Reorganisation of the Grande Armée
1805
| Corps of 20,000-30,000 men (cavalry and infantry so self-sufficient)
51
Imperial Guard
1805
| Napoleon’s personal elite army - could deploy them wherever necessary in a battle (as in Jena)
52
% of officers who had risen through the ranks
50% - meritocratic so better
53
Napoleon’s generals came from humble beginnings
Murat the son of an innkeeper
Ney the son of a barrel maker
Lannes the son of a stable-keeper
Meritocratic system meant that generals were actually good
54
Pays réunis (9 areas)
```
Modern-day Belgium
German lands west of the Rhine
Nice
Savoy
Piedmont (1802)
Ligurian Republic (1805)
Parts of modern-day Switzerland
Holland (from 1810, had been a pay conquis since 1806)
Rome
```
55
Pays conquis (11 areas)
1805
- Kingdom of Italy
1806
- Kingdom of Naples
- Kingdom of Holland
- Confederation of the Rhine
- Grand Duchy of Berg
1807
- Kingdom of Westphalia
- Portugal
- Grand Duchy of Warsaw
1808
- Kingdom of Spain
- Papal States annexed to Kingdom of Italy
1810
- Sweden
56
Increase in military expenditure
1807-1813, military expenditure almost doubled
57
Prussians had to pay following their defeat at Jena-Auerstädt
1806 - 311 million francs
58
From 1806 onwards, the Kingdom of Italy had to pay...
1.5 million francs to French treasury
Cash contributions to ship building
An extra 1.5 million for the Russia campaign
59
Population of the Kingdom of Italy fell by...
23,000 men (1809-14) - people moved to try to avoid conscription
60
Impact of the Continental Blockade on Italy
Destroyed silk industry
Froze trade in parts of Venice and Ancona
Boosted wool industry
61
Numbers of marshals/generals gifted with land in Poland
26 (before 1807)
62
Fraction of Poland’s income deprived by dotations
1/5
63
Piedmont was forced to export silk only to...
Lyons - Napoleon wanted to stimulate the silk industry there
64
Impact of the CB on Belgium
Textiles and manufacturing prospered, better access to imperial market now that there was no competition with cheaper British goods
Benefitted Belgian weavers and miners in the Rhineland
65
Negative impact of CB on farming across the Empire
Good French harvest meant that satellite states could not sell their surplus anywhere as France already had enough and prices decreased rapidly due to overproduction
66
Napoleon’s views on France vs the Grand Empire
‘LA FRANCE AVANT TOUT’
67
L’Agglomération
Unification of people who share the same language, culture and traditions
Idea that Napoleon spoke about on St Helena
68
Men from across the Empire in the Russian Campaign
Men from Bavaria, Saxony and Württernberg and Baden
69
Bernadotte (King of Sweden) turned traitor
1812 - allied with the Tsar
70
Empire at its peak - number of departments and people
Over 130 departments
| 40 million people
71
Belgium and Luxembourg annexed
1795
72
Number of departments representing Belgium and Luxembourg
9 departments
73
Gendarmeries in pays réunis
Very effective
74
Murat in Naples
Ruled from 1808 until the fall of Napoleon
75
Murat employed Neapolitan ministers
E.g. Giuseppe Zurlo (Minister of the Interior)
They wielded more power than many of the French officials
Council of State was primarily comprised of Neapolitan bourgeoisie and nobles
76
Murat tried to get French officials to assume Neapolitan citizenship or be fired
1811
77
Kingdom of Westphalia
From 1807
| Jerome = constitutional King
78
Melzi in Italy
Vice-president of Italy under Napoleon until Eugène de Beauharnais takes over as Viceroy in 1805
79
Melzi divided Italy into 12 departments
1802
80
French Civil Codes became law in Italy
1806
81
Joseph Bonaparte in Naples
1806 - 1808
82
Joseph’s administrative reforms in Naples
Split into 14 provinces
| Mayors were elected by councils of local professionals
83
Napoleon annexed Holland to France
1810
84
Napoleon quotation on control over the Empire
Ordered Eugène (his step-son) who ruled Italy – ‘even if Milan is in flames, you must ask for orders to extinguish it’ (1805)
85
Napoleon dissolved the legislative body in Italy after it opposed a new tax and replaced it with a council of the state and later a senate
July 1805
86
Shocking parts of the Civil Codes
Civil marriage and divorce became legal (shocking to Catholics)
Division of inheritance introduced (partage)
87
Napoleon enforced the Civil Codes in Berg and Naples
1810 - even though rulers there believed them to be culturally inappropriate and asked for more time
88
Division of common land between landlords and towns in Naples
1 September 1806
89
Resistance to Napoleonic rule in Naples
Resistance in 1806
British arrived in Calabria
French were defeated at Maida
British encouraged widespread revolt which drove the French out of Calabria
90
French regain control in Naples after initial opposition
February 1808
91
Feudal system persisted in Naples
Feudal commission (established in 1807) was not very successful
Many disputes were outstanding over 100 years later
Landlords often won the battles for property and the peasants were left empty handed
92
Impact of CB on Strasbourg
Traders in wine and tobacco were benefitted due to absence of competition
1807-1810, Strasbourg handled 1/3 French exports
93
Impact of CB on Bordeaux
Badly affected - denied trade in textiles and silks with England
1808, wine trade collapsed
700 to no rope makers by 1811
94
Minister of Finance in Italy
Giuseppe Prina
95
Indirect taxes led to disturbances in Italy
1809, tax on milling flour led to disturbances
| 1813-14, attacks on consumption tax collectors
96
State revenue increase in Italy
x 2 (1802-1811)
97
Property survey erased differences between tax payers in Italy
1807
98
Reformation of the taxation system in Naples
August 1806 - reorganised a complicated tax system of 100 taxes into a single tax on income and property
99
Modern land assessment introduced in Naples
August 1809
100
Budget was brought back to balance in Naples
By 1813
101
Impact of CB on Naples
Agricultural sector suffered
| Maritime trade = virtually paralysed
102
Number of men conscripted (1800-1812)
73,000 men a year (not very high)
103
Number of men conscripted (1812-14)
1.5 million (more than double before)
104
Revolt in Belgium at the introduction of Jourdan’s law
1798
105
Conscription introduced in Italy
August 1802
106
Size of the Italian army in 1812
70,000 men
107
Conscription introduced in Naples
1806 (difficult due to the Calabrian revolt)
108
% spent on military in Naples
1812, military expenditure = 70% of the budget
109
Conscription in the Rhineland
Almost 5% of the population called between 1802 and 1814
110
Draft dodging in Westphalia
1804, 25%
111
Number conscripted in Westphalia
1806, 600,000 from a population of 2 million
112
National breakdown of generals
70 Italians
32 Poles
20 Germans
113
Fraction of troops in Grande Armée that were foreign
1/4 in 1805
114
% arable land that changed hands into the Rhineland
12.5% (due to sale of religious properties)
115
% of land on sale in Jemappes (department in Belgium)
11% of cultivated land sold
1/4 by French bankers and army contractors
3/4 by local bourgeoisie
116
Number of monasteries sold in Naples
1300
117
Jews emancipated in...
Belgian deparments
| Italy
118
Jews not emancipated in...
Grand Duchy of Warsaw
119
Concordat had little impact in...
Holland and Batavian Republic
120
Sale of property in Hainault (Belgium) - % breakdown of who got the land
57% went to bourgeoisie
| 10% peasants
121
Lycées established in...
Italy, Belgium and Berg
122
Universities established in...
Padua, Bologna and Pavia
| But not in Dusseldorf (which had been promised)
123
Abolition of feudalism in GD of W
1807 (but ineffective - corvée and nobility remained)
124
Abolition of feudalism in Berg
1809 (but feudal burdens had to be redeemed)
125
Abolition of feudalism in Westphalia
1809 (but feudal system was so entrenched there this was mostly ineffective)
126
Abolition of feudalism in Naples
1806
127
Evidence that the feudal system was entrenched in Naples
80% of all feudal revenue had been collected by 600 families (highly concentrated and entrenched system which was very difficult for the French to reform)
128
Napoleon promised the Polish independence vaguely in return for...
98,000 men for his 1812 campaign against Russia
129
Britain had begun to blockade Europe
May 1805
130
Berlin Decrees
21 November 1806
Prohibits trade between Britain and Europe
Orders the seizure of goods from Britain and her colonies
Decrees also stated that English subjects were to be seized
131
British Orders in Council
January and November 1807
| Ordered neutral ships to sail first to British ports and pay duties before continuing to the Continent
132
Milan Decrees
17 December 1807
| Ordered the confiscation of ships that had stopped in British harbours
133
Russia, Prussia, Denmark and Spain joined CB
1807
134
Papal States and Illyrian Provinces joined CB
1809
135
Austria joined CB
1810
136
Economic damage of the CB to Britain - 6 key points
1. 1808-11, damages cotton, wool and metallurgy industries
2. Piles of unsold textiles accumulated in British factories
3. Social unrest – Luddites destroyed machines in the North
4. Loss of essential naval supplies from the Baltic
5. All silk workshops closed in London
6. By 1811, British exports dropped again
137
Orders in Council would lead Britain into a war with America in...
1812
138
Smuggling - British goods enter Europe through...
Holland, Iberia and Malta
139
British found new markets in South America (exports rose)
By £10 million! (1805-1809)
140
Impact of CB on French linen industry
Output falls by 2/3 by 1815
141
Decrease in French Grand Empire exports
By 126 million francs from 1806-1809
142
Decrease in ships docking in Amsterdam
1806 over 1300 ships docking in Amsterdam, by 1809 barely 300
143
Decrease in sugar refineries in Amsterdam
80 fell to 3 by 1813
144
Napoleon sells licences to French merchants allowing them to trade with Britain
1809
145
Saint Cloud decree spreads licence system
1810
146
Trianon Tariffs
1810
| Allowed British colonial products in France and the Empire (albeit with very high taxes)
147
Fontainebleau Decree
1810, fails to combat smuggling
148
Russia leaves CB
Ukaz of 31 December 1810 (decree)
149
Napoleon speaks to Council of Merchants and Manufacturers
13 January 1812
Announced he would relax the blockade
Allow British colonial goods
Allow French goods to be exported to Britain
Taxes on everything which would raise more money for France
150
Sold Louisiana to USA
1803
| 50 million francs in Us government bonds and gold
151
% of French gov income that comes from direct taxes
29%
152
Amount Napoleon collects through indirect taxes rose throughout his rule
x 4 (1806-12)
153
Rising expenditure during Napoleon’s rule
1806, expenditure = 700m francs
| 1812-13 = 1,000m francs
154
Cost of Ulm/Austerlitz
60m francs
155
Cost of Peninsular War
70m francs per year
156
Cost of Russia campaign
700m francs
157
Rising taxes in Italy
Rose by 74% between 1802 and 1812
158
Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
August 1796 - Spain and France agreed to become allies and fight against Britain
159
Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
October 1800 - Spain gave France 6 ships and Spain agreed to trade their Louisiana territories for French territories in Tuscany
160
War of the Oranges
May - June 1801
161
Treaty of Madrid
1801
Portugal made territorial concessions to France in Northern Brazil
Portugal closed their ports to the British
Portugal paid an indemnity of 20 million francs
162
What was the impact of the Treaty of Amiens on Spain?
Became neutral but had to pay France a monthly subsidy of 6 million livres to remain that way
163
British invade Portugal
1806 (Napoleon does not help the Spanish against the British threat as they had anticipated)
164
Spain joins the Continental Blockade
February 1807
165
Treaty of Fontainebleau with Spain
27 October 1807
| France and Spain agree to invade and partition Portugal
166
France/Spain invade Portugal
19 November 1807
167
Spanish/French forces had taken control in Lisbon by...
December 1807
168
France invades Spain
16 February 1808
169
Napoleon annexed Basque regions and Barcelona
March 1808
| Made the Spanish people very angry
170
Attempted coup by Ferdinand
17-19 March 1808
171
Murat entered Madrid following Ferdinand’s coup
March 1808
With 40,000 soldiers
Forced Charles to abdicate and offer the throne to Joseph Bonaparte
172
Dos de Mayo uprising
2 May 1808
Marked the beginning of the Spanish insurrection
150 French soldiers killed
173
French response to Dos de Mayo
100s of Madrid citizens shot
174
Spanish provinces of Asturias declared war on Napoleon
25 May 1808
175
Battle of Bailen
July 1808
Spanish army were victorious
Forced the French to retreat and abandon much of Spain to the insurgents
176
Number of French men who surrendered at the Battle of Bailen
22,000
177
Joseph Bonaparte became King of Spain
August 1808
178
Battle of Vimeiro
August 1808
Wellington aided the Portuguese and Spanish to win this battle
Gave the British a series of ports and bases from which to maintain pressure on the French
179
Battle of Somosierra
November 1808
Napoleon placed himself in command in Spain following the failures of Bailen
French victory using Polish light cavalry
Allowed Napoleon to recapture Madrid
180
Napoleon arrived in Madrid
December 1808
| With 80,000 troops
181
Battle of Corunna
January 1809
Short-lived French victory
Napoleon was then forced to leave Spain to deal with the Austrians
182
Battle of Porto
February 1809
Soult’s invasion of Portugal
Initial success
183
Wellington returned
April 1809
With 30,000 men
Began constructing Les Lignes des Torres Vedras
184
Overall cost of Les Lignes des Torres Vedras
£100,000
185
Battle of Talavera
July 1809
British victory
Undid the success of Corunna
186
Second Battle of Porto
May 1809
Porto was taken back
French retreated into Spain
187
Wellington finished Les Lignes des Torres Vedras
1810
188
Number of casualties trying to dislodge the British from Lisbon under Massena
25,000
189
Massena forced to retreat into Spain, failing to take Lisbon back due to Les Lignes des Torres Vedras
1811
190
Battle of Albuera
May 1811
| French defeated trying to break the British siege of Badajoz
191
Number of guerrillas in 1812
11,000
192
Leader of the guerrillas
Francisco Espoz y Mina
193
Important cities blockaded by the Spanish guerrillas
Pamplona and Tudela
194
Wellington captures French border fortresses
Ciudad Rodrigo - January 1812
| Badajoz - April 1812
195
Cadiz remained free in...
January 1812 (even though it had been besieged for the previous 3 years)
196
Battle of Salamanca
22 July 1812
Defeat of Marmont
French were forced out of Southern Spain
197
Battle of Vitoria
21 June 1813
| British liberated Northern Spain
198
Joseph Bonaparte fled Spain
June 1813
199
Leaders in Paris surrendered to the Coalition forces
March 1814
200
Battle of Toulouse
10 April 1814
Wellington forced the French back into France
Marked end of the Peninsular War
201
Portugal and France sign a peace agreement
30 May 1814
202
Number of notables who met with Joseph Bonaparte
91 out of 150
203
Government in Spain
8 ministries and a Cortes
204
Spanish middle class who supported Napoleon
Afrancesados
205
Napoleon quotation on the cost of Spain
‘I cannot meet the enormous cost of Spain’ (in a letter in January 1810)
206
Number of French troops in Spain
200,000
207
Fraction of monasteries suppressed in Spain
2/3
208
Austria decided to attack France again (Fifth Coalition)
February 1809
209
Austrians invaded French Bavaria
April 1809
210
Battle of Eckmühl (date)
21-22 April 1809
211
Battle of Eckmühl (events)
Principal Austrian armies were defeated
| Austrians were expelled from Bavaria
212
Battle of Eckmühl (casualties)
Austrian ones = x 2 French ones
213
Napoleon had entered Vienna by...
May 1809
214
Battle of Aspern-Essling (date)
21-22 May 1809
215
Battle of Aspern-Essling (events)
Austrian forces above the Danube still needed to be dealt with
French were forced to retreat - major defeat
216
Battle of Aspern-Essling (casualties)
20,000 French died
217
Battle of Wagram (date)
5-6 July 1809
218
Battle of Wagram (events)
Eventual French victory but pyrrhic one
| Austrian morale collapsed and they immediately sought peace
219
Battle of Wagram (casualties)
300,000 men on the battlefield
34,000 Frenchmen
43,000 Austrians
220
Treaty of Schönbrunn (date)
14 October 1809
221
Treaty of Schönbrunn (terms)
1. Austria lost 83,000 square kilometres of territory (left landlocked)
2. Lost 1/6 population
3. Russia gained land in East Galacia
4. GD of W received land in West Galacia
5. Paid 85 million francs
6. Had to reduce its army to 150,000 men
7. Joined CB
222
Napoleon annexed Oldenburg
1810 in direct violation of the Treaty of Tilsit
223
Erfurt Congress - Russian action there
1808 - refused to supply troops for the Grand Armée to fight Austria
224
Tsar’s mother refuses to let Napoleon marry Tsar’s sister Catherine
1808
225
Tsar refuses to let Napoleon marry Tsar’s other sister Anna
1809
226
Napoleon made Bernadotte King of Sweden
1810 - right on Russia’s borders which increased tensions
227
Napoleon invaded Russia
22 June 1812
228
Napoleon invaded Russia with X men
650,000
229
X men died before the Russian campaign had begun
60,000
230
X horses died from eating unripe corn at the start of the Russia campaign
1,000
231
By mid-August 1812 X men had died due to disease and lightning attacks by Cossacks
Almost 100,000 men
232
Vilna
28 June 1812
| Napoleon planned to stage one of his decisive battles but Russians fled the city and burnt its bridges
233
Minsk
Napoleon attempted to command the offensive from over 125 miles away
234
Vitebsk
Failure - Napoleon attempted a huge encircle manoeuvre but poor reconnaissance meant the Russian forces were elsewhere
235
By Vitebsk, Napoleon’s front had stretched from X to Y
200 to 500 miles
236
Smolensk
Plans to encircle the Russian armies as they meet, but Napoleon delayed the attack for a day and holds a review of the troops for his birthday and losing the initiative
237
Number of men able to fight at Smolensk (on the way in)
Only 160,000
238
Battle of Borodino
7 September 1812
Russians withdrew and French claimed victory
Russians had dug trenches which made them hard to dislodge
239
Battle of Borodino (casualties)
28,000 French
| 40,000 Russians
240
Napoleon’s troops entered Moscow
14 September 1812
241
Fraction of Moscow that was destroyed by the retreating Russians
1/4
242
Number of troops who had died by the time Napoleon reached Moscow
350,000 men (over half of the original force)
243
Napoleon’s letter to the Tsar asking for peace negotiations
‘I have waged war on your majesty without animosity’
244
Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow
19 October 1812
245
Number of men left when Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow
Only 180,000 men left
246
Maloyaroslavets
Russians force the French back onto their original path - forced to march over the dead bodies of their comrades at Borodino
247
Arrived back at Smolensk
Mid-November 1812
248
Number of troops left when arrived back at Smolensk
Only 24,000
249
Number of troops who returned to France from the Russia campaign
10,000
| Only 1000 fit for military service
250
Napoleon arrived back in Paris from the Russian campaign
18 December 1812
251
Number of war horses lost during the Russian campaign
200,000 - significant as war horses are hard to train
252
Number of generals lost at Borodino
47 generals
253
Malet Conspiracy
22-23 October 1812
Former general Malet attempted to persuade key officials that Napoleon was dead and they needed to form a provisional government
254
What did the Russian Campaign prompt regarding the Coalitions?
Made Prussia (and later Austria) end their forced alliances with France and form the Sixth Coalition with Britain and Russia against Napoleon
255
Over 2/3 of the Prussian army had stopped following the orders of King Frederick William (who was still allied to Napoleon) by...
February 1813
256
King Frederick William allied himself to Russia and declared war on France
March 1813
257
Battles of Lützen and Bautzen
May 1813
Early French successes
Push the Russian/Prussians out of Saxony
258
Number of conscripts Napoleon said he wanted to raise after the Russian campaign
900,000
259
Peace at Dresden
26 June 1813
| Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria met to discuss peace with Napoleon
260
Peace terms offered at Dresden
French borders = banks of the Rhine (quite generous)
| Buffer states between France and Russia = controlled by Austria and Prussia
261
Treaties of Reichenbach
June 1813
| Series of treaties between Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria
262
Bavaria joined the allies (during Sixth Coalition)
8 October 1813
263
Battle of Leipzig / Battle of the Nations (date)
16-19 October 1813
264
Battle of Leipzig (events)
Allies had almost encircled the French before the battle had even begun
Napoleon miscalculated where the enemy would attack from so missed his opportunity to enact an offensive thrust
French retreated
265
Consequences of French defeat at the Battle of Leipzig (8)
1. Rheinbund collapsed
2. Italy collapsed
3. Jerome forced out of Westphalia
4. Revolt in Holland
5. GD of W occupied by Russia
6. Napoleon forced back into France
7. Napoleon conscripts 150,000 further troops
8. Napoleon raises domestic taxes (Empire will no longer pay for the war)
266
Corps Legislatif demand immediate peace
December 1813
267
Six Days Campaign
February 1814
| Four major victories against Blucher (the Prussians)
268
Treaty of Chaumont
March 1814
| Allied agreed to continue until Napoleon was totally destroyed
269
Allied entered Paris and Napoleon was forced to agree to peace terms
30 March 1814
270
Treaty of Fontainebleau
6 April 1814
| Between Napoleon and the allies
271
Terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau
Napoleon was given Elba as his own kingdom
Allowed to keep the title of Emperor
Given an income of £200,000
272
How did the First Restoration occur?
Provisional government of five men who deposed Napoleon invited Louis XVIII to take the throne as long as he accepted the Charter
273
Constitutional Charter
Proclaimed 4 June 1814
| 74 articles drawn up by a committee of Louis’ advisors, Talleyrand and other Napoleonic ministers
274
Articles of the Constitutional Charter (10)
1. Outlined a bicameral legislative system – elected Chamber of Deputies and Chamber of Peers appointed by the King
2. Proportional taxation
3. Equality before the law
4. System of meritocratic appointments
5. Abolition of conscription
6. Pardon for revolutionaries
7. End of press censorship
8. Freedom of religion
9. Catholicism became the state religion again
10. Owners of biens nationaux would keep their land
275
Louis XVIII arrived in Paris
3 May 1814
276
White Terror 2.0
Provoked by the Restoration
| Extra-judicial violence against people who were suspected to have been involved in Napoleon’s government
277
First Treaty of Paris
30 May 1814 - Allied presented it to Louis
278
Terms of the First Treaty of Paris
1. No army of occupation
2. No war indemnity
3. Borders restored to 1792 (still 500,000 more people than 1790)
4. French were allowed to keep looted artwork
279
Vienna Congress 1.0
Began in November 1814 to finalise the First Treaty of Paris
Ended in June 1815 to sign the treaty
280
Key delegates at the Vienna Congress
France – Talleyrand (Foreign Minister)
Britain – Viscount Castlereagh
Austria – Klemens von Metternich
Russia – Tsar Alexander II and Count Nesselrode (Foreign Minister)
Prussia – Frederick-William III and Prince Karl von Hardenburg (Chancellor)
281
Hundred Days
20 March - 22 June 1815
282
Napoleon landed on the south coast of France (100 Days)
1 March 1815
| With under 1000 men
283
Rising against the Bourbons broke out in Lyons (100 Days)
9 March 1815
284
News reached the Congress that Napoleon had landed in France
11 March 1815
285
Napoleon had gained X number of supporters by the time the news had reached Vienna
12,000 supporters
286
Major European powers declared Napoleon an outlaw and affirmed their support for Louis XVIII
13 March 1815
287
Army stationed outside Paris defected to Napoleon
19 March 1815
288
Plebiscite on Acte Additionel
```
7 May 1815
22% turnout on this constitution
1.3 million voted yes
5000 voted against it
Support was well below that of 1802 and 1804 Constitutions
```
289
Other name for the Acte Additionel
La Benjamine
| After the formely exiled liberal Benjamin Constant
290
Acte Additionel - changes to legislature
Emperor and bicameral legislature have legislative power
Chamber of Peers = chosen by the Emperor
Chamber of Representatives = 629 elected representatives, chosen for five-year terms by electoral colleges in the departments, would have no control over ministers
291
Acte Additionel - other changes
- Freedom of the press, publicity of parliamentary debates and irremovability of judges
- Universal male suffrage reintroduced
- Bourbon monarchy, return of feudalism and annulment of the sale of biens nationaux were declared unconstitutional
292
Number of men raised by Napoleon to fight the Seventh Coalition
300,000 (during 100 Days)
293
Napoleon left Paris and joined the French army (during 100 Days)
12 June 1815
294
Battle of Ligny
16 June 1815
| French defeated the Prussians, who Napoleon (wrongly) believed had then fled
295
Napoleon attack Wellington at Quatre Bras
16 June 1815
296
Battle of Waterloo (date)
18 June 1815
297
What did Napoleon say to Soult before the Battle of Waterloo?
‘This is going to be a picnic’
298
Number of French at the start of the Battle of Waterloo
72,000 men
| 250 guns
299
Number of Allies at the start of the Battle of Waterloo
68,000 men
| 157 guns
300
Why did Napoleon hope that the Allies would be divided at Waterloo?
Disagreements and suspicions at the Vienna Congress over Russia’s desire for Poland and Prussia’s desire for Saxony and German-speaking Alsace Lorraine
301
How did Grouchy undermine Napoleon’s effort at Waterloo?
Ignored Napoleon’s new order to join the battle at Waterloo which deprived Napoleon of 1/3 of his army
302
Number of Prussians who joined the battle at Waterloo halfway through
81,000
303
Napoleon’s major error during the Battle of Waterloo
Went to investigate the new troops that had arrived and gave command to Ney
304
What did Ney do wrong during the Battle of Waterloo?
Believed Wellington’s centre was in retreat (which they weren’t) so moved over the crest of the hill straight into the fire of the British squares
Ordered two further failed cavalry charges
305
What happened to the Imperial Guard during the Battle of Waterloo?
1200 were killed by Wellington’s troops who had been hidden in tall grain
306
Napoleon abdicated
22 June 1815
307
Why did Napoleon abdicate?
To avoid civil war
Encouraged by Ney and Soult
He knew he could not continue fighting
308
How outnumbered were the French within a week of Waterloo?
6 to 1
| Shows why Napoleon could not continue fighting
309
Napoleon surrendered himself to the British navy
15 July 1815
310
Napoleon died on St Helena
1821
311
Louis XVIII pardoned everyone who served under the Emperor during the 100 Days
26 June 1815
312
Vienna Congress 2.0
The Congress met again after Waterloo, realising the need for a more punitive treaty
313
Second Treaty of Paris signed
November 1815
314
Main terms of the Second Treaty of Paris regarding France
1. French borders = 1790
2. 700 million francs in reparations
3. Had to pay for defensive fortifications in neighbouring countries
4. Return looted artwork
5. Army of occupation for 5 years/until reparations were paid off
315
Quadruple Alliance
Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia agreed to work together to preserve European peace
Each country pledged 60,000 men to achieve this
316
What was the cordon sanitaire?
Allies aimed to create a buffer zone around France
317
How did the Allies construct the cordom sanitaire?
1. Old fortresses along Luxembourg border were restored
2. Prussia was made the protector of Germany
3. Prussia gained land on the left bank of the Rhine in order to protect the Netherlands
4. Baden and Bavaria were protected
5. Genoa, Nice and most of Savoy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
6. Austria took control of Lombardy and Venetia (Italian states)
318
Creation of the German Bund
HRE (360 states) was replaced by a lose union of 38 states
319
German Bund included...
Austria, German Austria and the Kingdom of Bohemia
320
Where was the government of the German Bund?
Central ‘diet’ (assembly) in Frankfurt under an Austrian president
321
What land did Russia gain under the Second Treaty of Paris?
Most of Poland
322
What land did Austria gain under the Second Treaty of Paris?
Galicia
323
What land did Prussia gain under the Second Treaty of Paris?
Posen
Areas in the Rhineland and Pomerania
2/5 Saxony
324
What did the Second Treaty of Paris decree regarding rivers?
Rivers like the Rhine which ran through several countries were declared open to all trade
325
Belgium, Luxembourg and Holland were joined together to form...
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands
| Under a Dutch King
326
Who was placed in charge of the central Italian duchies?
Rulers related to the Austrian royal house of Hasburgs now controlled Parma, Modena and Tuscany
327
Who was restored to control in Naples?
King Ferdinand I
328
Who were the ‘ultras’?
Very strong royalist supporters in the Chamber of Deputies who made politics somewhat strained under Louis XVIII
329
Which Napoleonic ministers did Louis XVIII rely on during 1815?
Fouché and Talleyrand
330
Bonaparte Visiting the Victims of the Plague at Jaffa
Painted in 1804 by Antoine-Jean Gros
331
Napoleon’s official court painter
Jacques Louis-David
Famous painting of Napoleon crossing the Alps on a warhorse (when in reality he had travelled on a mule at the back of the army)
332
Madame de Staël’s book
De l’Allemagne (published 1813) - led to a rise in German nationalism
333
Quotation from the Second Treaty of Paris on the reinstatement of the Constitutional Charter
Second Treaty of Paris declares it will annul ‘the revolutionary system’ of France ‘by restoring the operation of the Constitutional Charter, the order of things which had been happily re-established in France’
334
Use of pre-revolutionary language in the Constitutional Charter
The Charter was presented as a gift from the King to his ‘subjects’ ‘by the grace of God’
335
Napoleon signed the Acte Additionel
22 April 1815
