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Immunology and Serology > Nature of Antibodies > Flashcards

Nature of Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

Electrophoresis is at pH ___, immunoglobulins appear
primarily in the _____________

A

Electrophoresis is at pH 8.6, immunoglobulins appear
primarily in the gamma band

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2
Q

Combine with antigens on cellular surfaces and thereby cause the destruction of these cells either
1. _____________ (outside the
blood vessels within the mononuclear- phagocyte system, also known as _______________________) or

  1. ______________ (within blood vessels through the action of
    ________________)
A

Combine with antigens on cellular surfaces and thereby cause the destruction of these cells either
1. extravascular (outside the
blood vessels within the mononuclear- phagocyte system, also known as Reticular endothelial system (RES))) or

  1. intravascularly (within blood vessels through the action of
    complement)
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3
Q

is the primarily organ where the antigens are destroyed

A

Spleen

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4
Q

THEORIES OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY

A
  1. EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY (SPECIFIC RECEPTOR)
  2. TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR)
  3. CLONAL SELECTION
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4
Q

_____________ postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen

A

Paul Ehrlich postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen

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4
Q

Theory?
Occurred once antigen was introduced, it would select the cell with proper receptor, combination would take place and receptors would break off and enter the circulation as antibody molecules

A

EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY (SPECIFIC RECEPTOR)

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4
Q

Who proposed the TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR)?

A

Felix Haurowitz

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5
Q

Theory?
Antibody producing cells are capable of synthesizing a generalized type of antibody and when contact with an antigen occurs, the antigen serves as a mold or template and alters protein synthesis so hat antibody with specific fits is made

A

TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR)

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6
Q

Most accepted theory for antibody diversity

A

CLONAL SELECTION

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7
Q

____________ and ________________ independently supported the idea of clonal selection process for antibody formation

A

Niels Jerne and Mcfarlane Burnet independently supported the idea of clonal selection process for antibody formation

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8
Q

Theory?
The key premise is that individual lymphocytes are genetically programmed to produce one type of immunoglobulin and that a specific antigen finds or selects those particular cells capable of responding to it, causing to proliferate

A

CLONAL SELECTION

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9
Q

BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN ANTIBODY
* Consist of 4 polypeptide chains
* Subdivided into _______________ and _______________

A

BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN ANTIBODY
* Consist of _polypeptide chains
* Subdivided into 2 Heavy chain (large chain) and 2 Light chain
(L chain)

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10
Q

________________ and ________________ worked on Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A

Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter worked on Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

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11
Q

A flexible Y-shaped molecule with four protein chains

A

MONOMER

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12
Q

What are the 2 identical light chains in monomer?

A

2 identical light chains- Kappa or Lambda chain

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13
Q

How many identical heavy chains in monomer?

A

2

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14
Q

two sections at the end of Y’s arm. Contains also the antigen binding sites (Fab) or the paratope. The Fab is identical on the same antibody, but vary from one antibody to another

A

VARIABLE REGION

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15
Q

T or F
The number of binding sites = the number of valences

A

T

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16
Q
  • Stem of monomer and lower parts of Y arms
  • Responsible for the type and antigen-antibody reaction that occurs
  • Constant region of heavy chain differs from one antibody class to the other
  • Structure serves as a basis for distinguishing the 5 different classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE
A

CONSTANT REGION

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17
Q

FC stands for

A

Fragment Constant

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18
Q

T or F
All of the antibodies have the same Fc region

A

T

19
Q
  • All of the antibodies have the same Fc region
  • Mainly the one attached to the B cells or T cells
  • For complement fixation, skin fixation and placental transfer
  • No capability to bind the antibody
A

FC (FRAGMENT CONSTANT) REGION

20
Q

_______________________
* First approximately ____ amino acids at the amino-terminal
end
* The remaining amino acids can typically be divided up into two or three or more constant regions with very similar constant regions with very similar sequences, designated CH1, CH2, and CH3 (constant heavy chain 1,2,3)

A

VARIABLE DOMAIN
* First approximately 110 amino acids at the amino-terminal
end
* The remaining amino acids can typically be divided up into two or three or more constant regions with very similar constant regions with very similar sequences, designated CH1, CH2, and CH3 (constant heavy chain 1,2,3)

21
Q

Refers to the heavy chain that determine the Ig class

A

Isotype

22
Q

Minor variations of these sequences that are present in some individuals but not others

A

Allotype

23
Q
  • The aminoterminal ends of both L and H contain these regions, which are essential to the formation of the antigen-binding site
  • variable portions of each chain are unique to a specific antibody molecule.
A

Idiotype

24
Q

Possess both constant and variable regions, it is the same for all immunoglobulins

A

LIGHT CHAIN

25
Q
  • Kappa: contains ____ of the Ig
  • Lambda: contains ____ of the Ig
    o Ratio of K:L is ____
A
  • Kappa: contains 65% of the Ig
  • Lambda: contains 35% of the Ig
    o Ratio of K:L is 2:1
26
Q

Discovered through _________________ which are light
chains produced by a malignant plasma cell from the urine of Multiple Myeloma patients

A

Discovered through Bence Jones Proteins which are light
chains produced by a malignant plasma cell from the urine of Multiple Myeloma patients

27
Q

_________________
* Connect heavy chains and heavy chains
* Connect heavy chains and light chains
* Connect light chains and light chains

A

DISULFIDE BOND
* Connect heavy chains and heavy chains
* Connect heavy chains and light chains
* Connect light chains and light chains

28
Q
  • Found in between CH1 and CH2
  • Has high proline and hydrophobic residue
A

HINGE REGION

29
Q

A.K.A. Flexible region

A

HINGE REGION

30
Q

Amino acid in hinge region that causes flexibility

A

Amino acid: Proline (causes flexibility)

31
Q

Regions or section in an Ig molecule

A

Domain

32
Q

What are the domains in 1 Light chain?

A

1 Light chain
o 2 domains: VL (variable light) and CL (constant light)

33
Q

What are the domains in 1 Heavy chain and specific to each Ig?

A

4 domains: 1 VH and 3 CH

34
Q

In one monomer it contains _ domains except for
_________________ and _____________

In one immunoglobulin, it contains _ domains

A

In one monomer it contains 4 domains except for
pentameric (IgM) and dimeric form (IgA)

In one immunoglobulin, it contains 6 domains

35
Q
  • _________________- antigen binding site known also as the paratope
  • _________________- CH2 and CH3, where B cells, T cells and
    complement bind to
A
  • Fab site- antigen binding site known also as the paratope
  • Fc region- CH2 and CH3, where B cells, T cells and
    complement bind to
36
Q

2 enzymes

A
  1. PAPAIN DIGESTION
  2. PEPSIN DIGESTION
37
Q

Cleaves the Ig above the hinge region

A

PAPAIN DIGESTION

38
Q

It will give 3 fragments of a monomer and what are they?

A

PAPAIN DIGESTION
2 Fab + 1 Fc

39
Q

Cleaves the Ig below the hinge region

A

PEPSIN DIGESTION

40
Q

It has 2 fragments and what are they?

A

F(ab)2 + Fc

41
Q

MONOMER
* Basic Ig structure
* IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA
(Which is the most?)
o Most of the immunoglobulins are a monomer
* 2 binding site (2 valence)

A

MONOMER
* Basic Ig structure
* IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA (most)
o Most of the immunoglobulins are a monomer
* 2 binding site (2 valence)

42
Q

Prevents the enzymatic degeneration of enzyme among secretions

A

DIMER

43
Q

In Dimer, It has a ________- additional structure, also known as _________

A

In Dimer, It has a J chain- additional structure, also known as joining chain

44
Q

How many binding site and valence in monomer, dimer, and polymer?

A

Monomer- 2 binding site (2 valence)
Dimer- 4 valence- 4 binding sites
Polymer- 10 valence- 10 binding sites

45
Q

Do polymer have J chain?

A

Yes, only monomer doesn’t

46
Q

> 2 monomer

A

POLYMER

47
Q

Ig that is polymer?

A

IgM- pentamer

Immunology and Serology (4 decks)

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