Natural Hazards Flashcards

Question

what is the size difference of rated 5 to a rated 7

Answer 1

its 100x larger it times by 10 after each number

Answer 2

this is where continental plates are moving towards each other. They are both of a similar density so no plate is subducted The two plates collide and the crust of both plates becomes crumpled and uplifted causing mountain and earthquakes and example of this is the Himalayas

Answer 3

this is two plates moving past each other one plate could be moving faster than the other or in a different direction. friction is built up due to friction and it is released causing large earthquakes an example is the pacific and american plate this causes earthquakes

Answer 4

this is where plates are moving apart due to convection currents magma rises up and creates new land a ridge is formed by the cooling magma volcanoes are created along the ridge from rising magma an example in the mid Atlantic ridge formed from the Eurasian plate earthquakes and volcanoes are made

Answer 5

plates are moving towards each other oceanic plate in denser so it sub-ducts under the continental plate. The plate melts as it pushed into the mantle. The magma rises back towards the surface of the continental plate. Nazca plate sub ducting plate under south american Andes mountain earthquakes and volcanoes are made

Answer 6

things that happen immediately as a result of an earthquake

Answer 7

things that happen as a result of the primary earthquake often in hours days weeks after

Answer 8

buildings falling roads breaking landslide people dying

Answer 9

loss of electricity emergency response rebuilding

Answer 10

this is a response which happens quickly like emergency services

Answer 11

an example of a long term response is people setting up shelters

Answer 12

Chile is located in south america west of Argentina in the south pacific ocean. It is located on a destructive plate margin ( Nazca and south american)

Answer 13

47 were dead power line down emergency services were sent immediately tsunami warnings buildings shook for 10-30s 8.8 on ricter scale schools and ports were destroyed cost 30 billion pounds

Answer 14

large after shocks fire in chemical plants 1500 km of damaged roads by landslides

Answer 15

emergency services international help power and water restored to 90%

Answer 16

government launch a housing reconstruction president announced it could take 4 years for Chile to recover

Answer 17

Nepal is located in South Asia and shares territorial borders with India and China with an area of 147,181 square kilometers and a population of approximately 30 million.. 7.9 rating on the Richter scale

Answer 18

houses falling down shallow earthquake cracks in the road buildings destroyed

Answer 19

avalanches 250 people were killed injury found dead bodies

Answer 20

Over 100 search and rescue responders emergency services air ambulances Turkish came and help

Answer 21

the army's brought supplies India and China provided over $1 billion of international aid.

Answer 22

by building resistant buildings by monitoring volcanoes/ natural hazards teach people about natural hazards however volcanoes come with fertile land ensure there are warning systems

Answer 23

by using a seismometer, remote sensing

Answer 24

it is an instrument that responds to ground motion such as those caused by earthquakes volcanic eruptions and explosions

Answer 25

scientific analysis of the earths surface using satellite imagery

Answer 26

The retention of heat in the atmosphere caused by the build-up of greenhouse gases.

Answer 27

this is the name given to the decade long increase in global temperature since the 1940s

Answer 28

moutain glaicers are melting sea ice cover is deacreasing low lying islands are being taken over by sea global sea levels increasing volume due to increasing melting ice caps the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and bird immigration is changing weather pattern are changing

Answer 29

global warming is the name given to the decade long increase i global temperature

Answer 30

orbital change solar activity's volcanic activity eruption of mount tambora

Answer 31

there are two types of orbital change eccentricity=deviation of a curve or orbit from circularity. changes from circula to eliptical this matches the patterns of the galcias Axial tilt= this is where the angle between the planet's rotational axis and its orbital axis 24.5 to 21.5 degrees what is precession= this is a complete wobble cycle it takes about 26000 years this makes days longer in certain areas

Answer 32

having high sunspot activity can cause results in the release of methane and carbon dioxide from stores in the oceans and icecaps, and these greenhouse gases can then produce additional warming.

Answer 33

the idea when a volcano erupts the temperature will drop

Answer 34

he was a Serbian geophysicist he studied the earth orbit identify three cycles that he believed affected the earths climate

Answer 35

the erruption in 1815 was the largest erruption in th world for over 1600 years the ash and sulfuric acid caused the average temperature to drop by 0.4 degrres celcius and 1816 became the year without a summer

Answer 36

100000 of peole are being/ will displace due to sea levels extreme weather less safe drinking water storm surges wildfires

Answer 37

sea levels rises droughts greater storms dead animals increase temperature wild fires ice melting loosing 3x amount of ice 3-6 degrees hotter

Answer 38

where on the earths surface tropical storms occur

Answer 39

how often tropical storms occur

Answer 40

how powerful a tropical storm is

Answer 41

hydrology= measuring gas levels in water remote sensing= satellites detect heat changes sesmicity= seismographs record earthquake ground deformation= changes in volcano shape geophysical measurement= detect changes in gravity

Answer 42

A qualitative or quantitative approach to determine the nature and extent of disaster risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of exposure and vulnerability that together could harm people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend.

Answer 43

by using renewable energy electric transport/community transport co2 reduction by planting more trees and carbon capture

Answer 44

Carbon capture and storage is a process in which a relatively pure stream of carbon dioxide from industrial sources is separated, treated and transported to a long-term storage location. For example, the carbon dioxide stream that is to be captured can result from burning fossil fuels or biomass

Answer 45

reduce or eliminate the long term risk

Answer 46

actions taken to adjust to natural events

Answer 47

alternative energy souses of energy change in agricultural systems carbon capture managing water supply's planting trees reducing risk from rising sea levels international agreements

Answer 48

2015 pairs agreement 195 countries 2005 Kyoto protocol 170 countries

Answer 49

hydro solar wind

Answer 50

carbon capture alternative energy sources planting trees international agreements

Answer 51

change in agricultural systems managing water supply reducing risk from rising sea levels

Answer 52

it will increase the distribution as the climate increase will lead to a larger movement of storms from the north to the south

Answer 53

the number of hurricane since 1860 in the north Atlantic six of the ten most active and happened in the mid 1900s so it has increased

Answer 54

hurricane intensity in the north Atlantic has risen in the last 20 years. This appears to be linked in sea surface temperatures

Answer 55

3,340 despite having larger population

Answer 56

0.67 (115th)

Answer 57

it is located in south east Asia north of the equator. It is surrounded by the pacific ocean and is east of the Indian ocean

Answer 58

2nd November 2013= typhoon start in the pacific 3rd November 2013= it moves west turn to depression 4th November 2013 = haiyan becomes tropical 5th November 2013= rapid intensification winds up to 175 mph 7th November 2013 = made landfall on the Philippines 10-11th= reaches Vietnam and intensity decreases

Answer 59

6300 people killed/ drowned 40000 houses destroyed 90% of taco-ban destroyed

Answer 60

flooding caused landslides shortages of food and water looting broke out in taco ban

Answer 61

Tacloban Airport was operational again within 3 days for emergency flights. 1200 evacuation center were set up UK sent shelter kits 12000 us troops

Answer 62

homes have been rebuilt away from dangerous areas cash for work programs set up rice and fish farming re established

Answer 63

where masses of water were pushed by the wind

Answer 64

they have greater funding for protection and for emergency supplies if anything bad happens

Answer 65

by monitoring/ predicting for tropical storms by increasing protection = with reinforced windows, sea walls, storm drains to take away flood water roof that collect water and get rid of it safely planning= raise awareness, prepare individuals, create individual family plans preparation tips= survival kit, emergency plan, how to use the kit

Answer 66

national hurricane center

Answer 67

this is where several different masses of weather are coming from different directions we gwt storms from the south west and we get Atlantic ether from the north west and winter weather from the east

Answer 68

0.907 ranked 14th

Answer 69

lots of rainfall high tides storm surges river had not been dredged for 20 years bad water flow west January since 1910

Answer 70

protests houses completely flooded valuables lost over 600 houses folded 16 farm evacuated temporary housing was needed

Answer 71

farms destroyed 10 million in flood damages over 14000 acres of land under water railways shut

Answer 72

farms destroyed heavily contaminated floodwaters with sewage and oil large amounts of debris water had to be pumped back into rivers

Answer 73

emergency water pumps 70 pumps as flood waters spread out home owners cut off floods used boats and volunteers weer used to help others

Answer 74

8 km of river were dredged to increase river capacity road levels have been increased communities now with flood defenses tidal barrage at bridgwater

Answer 75

south west England in an area of low lying land

Answer 76

no single extreme weather event can be blamed on climate change but scientists do believe that this trend could be linked to a warming world

Answer 77

an increase in global temperature atmospheric circulation more energy in the atmosphere

Answer 78

2003= heatwave 38.5 2007-2009= floods 2009-2010= heavy snow -18.7 2013/14= floods wettest winter 2015-2016 floods wettest and warmest months 2019 hottest December 18.7 2020 storm Bella from north Atlantic 2022 heatwave 40.3

Answer 79

the jet stream could become stuck causing long periods of the same weather type such as heatwaves

Answer 80

a measure of energy on a certain area

Answer 81

its concentrated over a smaller surface area

Answer 82

its harder to heat as it has a larger surface area and the sun like to heat smaller areas

Answer 83

polar, ferrel, hadley

Answer 84

90 degrees north and 90 degrees south

Answer 85

30 degrees north and 30 degrees south

Answer 86

the cold air travelling south from the poles meet the warm air travelling north

Answer 87

this cell works a s a result of the other two cells like a gear warm air rising in the polar cells drag warm air in the ferrel and hadley

Answer 88

air at the equator rises cools and forms clouds which create rain air also beings to sink and create high pressure

Answer 89

warm air rises and contains moisture when the warm air rises into the atmosphere it cools so it condenses and forms clouds cold air sinks and is dry sinking air creates areas of high pressure at the surface of the earth at the earth surface air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Answer 90

a strong movement of air draws water vapor up fro the warm ocean surface the evaporated air cools as it rises and condenses from towering thunderstorm clouds as the air condenses it releases heat which powers the storm and draws up more water several smaller thunder clouds join together to form a giant spinning storm. when a surface winds reach average of 120km per hour the storm officially becomes tropical the storm now develops an eye as its center where air descends rapidly. The outer edge of they eye is the eye wall where most of the intense weather conditions are as the storm is carried across by winds it strengthens on reaching land the storms energy supply is cut off friction of the land slows it down and it begin to weaken.

Answer 91

27 degrees

Answer 92

using the saffir Simpson scale

Answer 93

these are events which are perceived to be a threat to people the built enviroment and the natural enviroment. Natural events often end in disaster

Answer 94

caused by earths proceses. They can be caused by interbal earth processes of tectonic activity or by external processes of geomorphical orignin involving most movemnt

Answer 95

this is caused by the occurence movement and distribution of surface and underground water this is driven by water bodies

Answer 96

processes operaiting in the atmosphere resultinng in extreme weather or atmospheric conditions

Answer 97

clear origin of causes distinctive effect little or no warning exposure may be involuntary

Answer 98

this is where a natural hazard interacts with a vulnaerable populaition

Answer 99

this is dreggs modle

Answer 100

This is the exposure of people to a hazardous event. Presenting a potential threat to themselves, their possesions and the built enviroment in which they live in

Answer 101

due to fertile soil cheaper place for peopleto live to gather reasearch they are unsure of the risk they are at the peoples family have always lived there there is a changing levle risk in the area they live in

Answer 102

This means that the potential for loss. Some people are more vulnerable than others. This is determind by underlying state of human development. Including ineqaulitys in income oppotunity and political power

Answer 103

The primordial heat left over from the earths formaition and radiogenic heat produced by radio active decay. 4.6bn years ago

Answer 104

This is because the outter core of the earth moves around the inner core therefore creating a gravitaitional feild

Answer 105

84% of the earth is the mantle

Answer 106

the lithosphere is the crust is the rigged upper section The ansenosphere is the beneath layer of the crust

Answer 107

destructive constructive conservative collision

Answer 108

Risk perception refers to people's beliefs, attitudes, judgments, and feelings toward risk,

Answer 109

This is the way in which someone understands or interprets a hazard. People tend to respond to hazards depending on their understanding

Answer 110

frequency or magnitude x vulnerability x capacity to cope

Answer 111

Accepting the hazards are a natural event that we can have little control over and losses have to be accepted

Answer 112

This perception suggests that hazards are predictable and that they ca be better understood by scientific research. Better technology, comunicaition and warning can be given to reuce these risks

Answer 113

jigsaw pattern of continents glacial rock deposists glacial straitions rock sequences fossil branchipods were found in different areas fossil remains

Answer 114

At constructive boundaries the uppwelling of material creates a buyancy effort that produces the ocean ridge whuch stands 2-3 km above the ocean floor. Here the plates experience a force which is a result of gravity acting down the slope of the ridge this causes small earthquakes

Answer 115

At destructive plate margins the force is the pull down of the cold dense subduting plate as it sinks into the mantle. This gravity generated force pulls the slab down

Answer 116

This occurs at constructive plate margins where palates pull away from each other allowing magama/lava to push into the created gap. Iron particles in the lava aligne with magnetic feilds it the solidifies. However every 400,000 yeasr polarity changes at regular intervals. This is mirrored on each side.

Answer 117

Convection currents this causes molten rock deep within the mantle to rise. The magma cools siks and is heated forced to rise this is called a convection cell. Crust is getting destroyed in some places

Answer 118

basalt and grabbo

Answer 119

granite more complex, silicone,aluminium and oxygen

Answer 120

How qaulity of life is impacted by hazardous event. How a range of movement startegies can be used over time from before and after the event the importance of roles of emergency relife agencies and rehab different areas affected may have been different response curves, depending on the levee of preparedness

Answer 121

It is ciritisiesed for not acounting different levles of economic development or including other isses Th model dress not consider that a hazard event can have differeing effects across a country

Answer 122

staying with family or friends ensuring they know the plan incase of emergency helping at charities/search and rescue

Answer 123

Ensuring that their is a paln and the people in their comunity known what the paln is Evacuation warnings would be sent

Answer 124

warning systems buiding protection like surge walls evacuation warnings

Answer 125

sending aid in the from of food etc providing transport

Answer 126

This cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governements,businesses and society plan for and recuce the imapct of disasters , reactr during and imediatly after the event

Answer 127

as magma rises into the magma chambers gases escape for the depressurising magma

Answer 128

If its qaulity in escaping volcanic gas increases this can signal the start of an erruptive sequence

Answer 129

The ground swells as the lava rises. This is due to the movement of magma within the lithosphere

Answer 130

The swelling of the volcano signals that magma has collected near the surface. To find this out they measure the tilit of the volcano

Answer 131

Both magma movements. changes in gas releases and hydrothermal activity can lead to thermal emmisivity changes at the volcanos surface

Answer 132

this is shown by gas relases

Answer 133

remote sending is the use of satellites to detect things about the earth surface

Answer 134

This is usefull as it helps if there is any thermal activity occuring such as swelling

Answer 135

Monitoring mass moevments such as mud slide s and pyroclastic flows These can be monitored to show evidence of past activity and to suggest if upwelling magma is deforming the land above.

Answer 136

this is a better way to bet long term predictions scientists can use sisemic waves to show if a volcano is getting ready to errupt

Answer 137

many volcanos an increasing intensity in frequecy and sixe of earthquakes

Answer 138

manually using a dipper or automatically by pressure transaucer

Answer 139

volcanic activity genrally causes crustal deformaition

Answer 140

pyroclastic flows volcanic gas lava flows tephra

Answer 141

very hot 800c gas and tephra mixture destroyed pompeii up to 500 mph

Answer 142

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide and chlorine are affected

Answer 143

stream of molten rock distance can varry depending on viscosity

Answer 144

soldi material of different sizes big and small volcanic ash can spread thousands of miles from the volcanic source

Answer 145

lahars acid rain tsunamis landslides flooding climate change

Answer 146

melted snow and ice combined with volcanic ash liquid when it moves but it sets solid

Answer 147

volcano emits gases which include sulphur when combined with atmospherci moisture

Answer 148

large mass of rock and soil whcih falls or slides flow down the volcano under the force of gravity

Answer 149

cliamte change is impacted when ash is put up into the atmosphere this can reduce global temperatures by blocking uv 1816 the year without summer is an example

Answer 150

it is located in iceland inbetween the northamerican plate and the eurasian plate.

Answer 151

Eyja= island jjalla= mountain jokull=glacier

Answer 152

it is a stratavolcaano (a composite)

Answer 153

on a constructive plate margin baslaltic lava stratavolcano ridge push bisected by the north atlantic ridge This is diverging 2.3 meters each year

Answer 154

flights across the world were cancelled due to ash being sent 9km into the atmosphere flooding=Heat from the erruption melted part of the galceir which caused mass flooding There was distruption to flooding= as to protect animals they had to go inside there was a decline in air qaulity lahards due to mud and meltwater mixing together 2.8 million tonnes of carbon was emiited into the atmosphere europe lost 2.6 billion gdp due to the erruption

Answer 155

along ocean ridges and rift valleys

Answer 156

where a plate subdcts below the other

Answer 157

A mantle plume is an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma.

Answer 158

Volcanic explosivity index

Answer 159

1-8 1 being not very explosive and 8 being very explosive

Answer 160

Silica content: This lava has a moderate silica content, generally between 52-57%. Viscosity: More viscous than basalt, which means it flows slower and can contribute to more explosive eruptions. Eruption style: Although basaltic andesite can produce lava flows, it also traps gases more easily, which can cause explosive activity, as seen in Eyjafjallajökull's eruptions. this can be found at destructive plate margins

Answer 161

it wa on december 26 2004

Answer 162

an earthquake of magnitude 9.1 displaced the ocean floor off the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

Answer 163

there was a death toll of over 230,000 people across all of the countries it affected 70% of coastline infastructure was completley destoryed it left 1.7million homeless and 600,000 people in aceh lost their livelehoods cholera and malria merged after the earthquake

Answer 164

search and rescue operations the us deployed 12600 personel as a part of their unified assistance thailand helped by setting up foresnic operations to help identify the bodies by 2009 they had spent 7 billion just in indonesian infastructure they built an indian ocean warning suctent whihc cost 125 million

Answer 165

it was in 2010

Answer 166

it is a volcanic mountain located near the center of the island near the center of the island of java in inodnesia

Answer 167

it is located on the euraisian and indo austrailian plate margin whihc is a destructive plate margin. It is a stratavolcano

Answer 168

over 350 people were killed including mbah mardijan who was the traditiona gardian of the volcano nearly 400,000 people were displaced because of the volacano pyroclastic flow caused several villages to be destroyed tourism massivly reduced which had a large econmoic impact

Answer 169

there was mass evacuation of over 350,000 residents ho were within the volcanos danger zone emergency help centers were built in school and military builings goveremnet began to rubild the destroyed infastructure which costed in rhe relams of 450 million pounds

Answer 170

It is located in Iceland

Answer 171

The spring of 2010

Answer 172

It is on a construction plate margin It is a shield volcano It is ridge push which is diverging 2.3 Mm per year

Answer 173

Flights across the world were cancelled as ash was out 9km into the atmosphere which had a huge economic impact There was flooding in the area due the melting of the glacier which was above the volcano 2.8 million tonnes of carbon was emitted

Answer 174

Evacuation of 800 people Airspace was closed There are no improve regulations and instructions for air travel if this is to happen again where 9 airspace blocks will replace 27

Answer 175

Located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean

Answer 176

Hati is located on the North American and carbiean plate on a divergent plate boundary 7.0

Answer 177

Casualties were estimated 250,000 1.5millon were left homeless Cholera outbreak which killed 10,000 1 million people displaced Infrastructure was destroyed

Answer 178

Financial aid was provided which summed up to 13 billion pounds Termporaray camps were made for those who were displaced Us military sent 20,000 troops to help

Answer 179

New Zealand South Island in Canterbury

Answer 180

Conservative plate margin Indo Australian and pacific plate margin Magnitude 6.3

Answer 181

Conservative plate margin Indo Australian and pacific plate margin Magnitude 6.3

Answer 182

115 casualties Ground liquification occurred causing buildings and stuff to sink People develop ptsd Population decline in the area

Answer 183

Search and rescue operations International assistance from Australia and Japan’s Australia sent 300 personnel Medical support were overwhelmed The government prioritized restoring essential services like water, sewage, and roads. Roads and houses were cleared of silt from liquefaction by August,

Answer 184

tephra are large peiece of rocks edjected from the volcano

Answer 185

This is where the oceanic plate beigns to melt 100k below the surface and it comepletly destroyed 700km called the benioff zone f

Answer 186

destructive plate margins is where it is found cooler lava high viscosity high gas content high silica content an exmaple of where it can be found is at yellowstone

Answer 187

tropical storms are formed along the tropics 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator.

Answer 188

low pressure areas with wet coditions

Answer 189

27 degrees

Answer 190

the Saffir Simpson scale

Answer 191

yes it is roughly logarithmic

Answer 192

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Category 1. Wind (mph): 74 - 95. Damage: Minimal - No significant structural damage, can uproot trees and cause some flooding in coastal areas. Category 2. Wind (mph): 96 - 110. ... Category 3. Wind (mph): 111 - 129. ... Category 4. Wind (mph): 130-156. ... Category 5. Wind (mph): greater than 156.

Answer 193

frequency is remaining the same or will slightly decrease however the intensity will increase intensity will increase due increasing sea temp distribution will increase due to sea

Answer 194

high winds heavy rainfall strom surge

Answer 195

hurricane irma 2017 hurricane flooding due to heavy rain category 4 hurricane developed on the 30th august near cape Verde islands seismometer noticed the storm 130mph winds

Answer 196

hurricane Harley 1000mm rain fall over eastern Texas the emergency services were struggling

Answer 197

Hurricane Katrina late august 2005 storm surge of 20-30 feet levees broke leading to more significant damage category 3 earthquake

Answer 198

first it hit hati moved past cuba and the bahamas then hit coastal areas of florida, georga, south carolina and north carolina

Answer 199

hit hati from the 3rd-5th of october the gdp per capita in hati is 730 compares with 39,500 in florida life expectancy in Florida is 15 years older literacy is 31% more

Answer 200

it caused 49 deaths in the us over 2 million people were evacuated catastrophic inland flooding caused an estimated 10 billion in damages 2.5 million people lost there power infrastructure damage

Answer 201

Lots of small business affected in various areas a significant number of insurance claims were filled leading to financial strain soil and water pollution flooding in wildlife

Answer 202

over 546 people were confirmed dead through some estimates place the death tall much higher 175,000 people were displaced nearly 200,000 homes were damaged/destroyed southern Hati agriculture sector was nearly obliterated fishing boats and equipment were destroyed river overflowed and strom surges inducted

Answer 203

resurgence of cholera which they have been battling since 2010 their was destruction of crops causing people to loose there live hoods Hati economy was already struggling and this made it worse they became dependant on aid from other coutries

Answer 204

dry conditions strong winds prevailing winds Hot temperatures wind strengths A.N others populations of the area vegetations- eucalyptus produces a flammable resin climates

Answer 205

fires clear vegetations and aid seed germination it can stimulate the growth of certain plants can rid an area paricites some species are pyrophytic (withstand fire)

Answer 206

a wildfire is an uncontrolled fire which breaks out in a natural environment

Answer 207

surface= most commnen burn along the forrest floor crown= spreads across tree canopies ground= burns beneath ground layers of dry organic pete ladder effect = describes the process of fires from the forrest floor

Answer 208

wildfire are distributed in countries mainly australia, USA, canada, southern europe, central africa however they can be found anywhere

Answer 209

heat, fuel, oxygen

Answer 210

climate lightning and by humans eg arson and accidents

Answer 211

the distribution of the wildfires was across the whole of australia with the least being in new south wales

Answer 212

kiled 34 people burned 186,000 sqaured km destroyed over 5900 buildings killed an estimated one billion animals caused extinction

Answer 213

killed 34 people caused people to flee to the sea to escape the fire military planes were being deployed to provide aims to comunities destroyed over 5900 buildings 18.6 million hectares of burnt land 3 billion animals killed or displaced 900 million tonnes of co2 pollution 445 premature deaths

Answer 214

air drops were short term water/ sand get is dropped onto wildfires howevere they need to be aware with of the wind this was effective howevere expensive

Answer 215

water and foam and chamilcals are used 3000 liters of water four wheel drive

Answer 216

they are firefighters they parachute directly into the wildfire with axes and small amounts of faire

Answer 217

these are used to reduce the amount of fuel avaliable for the fire by cutting stuff down both long and shirt term

Answer 218

backfiring used by burning areas of land ahead of the fire and use up the fuel this reduce the fuel for the fire howevere killed wildlife

Answer 219

clearing people from areas of danger this is short term removes people from the danger kills wildlife as we arent evacuaiting wildlife

Answer 220

voulnteer groups help to remove dead branches to reduce fuel long term project

Answer 221

these are geographical imformaition systems help map areas of danger

Answer 222

it happened in january 1995

Answer 223

it was the first major strike in kobe in 400 years kobe has a populaition of 1.5 million economic damage was 100 billion which is 2.5 % of japans gdp 6000 people killed 35,000 injured 1/4 million homeless only 3% of buildings were ensured a typhoone hit 6 months after the earthquake making hard for the city to recover train line collapsed struck before rush hour

Answer 224

this city was vulnerable due to the plate boundaries it was on a convergent plate boundary on the eaurasian, pacific and philippine sea due to subduction fault lines are made which can act as a plate margin aswell kobe is a major port it was a shallow earthquake it was at risk of soil liquifaction because f sea

Answer 225

70% of water siurces were gone making it hard to fight 35 differnt fires highly critised for their response due to them being sent out 5 hour after the event and only 200 were sent out further 4 more days took until june for public services reintroduce they declined international help hard to find jobs in kobe as business didnt reopen 48,000 housing units were supplied for homeless

Answer 226

the philippines is an archipeligo of 7100 islands. it is located in southern eastern asia between south china sea and pacific ocean. the two largest islands are luzon and mindanao

Answer 227

it is manila. manila is a multi cultural capital with a populaition of 1.7 million

Answer 228

Filipino is the official language of Manila however due to the growing number of foreign habitants they are slowly becoming fluent in English, Korean and Chinese.

Answer 229

The philipines is surrounded by numerous differnt plate margins and subduction zones. these different plate margins all affect the philipines due to the seismic and volcanic hazards that thye can cause. The philipines has slowly be created by the converging and diverging plate margins

Answer 230

in the philippines there are numerous fault lines which can ofetn act like plate margins. Fault lines are where there has been a crack in the tectonic plate these can create earthquakes because of the elastic strain it generates

Answer 231

Bohol earthquake isa an earthquake which occured in 2013 in a place call bohol province whihc is in central visays =. This earthquake was cuased by the now named fault line the north bohol fault. This fault line was undiscovered until this earthquake therfor making ther location of the earthquake a suprise. This earthquake caused over 200 deaths and significant damage to infastructure surrounding the area. very shallow earthquake magnitude of 7.2 73,000 structures damaged/ destroyed

Answer 232

They have numerous building codes that are set by the national building code of the philippines to ensure that structures are safe. They are designed to promote the use of sesmic technology

Answer 233

In the philippines there are around 300 volcanos 24 of which are still active there are so many volcao due to the countrys locaition along the pacfic ring of fire

Answer 234

This erruption occured in zambales luzon in 1991 this erruption is known as one of that largest volcanic erruptions of the 20th century. This ejected 10 billion tons of magma and ash and 15 million tons of sulfur dioxide casuing global cooling. This erruption caused a caldera o be formed and it displace thousnads of residents. This has led to widespred leahars for years due to heavy rains mixing with ash deposits. this erruption l;ed to 800 deaths

Answer 235

Typhoon bopah wasa catagory 5 typhoon that made landfall in midanao a reigon less acustomed to strong typhoons. wind speeds reahced 175 mph accopanyoing high rains and floods. This caused 1067 deaths and left over 800 poeple missiong and displaced 6 million. destoyed tens of thounsands of buillindgs aswell as farms. this typhoon troggered the government to imporve warning sytemsn

Answer 236

the philippines have many ways in whch the remain prepared for natural hazrds for exmaple they do comunoty training and regular drills where they will go to shelterstherfor increasig awenrss of these earthquakes. they have also devloped typhoon resisnt builidngs

Answer 237

in the philippines they have a few rapid response mechanisms for exmaple they have deployment of resources and personnel during disasters vid the national disaster risk reduction and manaement plan

Answer 238

Andesite magma commonly erupts from stratovolcanoes as thick lava flows, some reaching several km in length. Andesite magma can also generate strong explosive eruptions to form pyroclastic flows and surges and enormous eruption columns. Andesites erupt at temperatures between 900 and 1100 °

Answer 239

a magam plumes is a collum of hot buyoant magma that rises from deep within the earths mantle towards the surface. These plumes create hotspots leading to volcanic activity far away from plate boundaries. a good example of this is hawaii and Yellowstne

Answer 240

magma plumes originate deep in the earths mantle due to heat and buoyancy differences. this is done by the mantle heating, thermal expansion occuring, plume formaition, then melting near the surface and finally volcanic activity

Answer 241

hotter mantel is heated by the earths core creating temperatire difference

Answer 242

hotter material expands becoming less dense and starts rising

Answer 243

this is the upper section of the mantle

Answer 244

the lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle which form the tectonic plates

Answer 245

elevated altitudes of oceanic crust at ridges at divergent plate boundaries create a slope which oceanic plates slide down

Answer 246

holmes 1930s said that the earth inetranal radioactive heat was a driving force of convection currents in the mantle which could ove tectonic plates

Answer 247

in the 1960s there was a discovery that there are magnectic strips in the sea bed palaeomagnetic signals from ast revearslas of the earths magnetic feild prove that the new crust by a process of seafloor spreading at mid ocean ridges

Answer 248

Taipei 101

Answer 249

A graph showing quality of life before, during, and after a hazard. Stages: Pre-disaster → Disruption → Relief → Rehabilitation → Reconstruction.

Answer 250

Compares recovery over time; shows long-term impact.

Answer 251

Mitigation → Preparedness → Response → Recovery. It shows how we plan for, respond to, and recover from hazards.

Answer 252

Encourages planning and ongoing improvement. ❌ Doesn’t show cost/time clearly; assumes all areas can act equally.

Answer 253

Low silica, very runny, high temp, gentle eruptions. Found at shield volcanoes and constructive margins.

Answer 254

Medium silica and thickness, more explosive, found at destructive plate boundaries. Can produce pyroclastic flows.

Answer 255

igh silica, thick and sticky, low temp, very explosive. Linked to supervolcanoes like Yellowstone

Natural Hazards Flashcards

(289 cards)