national trade

Question 1

deficit
shortfall
widening

Answer 1

the difference between the amount of something that you have and the higher amount that you need ⇒ shortfall:
the country’s widening budget deficit
the US’s foreign trade deficit
deficit of
a deficit of £2.5 million
deficit in
Many countries have a big deficit in food supply.
in deficit
The US balance of payments was in deficit.

کسری بودجه
کسر موازنه، مازاد بدهی بر موجودی، کسری، کمبود، کسر عمل، کسر درآمد، قانون فقه: کمبود سرمایه، روانشناسی: کسری، بازرگانی: کمبود

کد: در فست خوابید وقتی فهمیدی بودجه کمه کسری بودجه داری
کد: شورت افتاد همه فهمیدن کمبود سایز داری

Question 2

impose
impose something on something/somebody
in authority
in charge
The court can impose a fine.
imposed a ban on
ivory
moral values

Answer 2

verb
1. [transitive] if someone in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it:
The court can impose a fine.
impose something on something/somebody
The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory.

2. [transitive] to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you
   impose something on somebody
   parents who impose their own moral values on their children
3. [intransitive] formal to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them
   impose on/upon
   We could ask to stay the night, but I don’t want to impose on them.
4. [transitive] to have a bad effect on something or someone and to cause problems for them
   impose a burden/hardship etc (on somebody/something)
   Military spending imposes a huge strain on the economy.

REGISTER
In everyday English, people usually say put a ban/tax/burden/strain on something rather than impose a ban/tax/burden/strain on something:
The government put a higher tax on cigarettes.
This puts a lot of strain on families

کد: این پزشو داره بما تحمیل میکنه

Question 3

retaliation

Question 4

excluding

Question 5

hinder

Question 6

disrupt

Question 6

supply chains

Question 7

automotive manufacturing.

Question 8

subtle

Question 9

Life expectancies

Answer 9

امید به زندگی

Question 9

immigration

Question 10

durable goods

Question 10

urban

Question 11

granted

Question 12

tangible goods

Question 13

Merchant Marine Act of 1920

Question 14

U.S. ports

Answer 14

بنادر امریکا

Question 14

maritime commerce

Question 15

crew

Question 15

permanent residents

Question 16

fleet

Question 16

capable

Question 17

economic interests

Question 18

controversial

Question 19

critic

Question 20

Restricts

Question 21

undiversified

Question 21

Differing factor endowments (good land for growing, good mines for minerals, good beaches for vacations)

Question 22

advocates

Question 22

Silk Road

Question 23

vaccinated

Question 24

Cabotage

Question 25

200 BCE-1700 CE

Question 26

artificers

Question 27

partly

Question 28

Constitution

Question 29

authorized

Question 30

Indian Tribes

Question 31

Based partly on Adam Smith’s writing

Question 32

Confederation and Federation

Question 33

shrimp

Question 34

autarky

Question 35

compensated

Question 35

robust

Question 36

empirical

Question 37

Bilateral

Question 38

proportional

Question 39

inversely

Question 40

symmetry

Question 40

coefficients

Question 41

coefficients

Question 41

throw

Question 42

dummy variables

Question 42

Unlikely

Question 43

Omitted variables bias

Question 44

Shared border

Question 45

Hassle of crossing multiple borders

Question 46

freight costs

Question 47

valorem ad valorem tax or tariff

Question 47

Cumulative

Question 48

textiles

Question 49

agricultural

Question 50

quotas

Question 50

goods to clear customs

Question 51

Catalan

Question 51

shipments

Question 52

icebergs

Question 53

Containerization

Question 54

magnitude

Question 55

Exogenous Endogenous

Question 56

cautionary

Question 56

state

Question 57

abstract

Question 57

conclusion logical conclusion

Question 58

stylized notion of reality

Question 59

maxim

Question 60

prudent

Question 61

attempt to

Question 62

neither the one nor the other

Question 63

disowned

Question 64

Eloped Eloped at 21 to marry a shiksa

Question 65

intuition

Question 66

denotes

Question 67

economic interpretation

Question 68

Let’s make this concrete

Question 69

regardless

Question 70

Preferences

Question 70

bundle

Question 71

intercept W and slope -β

Answer 71

اون عرض از مبدا و شیب

Question 72

kink

Question 73

tangent lies tangent to the PPF.

Question 73

derivatives

Question 74

absolute advantage comparative advantage

Question 74

reciprocal

Question 75

Hence

Question 76

infinitely

Question 77

not that such compensation is actually paid.

Question 77

Freely mobile across

Question 78

crop think of land and crop think of factories and cloth

Question 79

Terminology

Question 80

wacky

Question 81

upon depends upon

Question 82

Factor endowments

Question 83

ambiguous unambiguously