Nationalism Local & Global

Question 1

Eric Hobsbawm

Answer 1

‘invented traditions’ states created through citizenship, national history and national customs.

Question 2

Benedict Anderson

Answer 2

‘imagined communities’ collective imagination as community. Intelligentsia exposed to models of nationalism.

Question 3

Who talks about the Asian Underground

Answer 3

Tim Harper

Question 4

Tim Harper - what is the Asian Underground?

Answer 4

Asian Underground transnational network of radical anti-colonial activists, students and exiles in interwar period

Question 5

What did the Asian Underground lay the groundwork for?

Answer 5

laid the intellectual and political groundwork for later Afro-Asian solidarity by imagining empire as a global system, not just a local oppressor

Question 6

Asian Underground, WWII, Harper

Answer 6

WWI disrupted colonial empires and created conditions that allowed anti-imperial movements to operate effectively, amplifying grievances and foster circulation to share ideas for collaborations across borders.

Question 7

What does Michele Louro talk about

Answer 7

League Against Imperialism

Question 8

Michele Louro on LAI aims

Answer 8

pioneering transnational organisation seeking to unite anti-colonial activists, labour leaders, and leftist intellectual from colonised and imperial nations

Question 9

What did LAI provide people with?

Answer 9

platform to collectively discuss anti-imperial agendas, challenge colonial domination, foster solidarity

Question 10

Louro on failings of LAI

Answer 10

disagreements over the role of Soviet Union

short lifespan

crucial role in shaping subsequent anti-colonial efforts (Bandung and Non-Alignment)

challenges of uniting groups with different visions for post-colonial futures

Question 11

when was the LAI established

Answer 11

1927 Brussels Conference

Question 12

3 Indian things

Answer 12

Gandhi
M.N. Roy
Ghadar Movement 1913

Question 13

Gandhi what did he doooo

Answer 13

lawyer and anti-colonial activist

non-violent resistance and mass mobilisation

rejected western dress and promoted traditional practices to reclaim Indian identity.

ideas influenced by transnational experiences and global imperial systems connecting global imperial struggles.

synthesised his ideas in South Africa

Question 14

two things and dates Gandhi involved in

Answer 14

Salt March 1930

Quit India Movement 1942

Question 15

Salt March 1930

Answer 15

British salt monopoly: mobilised millions across caste, unifying narratives, covered in foreign press

Question 16

Quit India Movement 1942

Answer 16

response to Britain refusal to grant Independence post-ww2. called for immediate withdrawal. thousands jailed

idea: could not fight fascism living under colonialism

Gandhi became figure for Mandela and MLK

Question 17

who is M.N. Roy

Answer 17

transnational revolutionary, Marxist theorist and global activist

travelled to Sumatra, Japan, China, seeking support, encounters Marxism in the US.

Question 18

What does Roy Found?

Answer 18

Mexican Communist Party in Mexico 1917

Question 19

Tim Harper on M.N. Roy

Answer 19

Roy helped to internalise India’s anti-colonial struggle, reframing it as part of a global proletarian revolution, not just nationalist independence

Question 20

Suryanarayan on Roy

Answer 20

Marxism to account for colonial contexts - arguing Marxist revolution in the colonies had to precede or work alongisde European proletarian revolution.

seeking to make communism relevant to the colonies.

Question 21

when and who founded the Ghadar movement

Answer 21

1913 in California, mostly Punjabi immigrants

Question 22

what did the Ghadar movement involve?

Answer 22

published newspapers, organised army shipments, and called for violent revolution

Question 23

Where did the momentum come from for the Ghadar movement?

Answer 23

momentum post WW1, opportunity to incite revolution in India

Question 24

Harper on the Ghadar movement

Answer 24

transnational networks of Indian revolutionaries

role in organising resistance through exiled communities

anxieties of subversion from outside of colonies (geopolitical shifts, unrest)

Question 25

G. Singh on Ghadar movement

Answer 25

they promoted armed rebellion in India, Singapore, and South Africa

Question 26

what did the Ghadar movement aim to do in the long run?

Answer 26

overthrow British colonial rule though armed revolt, not reform (ideas of Fanon, Tan Melaka)

Question 27

Ghadar as transnational

Answer 27

used international printing presses, underground networks, ships, and encrypted letters recieved funding and ideological support from German agents (to weaken Britain WW1 strategy), irish nationalists, Russian revolutionaries, and other anti-imperual activists. transnationalism made Ghadar one of the earliest global Indian revolutionary movements.

Question 28

Vietnamese actors

Answer 28

Phan Boi Chau Ho Chi Minh

Question 29

who was Phan Boi Chau

Answer 29

Vietnamese intellectual, lived in Japan, China where he was influenced by Sun Yat Sen. success of Chinese revolution validated beliefs in beating colonial powers. sought ideological and ginancial support laid ideological groundwork later picked up on by Ho Chi Minh

Question 30

harper on Phan Boi Chau

Answer 30

key pioneer of transcultural anti-colonial networks describes as one of the first main revolutionaries to link Asian nationalism to international ideas (Japan and China, whilst making allies)

Question 31

Ho Chi Minh

Answer 31

inspired by US Declaration of Independence for 1945. Petitioned Wilson to no avail. 1927 forms Vietnamese nationalist party

Question 32

Key Primary source for Vietnam

Answer 32

"key questions on the colonial question' 1922 French Newspaper

Question 33

what does Ho Chi Minh talk about in 'key questions on the colonial question'?

Answer 33

key obstacles. 1. indifference 2. vast colonies 3. need propaganda 4. international solidarity with colonial people needed international solidarity to beat colonialism.

Question 34

Importance of Lenin's 1920 theses

Answer 34

'these on the national and colonial question' argues that role of colonial person was crucial for global proletariat movement Ho Chi Minh mentions this in his writing in the french newspaper

Question 35

Key indonesian actor

Answer 35

Tan Malaka

Question 36

Tan Malaka beliefs

Answer 36

internationalism necessary to defeat imperialism. Bourgeoisie leaders taking over colonial structuresand not dismantling them. studied in Netherlands. founded Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)

Question 37

Singapore mutiny date

Answer 37

1915

Question 38

Singapore Mutiny overview

Answer 38

850 sepoys vs British almost lost control singapore key channel colonial paranoia, fragility of imperial rule, global interconnectedness multi-ethnic, cosmopolitan city, hot pot for tensions.

Question 39

paradox of Singapore as a British territory

Answer 39

what made colonial authorities choose as territory facilitated the transnational spread of ideas

Question 40

Who talks about the Wilsonian Moment

Answer 40

Erez Manela

Question 41

Erez Manela

Answer 41

President Wilson self-determination rhetoric post WW1. argues this sparked wave of anti-colonial nationalism belived new international order imminent. interpreted as support for their aspirations for independence. inspired Chinese May Fourth movement - disillusionment from exclusion in Versailles.

Question 42

Who when why May Fourth Movement

Answer 42

Beijing, 1919, students, allies gave former German territories to Japan. Chinese Communist party 1921 - contribution not recognised in Versailles, rise of nationalism.

Question 43

When was the paris peace conference

Answer 43

1919, produced Treaty of Versailles, Mandate System

Question 44

Paris Peace conference as betrayal to Nationalist aspirations

Answer 44

woodrow wilson's fourteen points promised self-determination, but only selectively applied eastern European nations gained independence, but colonised peoples were ignored. anti-colonial leaders came to Paris with hopes, and left disillusioned.

Question 45

individual experiences at Paris Peace Conference

Answer 45

Ho Chi Minh: proposed petitions for reforms and autonomy under French rule - was ignored W.E.B Du Bois: organised pan-african congress alongside the conference, was marginalised by leaders Indian national Congress: asked for greater self-governance, Britain refused to even discuss these demands.

Question 46

Priya Satia on the Paris Peace Conference

Answer 46

highlights how liberal rhetoric of peace masked imperial interests - the conference was a rebranding of empire.

Question 47

Comintern overview

Answer 47

founded in 1919 in Moscow by Lenin and Bolsheviks aimed to coordinate and spread world revolution by uniting communist parties globally under Soviet Leadership sought to overthrow capitalism and imperialism everywhere and support working-class revolution globally.

Question 48

goals and functions of Comintern

Answer 48

1. coordinate communist movements across countries 2. support anti-colonial and anti-imperialist uprisings 3. train and educate international cadres and revolutionaries 4. spread marxist-leninist ideology 5. weaken global imperial powers (Britain, France, Japan)

Question 49

Tim Harper on Comintern

Answer 49

linked insurgent movements across Asia, forming a global underground.

Question 50

Comintern in a sentence

Answer 50

turned anti-colonialism into an international revolutionary project, offering radical alternatives to empire - but its successes were mixed, and its methods often shaped by Soviet priorities.

Question 51

Communist suppression in Asia

Answer 51

1926: outlawed PKI, goes underground 1927: Shanghai massacre, violent suppression of communist Chinese party end of united front policy, demise of Asian underground resilience of the movement continued in exile through established networks

Question 52

Shanghai Massacre 1927

Answer 52

Nationalist Party ordered the bloody purge of communists in Shanghai killed thousands of members, trade unionists, and leftist sympathisers. Western powers (British and American) sympathetic to Chiang (nationalist) seeing him as bulwark against communism

Question 53

Arif Dirlik

Answer 53

highlights how the massacre showed the limits of Comintern control - Soviet strategies failed to anticipate Chiang's betrayal views it as a crisis of global Marxist tactics in colonial contexts.