Terror Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Key differences between the Girondins and Montagnards
A
Girondins vs Montagnards Free market vs Control over wages and prices Federalism vs Strong central government WAR vs war Provinces vs Paris/sans-culottes Spare the King vs Kill the King
2
Q
Key Girondin members
A
Brissot and Roland
3
Q
Key Montagnards
A
Robespierre, Danton, Marat, Couthon, Saint-Just
4
Q
Reasons for the execution of the King
A
- Montagnards wanted it
- Fear of counter-revolution (armoire de fer)
- Louis’ mistakes
- Threat of war
5
Q
Robespierre’s thoughts on whether Louis should be executed
A
‘Louis must die because the country must live’ (4 December 1792 speech)
6
Q
Marat proposed ‘appel nominale’
A
Everyone had to publicly say how they would like to vote on the King’s punishment
7
Q
Louis’ indictment
A
11 December 1792 - charged with ‘having committed various crimes to re-establish tyranny on the ruins of liberty’
8
Q
Saint-Just on the reason for Louis’ execution
A
Louis was ‘a menace to the revolution’
9
Q
Armoire de Fer
A
20 November 1792 - incriminating correspondence between Louis and the Austrian royal family found
10
Q
Girondin call for a referendum was dimissed
A
27 December 1792 (French people would have been much more moderate than NC)
11
Q
Voting on Louis’ fate
A
Overnight sitting of NC - 16-17 January 1793
12
Q
Voting breakdown on Louis’ fate
A
361 death without conditions
46 death with conditions (after the war)
286 detention and banishment/solitary confinement
13
Q
Louis’ execution
A
21 January 1793
14
Q
Louis’ last words
A
‘I forgive those who are guilty of my death’
15
Q
Battle of Valmy
A
20 September 1792 - against Prussia
First major battle won by the French
Prevented Paris from being taken
16
Q
Brussels was under French control by…
A
10 November 1792
17
Q
Decree of Fraternity
A
19 November 1792 - new war aims
‘to extend fraternal feelings and aid to all peoples who may wish to regain their liberty’
18
Q
Austrian Netherlands was under French control by…
A
December 1792
19
Q
France announced annexations (claiming land up to France’s natural borders - Rhine, Alps and Pyrenees)
A
January 1793
20
Q
France declared war on Britain and Holland
A
1 February 1793
21
Q
France declared war on Spain
A
March 1793
22
Q
Second levée en masse = total war
A
23 August 1793
23
Q
French forced the British to withdraw from Dunkirk
A
6-8 September 1793
24
Q
Military strategy amalgam introduced
A
21 February 1794
Organised and simplified the army
25
Rise of arms and munitions factories
August 1793 - July 1794, 30 arms and munitions factories established
26
Battle of Fleurus
26 June 1794
27
Number of equipped and trained soldiers by September 1794
700,000 compared to 150,000 in 1791
28
Revolutionary Tribunal set up
10 March 1793 - to try counter-revolutionary suspects
29
Summary Execution Decree
19 March 1793 - trial and execution of armed rebels within 24 hours of capture
30
CPS established
6 April 1793
31
Maximum price fixed for grain
4 May 1793
32
Compulsory loan imposed on the wealthy
Late May 1793
33
Robespierre was elected onto CPS
27 July 1793
34
Number of men under arms in February 1793
Only 23,000 (men had returned home thinking the war was over after the successes of 1792)
35
Dumouriez defeated at Neerwinden by Austrians
March 1793
36
Dumouriez defected
April 1793
37
City of Mainz was captured by the Prussians after a 9-day long siege
23 July 1793, 1/3 garrison there was killed
38
Rebels in Toulon allowed the British to invade
27 August 1793
39
Value of the assignat by 1793
51% of its original value
40
Inflation facts in February 1793
Wages had gone up by 80% but bread prices had gone up by 90%
41
Parisian women called for a maximum price
12 February 1793
42
Attacks on grocery shops across Paris - women fixed prices and sold goods at those prices
25 February 1793
43
Impact of the war on the economy
Bulk purchasing for the army had disrupted supplies of basic commodities - shortages and inflation
Blockades on sea imports - fewer products available
44
First levée en masse
24 February 1793 (needed to raise 300,000 troops)
45
Armed insurrection broke out in the Vendée
11 March 1793
| Formed their own Catholic and royalist army
46
Troops had to be withdrawn from the war to quash the Vendée rebellion
May 1793
| 30,000 troops
47
Control re-established in the Vendée by...
End of 1793
| 8700 people condemned by Revolutionary Courts
48
Troops moving through the countryside in the Vendée
Early months of 1794 - burning farms, shooting peasants, raping women
49
First significant city to revolt during the 1793 Federal Revolt
Marseilles
50
Lyons revolted
30 May 1793
51
Control re-established in Lyons
9 October 1793 (after 3 week siege)
52
Revolt in Toulon ended
December 1793
53
Number of departments which experienced disturbances
60 out of 83, with serious resistance in 8
54
CPS ordered the destruction of Lyons
12 October 1793
| Collot d’Herbois went as a rep on mission (replacing Couthon who hadn’t been ruthless enough)
55
Number killed in Nantes
1800 drowned
56
Number killed in Toulon
800 shot without trial, 282 sent to guillotine
57
Number killed in Lyons
1900
58
Purging of the Girondin
31 May - 2 June 1793
59
Robespierre encouraged the sans-culottes...
‘to place themselves in insurrection against the corrupt ministers’ (i.e. the Girondins) - 26 May 1793
60
Number of Girondin arrested
29 Girondins and 2 other ministers
61
Law of Suspects
17 September 1793
1. New categories of anti-revolutionary crimes
2. Suspected counter-revolutionaries could be arrested and held without trial
3. Some power was delegated to revolutionary committees across France - mass arrests of suspects
62
Law of 14 Frimaire
4 December 1793 - centralised power
CGS = police and internal security, Rev Tribunal and surveillance committees
CPS = controlled foreign policy, reps on mission, could purge government
63
Events of the Purging of the Girondin
2 June 1793 - between 75 and 100,000 NG surrounded the NC with cannons
Demanded the arrests of 30 deputies and a maximum price on essential goods
64
General maximum imposed (to placate sans-culottes)
29 September 1793
65
Value of the assignat (as a result of the general maximum)
```
August = 22% of original value
December = 48%
```
66
Constitution of 1793 presented
24 June 1793
1. Universal male suffrage with direct elections
2. Right to insurrection
3. Right to education
4. Right to work
67
Demonstrations of the sans-culottes outside the Hotel de Ville (roused by Jacques Roux)
4 September 1793 - demanded higher wages and food
68
‘Terror is the order of the day’
5 September 1793 - proclaimed by Barère (sans-culottes invade the NC and force this)
69
Collot d’Herbois was elected to the CPS
September 1793, after Terror was proclaimed - a leader of the sans-culottes and someone who would be willing to enact the Terror
70
Armée révolutionnaire
Sans-culottes army authorised by NC following 5 September journée
Aimed to requisition grain for Paris and resources for the war effort
71
Robespierre stated that he was being prevented from achieving a Republic of Virtue by the extent of opposition
18 November 1793
72
Robespierre quotation on Republic of Virtue
‘The spirit of the Republic is virtue’
73
Robespierre promised punishment for counter-revolutionaries
25 September 1793 - speech to NC
| ‘Those who accuse us are themselves accused’
74
Saint-Just on those who deserve to be punished
10 August 1793 - argued that counter-revolutionaries and those who don’t actively show support for the Revolution should be punished
‘The Republic consists in the extermination of all who oppose it’
75
CPs recommended that the Constitution be suspended in order to maintain revolutionary government until there is peace
October 1793
76
Revolutionary calendar introduced
October 1793 (Fabré d’Églantine)
77
Number of official executions during the Terror
16,600
78
Percentage breakdown of victims by area
53% Vendée
| 20% rebellious departments in SE
79
Percentage breakdown of victims by class
28% peasants
31% urban workers
8% nobility
80
Most churches in France had been closed by...
Spring 1794
81
French defeated the British at Hondschoote
September 1793
82
French defeated the Austrians at Wattignies
October 1793
83
NC declare sectional assemblies can only meet twice a week
September 1793 (attempt to regain control from the sans-culottes)
84
Execution of the Hébertists (too radical)
24 March 1794
| Hébert and 18 supporters
85
Execution of the Indulgents (not radical enough)
5 April 1794
| Danton and Desmoulins
86
Desmoulins and Hébert’s wives were killed
April 1794 (shows how the revolution was now killing indiscriminately/without true purpose)
87
Great Terror
10 June - 27 July 1794
1594 executed
Around 30 beheadings a day
88
Law of 22 Prairial
10 June 1794
Designed to speed up the work of the Rev tribunal (no defence or witnesses)
Death or acquittal = only possible verdicts
89
Provincial revolutionary tribunals abolished
May 1794 (all suspects brought to Paris)
90
Victims of Grand Terror
35% nobles
25% clergy
40% bourgeoisie
91
Radicalisation of Rev Tribunal’s work
More people were condemned to death in Paris by the Rev Tribunal between June and July 1794 than in the 14 months prior
92
Commune published wage rates which would mean wage cuts for urban workers
23 July 1794 - wage controls suddenly became enforced
| Sans-culottes felt betrayed - led to starvation and suicide
93
Brussels was occupied by...
July 1794
94
Robespierre made a speech to NC in which he stated the need for a moral revolution
7 May 1794
95
Festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being
8 June 1794
96
Reactions to the Festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being
Saw this as a tyrannical attempt to make himself into a deity
‘It is not enough for him to be in charge, he has to be God’ (NC deputy, Thuriot)
97
Robespierre’s month of absence (CPS and NC)
June 1794
98
Robespierre’s speech - denied being a dictator and vaguely accused leaders of the revolution of being traitors
8 Thermidor / 26 July 1794
99
Robespierre arrested
9 Thermidor / 27 July 1794
100
Other arrested with Robespierre
Saint-Just, Couthon, Le Bas and Augustin Robespierre
101
Robespierre executed
10 Thermidor / 28 July 1794
| Alongside 21 others
102
Report in a newspaper the following day
‘The tyrant is no more’
103
Ventôse Decrees
26 February and 3 March 1794
| Called for the confiscation of émigrés land and its redistribution amongst the people
104
Death of Marat
13 July 1793
105
Who proposed the Law of 22 Prairial?
Couthon, following an attempted assassination of Collot d’Herbois
106
Who proposed the Ventôse Decrees?
Saint-Just
107
Chouan uprising
March 1793 - after the rebellion in the Vendée
108
NC bowed to popular pressure from Roux...
By passing a law that imposed the death penalty for hoarding food and other supplies in July 1793
109
Increase in cases heard by the Revolutionary Tribunal following the Law of Suspects
March-September 1793 - 260 cases
| September-December 1793 - 500,000 cases
110
CPS was given the power to appoint deputies to other committees
14 September 1793
111
Who was the representative on mission in the Vendée rebellion?
Carrier
112
How many departments did the rebellion in the Vendée include?
4 departments
113
Why did the federal revolts break out?
Anger at the overthrow of the Girondin (31 May-2 June 1793)
114
Who led the suppression of the revolt in Toulon?
Barras and Fréron
115
Armée Révolutionnaire created
9 September 1793
116
Show trials
October 1793 - led to the execution of 29 expelled Girondin and Marie Antoinette
117
How many priests were forced to renounce their positions as part of dechristianisation
20,000 priests
118
Name for the economic reforms during this period
Economic Terror
119
Who proposed the creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal?
Danton
120
How did Danton justify the Revolutionary Tribunal?
‘Let us be terrible to prevent the people from being terrible themselves’
121
What event had caused Danton to propose the Revolutionary Tribunal?
The September Massacres - he argued that the tribunal would prevent a repeat of this mob violence
122
Who were the enragés?
Dominant radical movement in Paris in 1793 - advocated social and economic measures in favour of the lower classes
123
Who were the leaders of the enragés?
Jacques Roux and Varlet
124
How did the power of the enragés end?
Arrested in September 1793 by the CPS
125
Who replaced the enragés as the dominant popular group in Paris after they were arrested?
Hébertists
