Nature of Atomic Radiations

Question 1

anything that has mass and occupies space

Answer 1

matter

Question 2

two types of models for atoms

Answer 2

classical, standard

Question 3

nucleus characteristics

Answer 3

• composed of P and N
• 99.998% of mass
• net positive charge

Question 4

orbital electrons characteristics

Answer 4

• 0.002% of mass

- net negative charge

Question 5

atoms with single nucleus, with 0 neutrons

Answer 5

Hydrogen (H)

Question 6

larger atom/element, 74 protons in nucleus

Answer 6

Tungsten (W)

Question 7

Z-number is the…

Answer 7

atomic number (proton number)

Question 8

Z-number tells number of protons and ____ (net ___ charge)

Answer 8

electrons, neutral

Question 9

atomic mass number =

Answer 9

protons + neutrons

Question 10

A-number is the…

Answer 10

atomic mass number

Question 11

***elements with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons

Answer 11

isotopes

Question 12

orbitals differ in the ______ from the nucleus

Answer 12

distance and energy

Question 13

inner orbitals are ____ tightly bound than outer orbitals

Answer 13

more

Question 14

higher the _____ the higher the binding energy for any particular orbital

Answer 14

Z #

Question 15

formation of an ion pair

Answer 15

ionization

Question 16

isotopes
same _____
different ___

Answer 16

same protons; different neutrons

Question 17

how many isotopes does H have?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

how many isotopes does C have? Which is most common?

Answer 18

6, 6C12 (“carbon 12”)

Question 19

too many or too few neutrons make nuclide unstable or _____

Answer 19

radioactive

Question 20

neutrons ____ protons

Answer 20

stabilize

Question 21

nuclei of radioactive isotopes

Answer 21

radionuclides

Question 22

why are radioactive isotopes unstable?

Answer 22

imbalance in number between protons and neutrons

Question 23

to become stable, radionuclides eject _____ and _____

Answer 23

particles (P, N, alpha, beta) and EM radiation (gamma radiation)

Question 24

ejection of particles and radiation

Answer 24

radioactivity

Question 25

process of energy ejection

Answer 25

nuclear disintegration

Question 26

nuclear disintegration continues until ___ is achieved

Answer 26

stability

Question 27

time after which the activity decays to half its original value

Answer 27

half-life

Question 28

half-life never really becomes zero, it just becomes ____

Answer 28

very, very small

Question 29

measuring half-life applies from ____

Answer 29

any starting point

Question 30

Tc99 half-life

Answer 30

6 hours

Question 31

If a radioactive material with 100 Bq of activity and a half life of 1 hour, how much activity will remain in 3 hours?

Answer 31

100 > 50 (1 half life) 50 > 25 (2 half lives) 25 > 12.5 (3 half lives) 12.5 Bq

Question 32

energy acquired by an e- when it passes through an electrical potential difference of one volt

Answer 32

electron volt (eV)

Question 33

eV ultimately influences ___

Answer 33

x-ray beam

Question 34

transfer of energy through space and matter

Answer 34

radiations

Question 35

two types of radiation

Answer 35

- particulate radiation | - Electromagnetic radiation

Question 36

transfer of energy by high velocity subatomic particulates

Answer 36

particulate radiation

Question 37

energy of particulate radiation is ____

Answer 37

kinetic energy

Question 38

increase ______, increase kinetic energy

Answer 38

mass of particle

Question 39

increase velocity of particle, ____

Answer 39

increase kinetic energy

Question 40

rate of loss of energy as a particle moves through an absorber

Answer 40

linear energy transfer (LET)

Question 41

increase mass of particle, ____

Answer 41

increase LET

Question 42

increase charge of particle, ____

Answer 42

increase LET

Question 43

increase velocity of particle, ______

Answer 43

decrease LET

Question 44

increase chemical composition (Z #), thickness, or density of absorber, ______

Answer 44

increase LET

Question 45

non-particulate radiation includes

Answer 45

entire electromagnetic spectrum

Question 46

two theories of EMR

Answer 46

- wave theory | - quantum theory

Question 47

wavelength measured ____

Answer 47

between crests/troughs

Question 48

number of oscillations, vibrations, "waves", or cycles per ____

Answer 48

frequency, per second

Question 49

c = (lambda)(velocity) describes relationship between...

Answer 49

- velocity - frequency - wavelength

Question 50

increase frequency, ___ of EMR

Answer 50

increase energy

Question 51

decrease frequency, _______ of EMR

Answer 51

decrease energy

Question 52

increase wavelength, ______ of EMR

Answer 52

decrease energy

Question 53

decrease wavelength, _____ of EMR

Answer 53

increase energy

Question 54

ranking of EMRs in order of decreasing energy

Answer 54

gamma rays, x-rays, UV rays, visible light, infrared, microwave, radio

Question 55

red light is...

Answer 55

longest wavelength, lowest energy

Question 56

violet light is...

Answer 56

shortest wavelength, highest energy

Question 57

dental x-rays use...

Answer 57

polychromatic beam