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Napoleon in France Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Constitutional of the Year VIII

A

Adopted 24 December 1799

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2
Q

Voting

A

Communal, Department and National Lists (each proposed 10% of their number to be part of the next list)
The senate selected deputies from the national list to form the legislature

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3
Q

First Consul

A

voix deliberative

Initiates all legislation, appoints ministers, officials and judges, controls foreign policy

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4
Q

Second and Third Consuls

A

voix consultative

Cambacérès and Lebru were Napoleon’s consuls

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5
Q

Council of State

A

Advisory body to First Consul (chosen by him)

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6
Q

Senate

A

80 members appointed for life by Napoleon
Sieyes and Ducos were senators and they appointed another 29 senators
Selected the legislature
Advised on legislation
Could override the legislature with a ‘senatus consultum’

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7
Q

Tribunate

A

Lower chamber of the legislature
100 members over 25 years old
Discussed laws proposed by First Consul

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8
Q

Corps Legislatif

A

Upper chamber of the legislature
300 members over 30 years old
Votes on laws by secret ballot without discussion of them

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9
Q

Plebiscite on Constitution of the Year VIII (date)

A

7 February 1800 (post-facto referendum)

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10
Q

Plebiscite on Constitution of the Year VIII (stats)

A

Lucien (Minister of the Interior) announced that 3 million voted in favour and 1,500 voted against
1.5 million men are thought to have voted at all

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11
Q

Number of gendarmes by 1810

A

18,000 across France

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12
Q

Napoleon quotation on censorship

A

‘I will never allow the newspapers to do or say anything against my interest’

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13
Q

All except 4 Parisian newspapers had been suppressed by

A

1811

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14
Q

Reduction in number of newspapers in 1800

A

73 to 13 (reduced by 60)

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15
Q

Active censorship for each paper by…

A

1809

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16
Q

Central Excise Office established

A

1804 - reimplementation of indirect taxation

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17
Q

Franc de germinal introduced

A

1803 - currency stabilised (backed by silver and gold)

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18
Q

Grand Master of the Imperial University

A

Louis de Fontanes (a clergyman)

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19
Q

All teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty to Napoleon

A

1808

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20
Q

Article 22 of DRMC

A

Right to education

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21
Q

Concordat

A

Signed 15 July 1801
Published April 1802
Reunification of Church and State
Church would recognise the Revolution
Church would now be state-controlled – clergy would be paid civil servants, appointed by the First Consul and bound by the oath of loyalty
Other religious faiths would be tolerated

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22
Q

Organic Articles

A

Published April 1802
Limited Papal control
Papal envoys had to be approved before they could enter France and Papal documents had to be approved before they could be published
Seminaries which trained priests would be government-controlled and those running the training had to be French

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23
Q

Imperial Catechism

A

1806 - combined duty towards the Church with duty towards France, Napoleon and the Empire, powerfully promoting and effectively demanding loyalty towards him

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24
Q

St Napoleon’s Day

A

16 August (despite this being the day of another saint)

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25
Extra-judicial murder of Duc d’Enghien
1804 - for supposedly supporting a royalist plot
26
Purge of the Tribunate
1802 (for stating that the civil code wasn’t revolutionary)
27
Civil Code
1804
28
Reintroduction of the livret
1 December 1803
29
Arbitrary arrest allowed
1810
30
Prefects
17 February 1800 1. Tax 2. Propaganda 3. Conscription 4. Monitored opposition / public opinion
31
Lucien quotations on the prefects (Lucien was Minister of the Interior)
‘Be always the first magistrate of your department, never the man of the Revolution’ ‘eyes, ears and voice’ of the central government Collection of taxes = ‘sacred duty’
32
Special courts for the suppression of brigandage
1801
33
Civil Code on inheritance law
Divided estates equally among male heirs (partage)
34
Legion of Honour created
19 May 1802
35
Legion of Honour rewards given out
38,000 awards of titles, land and money | Only 4000 to civilians
36
Imperial Nobility created
1 March 1808
37
Imperial Nobility rewards given out
3,500 new titles awarded
38
Napoleon adding to the Senate
1814 – membership of the Senate had increased from 80 to 140 (Napoleon just kept adding loyal people)
39
Consul for Life
1802 - Constitution of the Year X
40
Emperor
1804 (even though the revolution had dispensed with hereditary principle - 1790, dissolution of titles and coats of arms)
41
Napoleon allowed the return of a large number of emigres
19 May 1802
42
Rigged plebiscite in 1804
500,000 votes were added in favour on behalf of the army as 40% of them had voted against Napoleon in the previous plebiscite
43
Bank of France established
1800
44
Rationalisation of the education system
May 1802
45
Napoleon’s abolishment of the Tribunate
Suppressed by the senatus consultum of 19 August 1807
46
Increase in prisons/prisoners
1800-1814, number of prisoners x 3
47
Minister of Police
Joseph Fouché
48
Main functions of the civilian police (5)
``` Monitor public opinion Monitor food prices Censorship Survey potential subversives Search for deserters ```
49
Number of prefects
1800-1812, 257 prefects | 68% had been employed in previous rev governments
50
Low resistance to conscription
90% of expected levies were raised without difficulty before 1808
51
Marshals of France
Title given to Napoleon’s 18 outstanding generals
52
More than half the printing presses in Paris were shut down
1810
53
Official government newspaper
``` Le Moniteur (1799) Orders of the Day and Bulletins ```
54
Louvre was renamed
Musée Napoleon in 1803
55
Column in the centre of the Place Vendome
44m high Celebration of Austerlitz Completed 1810
56
Arc de Triomphe
Commemorated the achievements of the French army under Napoleon Construction began in 1806
57
Failed dagger conspiracy
October 1800, Jacobin assassination attempt
58
Arrest of Jacobins
1801, 129 Jacobins arrested or deported
59
Napoleon’s letter to Louis XVIII
September 1800 | ‘You should not hope to return to France. It would be better for you to march over one hundred thousand corpses’
60
General Brune dealt with royalists in the west
1800, 6000 Chouan imprisoned and 750 shot
61
Royalist demonstration in which a church was covered in black and Napoleon’s will was posted on the door
21 January 1800 (anniversary of Louis’ death)
62
Cadoudal conspiracy
1804, Pichegru and Cadoudal planned to assassinate Napoleon, take control of the army and reinstate a king
63
Dealing with Madame de Stäel and her lover Benjamin Constant
1803, banished from Paris (too liberal, had a salon, wanted freedom of speech/press)
64
Amalgame
Ending social divisions by reconciling the ruling notables with the old nobility
65
Ralliement
Rallying everyone in support of the new regime
66
Toleration of Jews - meeting with rabbis
1807, Napoleon met with 45 rabbis to discuss proposals for greater assimilation of Jews
67
Changes to the electoral system under the 1802 constitution
Department list could only be appointed by the 600 leading taxpayers in each department Napoleon could nominate 10 members from the 30 highest taxpayers Narrowed the franchise to benefit the notables even further
68
Napoleon’s coronation as Emperor
2 December 1804 | Refused to let the Pope crown him
69
Second Coronation in Milan
26 May 1805 - became King of Italy
70
New school system
école populaire (state primary school in each commune) collèges (municipal secondary schools) instituts (vocational secondary schools) lycées (education for boys aged 10-16, entrance by an open scholarship examination)
71
Lycées
Civil and military graduates were guaranteed employment – two separate strands of teaching Modern, secular education that taught science 6,400 places, 2,400 went to sons of notables
72
Reliance on clergy within education
1812, just under one third of teachers in lycées and collèges were priests or ex-priests (not exactly secular education but might have been out of necessity due to lack of qualified staff)
73
Napoleon divorced Josephine
January 1810
74
Code on Civil Procedure
1806, standardised court practice according to the Civil Code
75
Commercial Code
1807, guidelines for commerce and business, including debt and bankruptcy
76
Code on Criminal Procedure
1808 - but double jury system (jury d’accusation) disappeared by 1811
77
Penal Code
1810, introduced harsher penalties Death penalties for murder, arson and forgery Loss of right hand and then execution for parricide
78
Finance Minister
Gaudin (1799-1814) - allowed for some stability
79
More detailed land register drawn up called a ‘cadastre’
1807
80
Fraction of France that had been assessed for fairer taxation by 1815
1/5
81
Octrois reintroduced
September 1803
82
Cour des Comptes
September 1807, central bureau for handling state finances
83
Bureau of Statistics
Gathered data on the conditions of agriculture, commerce and industry by region
84
Councils of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce established
1801
85
Wool industry
Increased its yield by 400% according to 1811-12 report
86
Silk industry
1790-1812, 250% increase in exports
87
Gabelle reintroduced
1806
88
State monopoly on tobacco revived
1810
89
First major bad harvest under Napoleon
1811 (coupled with high conscription 1812-14 this led to serious social unrest in the countryside)
90
Le Chapelier Law affirmed
1803 (banned trade unions)
91
Number of men who died across all of Napoleon’s campaigns
916,000 | Around 2 million men fought in Napoleon’s wars from 1800 to 1814
92
Raw cotton imports...
More than doubled between 1803 and 1807
93
Number of cotton-spinning firms in Paris
By 1811, there were 57
94
Number of bureaucratic officials in the late Empire
Around 4000
95
Infernal machine plot
24 December 1800 Royalist and Catholic plot against Napoleon Explosion on his way to the opera

French Revolution (7 decks)

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