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Ethics ALEVEL > Natural Moral Law > Flashcards

Natural Moral Law Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Aquinas inspired by

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

Aristotle’s quote on natural law and human law

A

“The natural is that which everywhere is equally valid…that which is natural is unchangeable”

  • while laws may differ from place to place, natural justice is independent and applies to everyone no matter where they live
  • cultural relativism view that personas moral belief should be judged in context with their culture. Morality changes depending on culture
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3
Q

Who was Aristotle

A

Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist

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4
Q

What did Aristotle say about telos and eudaimonia

A

Everything has a purpose (telos) and supreme good is found when purpose is fulfilled
Supreme good for humans is eudaimonia (happiness)
Eudaimonia was the final goal for humans - reached by living life of reason

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5
Q

Who are the stoics

A

Group of Greek philosophers came after Aristotle.

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6
Q

What did the stoics believe

A

Argued universe has purpose which human morality should work in harmony with
Humans have a divine spark within them helps them find out how to live according to Gods will (his nature)

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7
Q

Ciceros description of natural law

A

“True law is right reason in agreement with nature”

We can see evidence of what is good within nature

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8
Q

Who is Thomas aquinas

A

Catholic theologian in 13th century

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9
Q

Aquinas quote from summa theologica on natural law

A

“Law is nothing else than an ordination of reason for common good by God”

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10
Q

What did Aquinas believe faith and reason

A

Faith must be grounded by reason

Humans can use God given reason to make decisions - innate

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11
Q

Define reason

A

The ability to use logic and evidence from nature to prove something to be true

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12
Q

Aquinas and reason - image of God

A

Imago dei
Reflecting God intelligence
Using our reason for us to be guided to the correct way

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13
Q

What is the Natural Law theory

A

Everything has a purpose
Purpose can be known through reason
Given to all by God
Fulfilling the purpose of our deign is the only ‘good’ for humans.

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14
Q

What did Aquinas believe about telos

A

The final cause (telos), was to seek union with God, to attain an afterlife with God and enjoy the beatific vision.

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15
Q

Aquinas quote for final cause

A

“We shall see God as he is”

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16
Q

Compare Difference for Aquinas and Aristotle for eudaimonia

A

Aristotle- happiness

Aquinas - fulfilling God

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17
Q

What are Aquinas 4 types of laws

A

Eternal law
Divine law
NATURAL MORAL LAW
human law

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18
Q

Eternal Law

A

Laws God put into the universe

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19
Q

Divine law

A

Principles of morality from God via scriptures

Christians have advantage enhance application of Natural Law

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20
Q

Natural moral law

A

Gods external law is encoded into nature that humans can understand
Laws humans can understand through application of reason (primary and secondary precepts)

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21
Q

Human laws

A

Laws within society
Formulated by governments
May contradict precepts eg abortion laws

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22
Q

Basis of natural law

Three key points

A

Universal
Unchanging
Relevant to all circumstances

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23
Q

Natural law is relevant to all circumstances

Explain this

A

Natural law is deontological with absolute binding precepts

There is a duty of doing the right thing over the consequences.

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24
Q

Aquinas’ quote on the basic main law

A

“Good is to be done and pursued and evil is to be avoided”

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25
Q

We have these precepts to follow but why would we be motivated to follow them

A

Our inclinations draw humans like magnets towards the ‘goods’ and ‘highest good’ (perfection)

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26
Q

What is the synderesis rule

A

Good is to be done and evil is avoided

Directs our conscience and if humans apply Gods given reason it will lead to the right actions.

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27
Q

Aquinas’ quote on reason

A

“To disparage the dictate of reason is equivalent to condemning the command of God”
If you ignore reason - disobeying God
Not following what God intended.

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28
Q

Universe is purposive

Explain

A

Things exist to reach their goal
Plants do this blindly and animals live off instincts
But humans have rational will

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29
Q

What is rational will

A

Using Reason and conscience to flourish on earth

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30
Q

What is eudaimonia for Aquinas

A

Human flourishing on Earth and ultimate happiness through union with God

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31
Q

What does Aquinas believe the goal is on earth

A

Human flourishing

Eudaimonia

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32
Q

What does Aquinas believe is our ultimate goal

A

Ultimate goal is heavenly home and union with God

Earth life is a taste of heavenly happiness

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33
Q

List the primary precepts

A 
Worship God 
Ordered society 
Reproduction 
Preserve life 
Educate the young
34
Q

What is the importance of the primary precepts

A

Further help guide us to our telos (end purpose)

Precepts are teleological

35
Q

Natural law is deontological

But primary precepts are teleological

A

Natural law is concerned with duty
Precepts help us to reach our telos - end goal to achieve union with God
They are the foundation of moral law

36
Q

Beatific vision

A

The ultimate and direct self communication of God to humans

Union with God

37
Q

What are humans natural inclination

A

To live according to our design

Must avoid being enslave by non-natural non rational desires

38
Q

Give an example of a non natural non rational desire

A

Masturbation
Although it feels good it is not due to it
not following the precepts as it doesn’t lead to reproduction

39
Q

Aquinas’ quote on the end goal and purpose of humanity

A

“Ultimate happiness through union with God”

40
Q

What is our purpose

What are we deigned for

A

Human flourishing and God like perfection

Telos as humanity as a whole is the beatific vision - ultimate direct self communication of God to humanity

41
Q

What are the primary precepts

A

Absolute rules
Never broken for any reason
Must always uphold

42
Q

What are the secondary precepts

A

Derived from primary
Rulings about things that we should or shouldn’t do because they uphold or fail to uphold the primary precepts they can be flexible and how they are applied

43
Q

Example of What goes against the primary precept

Preserve life

A

Murder
Abort
Suicide

44
Q

Example of What goes against the primary precept

Reproduction

A

Masturbation
Contraception
Homosexual sex

45
Q

Example of What goes against the primary precept

Educate children

A

Wrong for children to not be in school

Wrong to be brought up in single parent families

46
Q

Example of What goes against the primary precept

Ordered society

A

Wrong to steal - dishonest
Wrong to lie - dishonest
Wrong adultery

47
Q

Example of What goes against the primary precept

Worship God

A

Remember sabbath days

No false idols

48
Q

Paul’s quote on humans trying to always do the right thing

A

“Since all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God”

49
Q

Have does the creation story link to our sins

A

Adam and Eve weren’t perfect and made mistake

Fell short of Gods best for them and violated perfect relationship with God and natural order

50
Q

Quote on adultery

A

“A fornicator seeks a pleasure which involves him in moral guilt”
Something they think is good but is not
Sex should only take place in marriage with the inclination to reproduce

51
Q

What is a real good

A

Actions which abide by the precepts

52
Q

What is an apparent good

A

Something seems to be a good action but in reality goes against the precepts

53
Q

What does Aquinas believe about real and apparent goods

A

Everyone has ability to know difference between right and wrong but no one would ever knowingly pursue evil
People rationalise their choice so that they think they are doing the right think even though they are not.

54
Q

What is sin

A

Falling short of gods intention for humans

55
Q

Following a real good will result in

A

Preservation or improvement of self, getting nearer to the ideal human nature that god has planned

56
Q

What are the three theological virtues

A

Faith
Hope
Love

57
Q

How do we receive theologian al virtues

A

Given to humans through Gods Grace

58
Q

Describe the virtue of faith

A

Belief in God and what is revealed via scripture and the church

59
Q

Describe the virtue of hope

A

Hope of heaven and beatific vision

60
Q

Describe the virtue of love

A

Agape
Love of God above all things
Love of neighbour

61
Q

Quote for theological virtues by catechism

A

The theological virtues are the foundation of Christian moral activity

62
Q

What is a virtue

A

Something we can practice to achieve real good

63
Q

What are the four cardinal values

A

Prudence (wisdom)
Justice (righteousness)
Fortitude (courage)
Temperance (self control)

64
Q

Why are cardinal virtues useful

A

Help flourish on earth

Use practical reason in situations

65
Q

Example of good exterior act but bad interior act

A

Help an old lady across the road

But to impress someone

66
Q

What is an interior act

A

Why you did it

67
Q

What is exterior act

A

What the actual act was

68
Q

What is double effect

A

Two effects of an action
One good and one bad
As long as the aim of the moral agent was to uphold primary precepts then accident result that can go against precepts is accepted

69
Q

Quote off POJMAN ethical writer on double effect

A

“Always wrong to do a bad act intentionally in order to being about good consequences ”

70
Q

Example of doubles effect

Someone attacked you

A

A mugger attacks you with a nice
You defend yourself in fear for ur life by pushing them away
You’re life is preserved (intention)
The mugger is killed (unintended)

71
Q

What are the four conditions for double effect

A

Nature
Means end
Right intention
Proportionality

72
Q

What is the nature of the act

Double effect

A

Mortally good or neutral

73
Q

What is means end in double effect

A

Can’t do a bad thing to being about a good

74
Q

Right intention meaning for double effect

A

Intention must be to achieve the good effect

Bad effect must be unintended side effect

75
Q

Proportionality meaning for double effect

A

Action must be propionate to bad side effect

76
Q

Manualism

A

Catholic Church attempts to collect as many secondary precepts as possible into manuals as reference
Makes it easier to follow natural moral law

77
Q

What is proportionalism

A

Arose in 1960s in response to conservative Roman Catholic teachings on morality.
Works with natural law but rejects the absoluteness.
If a greater good is served by ignoring the rules then that’s the best option for the situation

78
Q

What do proportionates disagree with

A

Aquinas idea of Being allowed to steal but not to lie

79
Q

Quote by Bernard hoose on proportionalism

A

“Inconsistency and in validity of thinking”

80
Q

Two things proportionalism consider

A

Intention of moral agent and

the value of the good effect weighed against the disvalue of the bad effect

81
Q

How is proportionalism viewed

A

More compassionate
Deontological moral law should not be ignored unless for unique situation.
No acts which are intrinsically evil

82
Q

How does Catholic Church respond to proportionalism

A

Condemn it as a weak theory
States there are intrinsic evils - rape
Good consequences do not justify intrinsic evils.

Ethics ALEVEL (5 decks)

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