Naval Science 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is prevention of war by instilling fear in potential enemies?
A
Deterrence
2
Q
What is the US first carrier-launched strike-fighter?
A
F/A-18 Hornet
3
Q
What is the Navy’s all-weather, carrier-based, tactical-warning and control-system aircraft?
A
E-2C Hawkeye
4
Q
What is the world’s first production tiltrotor aircraft?
A
V-22 Osprey
5
Q
What fighter/attack aircraft was extensively used during Operation Desert Storm in 1991?
A
F/A-18 Hornet
6
Q
What percentage of your body is water?
A
60-70
7
Q
What is the number one cause of death among 15- to 24-year-olds?
A
Drinking and driving
8
Q
What is information placed at the outer edge of a map?
A
Marginal Information
9
Q
What is a unit of measurement that is approximately 6,080 feet - which is one minute of latitude; it is slightly longer than a statute mile?
A
Nautical Mile
10
Q
What does OK4R mean as a studying method?
A
Overview, Key Ideas, Read, Recall, Reflect, Review
11
Q
What does PQRST mean as a studying method?
A
Preview, Question, Read, State, Test
12
Q
What 1942 World War II battle marked a turning point in naval aviation when aircraft launched from carriers met in battle for the first time?
A
Battle of the Coral Sea
13
Q
What capability did the angled flight deck give aircraft carriers?
A
Launching and recovering aircraft at the same time
14
Q
What was the name of the U.S. Navy’s first aircraft carrier?
A
USS Langley
15
Q
What is the mission of the T-45 A Goshawk?
A
Trainer
16
Q
What is the name of the Navy’s carrier-based antisubmarine aircraft?
A
S-3B Viking
17
Q
What aircraft is an unmanned aerial vehicle whose mission includes surveillance, target-acquisition, and battle-damage assessment?
A
RQ-2A Pioneer
18
Q
What general term is used for an armed naval vessel?
A
Man of war
19
Q
During what war did air power start to have significance?
A
WWII
20
Q
Which Navy aircraft’s mission is to jam enemy radar?
A
F/A 18G Growler
21
Q
Which article of the constitution provides for changing the constitution by amendment?
A
Article V
22
Q
What is a twin engine cargo/passenger aircraft whose primary mission is carrier on board delivery?
A
C-2A Greyhound
23
Q
Which of the following helicopters operates from carriers and other warships?
A
MH-53E Sea Dragon
24
Q
Good leaders emerge from ___ ?
A
The ranks of able followers
25
What is the display of the attitudes, behaviors, and actions that help a leader succeed at leading?
followership
26
What are the 4 traits of a leader?
Honest, competent, forward-looking, inspiring
27
What are the 4 traits of a follower?
Honest, competent, dependable, cooperative
28
What is an effective follower?
Independent, responsible, supports unit goals
29
What is an alienated follower?
Complains, criticizes ideas, questions policies
30
What are the two types of independent followers?
Effective and alienated
31
Followers who go along without their own thoughts are ___ ?
Dependent followers
32
What are the qualities of a good follower?
Loyalty, initiative, common sense, intelligence
33
_____ is how prepared a team member is to carry out a particular task(s)
readiness
34
What 3 factors determine readiness?
Ability, willingness, confidence
35
What are the 4 levels of Readiness?
1: Unable and Unwilling, 2: Unable and Willing, 3: Able and Unwilling, 4: Able and Willing
36
What is considered the most important trait in both followers and leaders?
Self- discipline
37
How should leaders determine follower abilities?
Consider the task and its outcome, and then decide which follower is best suited for that task based on skill
38
What happens to follower confidence over time?
It increases
39
What is the importance of follower readiness?
Understanding the readiness of followers is a key element of leadership
40
What is the first step to becoming a leader?
Learn to follow
41
Who are considered the heart of an effective team?
Followers or "worker bees "
42
Why are leader and follower traits similar?
Roles of leader and follower are closely related
43
What is situational leadership?
Leadership based on team abilities and motivation with no single best way to lead
44
What is a leader's engagement in supportive, two-way communication with their team members?
Relationship behavior
45
What is the ability to understand; be aware of and sensitive to, the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of others?
empathy
46
What is leadership?
The art of influencing and directing people to accomplish a mission
47
What is management?
Supervising the use of resources to achieve team objectives
48
What is the main difference between leadership and management?
You lead people but manage things
49
What is relationship behavior?
orientation towards people; a leaders engagement in communication with their team
50
What is situational leadership?
A leadership style that says there is no single best way to lead people, and that they change based on the environment
51
What is a leader's involvement in defining the duties and responsibilities of an individual/group?
Task behavior
52
What do task behaviors include?
Directing what, how, and when tasks are done
53
What are two primary orientations to leadership behavior?
Relationship and task behavior
54
What are the 4 styles of leadership?
Selling, Telling, Delegating, Participating
55
Describe the "participating" leadership style in terms of relationship and task orientation
High relationship oriented, low task oriented
56
Describe the "delegating" leadership style in terms of relationship and task orientation
Low relationship oriented, low task oriented
57
Describe the "selling" leadership style in terms of relationship and task orientation
High relationship oriented, high task oriented
58
Describe the "telling" leadership style in terms of relationship and task orientation
High relationship oriented, low task oriented
59
Describe the "selling" style of leadership
Supervising closely, following up, supporting progress, encouraging questions, explaining relationships between tasks and team goals
60
Describe the "telling" style of leadership
Directing others, surpervising them closely, following up to ensure completion of the task
61
Describe the "delegating" style of leadership
Setting task boundaries, letting others make their own decisions, providing help when asked, monitoring progress
62
Describe the "participating" style of leadership
Asking team members for ideas, listening, encouraging others to try out their ideas, sharing control and accountability
63
What are the primary factors of leadership situations?
The mission, the people, the leadership style, and the environment
64
Why is personal appearance important for leaders?
It shows pride in every detail
65
What are 6 leadership traits?
Integrity, Loyalty, Commitment, Energy, Decisiveness, and Selflessness
66
What are the 8 personal qualities of an effective leader?
Courage, responsibility, ability to set an example, self-discipline, confidence, a sense of humor, tact, common sense
67
An individual's _________is constant, defines him/her as a leader and serves as the basis for decision and treatment of others
character
68
What term is used to refer to a willingness to act?
Decisiveness
69
What term is used to refer to the sacrifice of personal needs and wants for a greater good?
Selflessness
70
NJROTC units with 151-299 cadets are organized into a __________
Battalion
71
How should a leader tailor their approach?
Based on task, environment, and team readiness
72
What is readiness in leadership?
Ability and willingness to accomplish a task
73
What behaviors are included in relationship behavior?
Listening, praising, collaborating, counseling
74
Why should task and relationship behavior go hand in hand?
To balance team satisfaction and productivity
75
What is the ability to deal with others in a respectful manner?
Tact
76
Why should leaders have a sense of humor?
It can ease tennsions and restore morale
77
___ is the willingness to be accountable for your actions
Responsibility
78
Why should leaders have courage?
So they can be confident in their descisions and be willing to make though decisions
79
What is motivation?
The inner force that drives people to act
80
What are Maslow's Hierachy of Needs?
Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, actualization
81
Describe each tier of Maslow's Hierachy of Needs
Physiological: food, water, shelter Safety: personal and community security, Love/Belonging: family, community, group acceptance, Esteem: friendship and love, Actualization: personal fulfilment
82
What is self-actualization?
The need to feel that you have reached your full potential in life
83
What is an external aim to which one directs one's efforts?
goal
84
How does one create a goal?
Ones motive helps form their goal
85
What are the two types of motivation?
Intrinsic and extrinsic
86
What are 5 common intrinsic motivations?
Affiliation, achievement, power, wisdom, security
87
What are 5 common extrinsic motivations?
Money, food, threats/fears, status/promotion, awards/recognition
88
What is an intrinsic motivation?
a drive people feel that is based on internal factors, factors that originate from/motivate you within your personality
89
What is an extrinsic motivation?
a force that drives people to act that is based on factors outside the individual
90
What is something that incities determination/action?
incentive
91
What is a negative approach to motivation?
punishment/disciplinary action
92
What is a positive approach to motivation?
find what motivates a person, and use that to get them to do a better job
93
What is an individual that helps others develop their talents and skills?
a mentor
94
What is a less experienced person who benefits froma mentor's guidance and advice?
protege
95
How can a mentor better understand their protege?
Put aside preconceived ideas, be nonjudgemental, put themselves in the proteges shoes, be objective
96
What is the purpose of a mentor?
To advise, rather than change/reform the protege (be objective)
97
What is the key to an effective mentor-protege relationship?
creating trust between the two people
98
What is active listening?
Two way communication
99
What do active listening skills include?
Avoiding distraction, making good eye contact, letting the other person speak
100
What is leading by example?
Setting a good example that others should follow
101
What is leading by imitation?
Imitating leadership beahviors you admire in others
102
What is leading by consensus?
sharing the leadership load, getting team members to cooperate and pull their weight
103
How can you tell if you are an effective leader?
seek input/feedback from your leader, talk with team members, learn from your efforts, reflect on your own past experiences
104
How do Maslow's needs motivate your own behavior?
Those who meet the needs at each level become more flexible and have more options
105
How do Maslow's needs motivate your own behavior?
Goals change your behavior so that you can meet that goal
106
How do you become an active listener?
Repeat key ideas, ask questions related to the topic, test the accuracy of the speaker
107
What are some ways to assess your leadership style and effectiveness?
Lead by example, Imitation , consensus and then evaluate your leadership behavior
108
According to Abraham Maslow, why do most people fail to reach the point where the need for self-actualization is their main motivation?
They spend most of their time attempting to satisfy their lower level needs
109
Leaders must remember that people are usually motivated _________rather than __________
individually, as a group
110
The best way to lead is by _________
example
111
In evaluating their own leadership effectiveness, cadets should focus on questions about their teams' ___________
goals and obstacles
112
What is a basic requirement for effective leadership?
Understanding of human behavior
113
What are the basic human needs?
Food, water, safety, respect and acceptance
114
What are the most basic human needs?
Survival needs
115
What do human motivation theories describe?
Series of steps or levels
116
Who proposed the hierarchy of human needs?
Psychologist Abraham Maslow
117
What are the first level needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Physical needs—food, water, shelter
118
What needs come after physical needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Safety and security needs
119
What needs are categorized under esteem in Maslow's hierarchy?
Friendship and love
120
What is the highest need in Maslow's hierarchy?
Self-actualization or personal fulfillment
121
What must people do before moving to the next level in Maslow's hierarchy?
Satisfy needs at each succeeding level
122
What are belonging needs?
Need to be liked and accepted by family, friends, community
123
What do esteem needs relate to?
Desire to feel important
124
What is the cycle of goal-directed activity?
Motive forms a goal, behavior directed toward goal
125
What is respect?
the attention, regard, and consideration given to people and their rights, belongings, and ideas
126
What must a leader do to be effective?
Earn respect from group members
127
What did the Founding Fathers state in the Declaration of Indepedence in regards to respect?
every human being has basic, inherent value and rights
128
What 3 unalienable rights to the Founding Fathers list in the Declaration of Independence?
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
129
People develop resepct for others when they feel that others respect their ______
personal dignity
130
What is personal dignity?
the internal strength that helps people feel connected, worthwhile, and valued
131
What is mutual respect?
a two-way relationship that develops between people or members of groups
132
This action will NOT help to create greater group effectiveness
Making excuses for mistakes
133
An unfair judgment of an individual or group is known as ________
Prejudice
134
term used to refer to unfair treatment of a particular group of people based on prejudice?
Discrimination
135
When people have a limited perception of people based on whether they are male or female, they are displaying ___________stereotyping
gender
136
What question will help you decide if you are showing tolerance to others?
Is this the way I would like to be treated?"
137
What type of intolerance has caused numerous conflicts throughout history?
Religious
138
To increase the effectiveness of a group, members, should view differences as a ________________________
Strength
139
How can group leaders ensure team effectiveness as the members work toward accomplishing the goals?
Devise ways to measure results or movement toward results
140
To increase the effectiveness of the group, each member must be ________
Accountable
141
Effective groups look for ________answers and solutions which can be used to measure their effectiveness
Concrete
142
What can serve as a kind of glue to hold a group together?
mutual respect
143
Conflicts in ________involve the reasons that people do what they do, generally because of their different values
Perspective
144
Since conflicts in perspective are often unsolvable, people must ________as best they can
Compromise
145
If people disagree about the team's goals and objectives, there is a conflict in _________
Purposes
146
Problems regarding processes and procedures are classified as conflicts in ___________
Practice
147
Operating procedures should be established before work begins, with the leader ensuring that they are _________
supportive of the team's objectives
148
What is rationalization?
Concealing true motivation with incorrect explanations
149
What is encountering in conflict resolution?
Facing a conflict head-on to reach a solution
150
What is the substitution of a favorable trait or behavior for an undesirable one in order to present a better picture of oneself?
Compensation
151
What are the four main ways people handle conflict?
Retreating, standing still, detouring, encountering
152
Which is the best way to handle problems?
Encountering
153
What are three causes of prejudice?
Fear, misunderstanding, and perceptions of history
154
What is diversity?
Variation or difference
155
How can you tell if your team is working effectively?
When your team has a common goal and are able to communicate about their plan of actions to achieve that goal, they come together and bond, communication is used to accept other people's differences
156
What does retreating involve in conflict handling?
Blocking or moving away from a problem
157
How is respect earned?
Through your words and deeds
158
Why might someone retreat after loss?
Fear of future loss, rejection, or loneliness
159
What is standing still in conflict handling?
Avoiding conflict using defense mechanisms
160
What are some defense mechanisms of standing still?
Rationalization, projection, daydreaming
161
What is detouring in conflict handling?
Avoiding a problem by moving around it
162
What is projection?
Falsely attributing own feelings to others
163
What are the three possible outcomes in any conflict?
Win–lose, Lose–lose, Win–win
164
How can most conflicts be resolved with both sides winning?
Through communication, compromise, and common sense
165
What does tolerance mean?
Understanding and standing up for differences
166
What are barriers to tolerance?
Prejudice, discrimination, lack of diversity value
167
What does prejudice mean?
Judging ahead of time
168
How should one respond to a prejudiced statement?
Think logically to overcome prejudice
169
What term refers to something that can be but has not yet been developed?
Potential
170
maturity
Being fully grown/developed
171
Personality
What a person is inside as well as what he/she shows to others,and is comprised of such things as actions, opinions, and beliefs
172
A persons attitude is rooted in their ___ ?
Thoughts, feelings, or beliefs
173
Perspective
Someone's way of seeing the world
174
A human being's natural desire to feel like he/ she is part of a group is known as ___________ ____
Affiliation need
175
Defense Mechanism
behaviors that people use to deal with anxieties and stress
176
Displacement
Taking impulses on or transferring feelings about a a person or thing to a less threatening , more acceptable object
177
What is Denial?
The refusal to accept the existence of a problem or painful reality
178
A defense mechanism in which someone pushes disturbing thoughts from his/her conscious mind while the feelings continue at the subconcious level is known as __________
Repression
179
What is rationalization?
Concealing true motivation with incorrect explanations
180
What is projection?
Falsely attributing own feelings to others
181
While emotions are spontaneous feelings, _________ are more a temporary state of mind or general feeling if some emotion
Moods
182
Because expressing strong emotions is important, people should deal with them in constructive ways, such as having a sense of humor, engaging in physical activity, and ___________
Talking with someone they trust
183
What was the theme of Thomas Anthony Harris " 1969 book I'm OK, You're OK?
People can change their attitude to feel and act better
184
According to Thomas Anthony Harris ' 1969 book, which of these attitudes reflects the approval both of oneself and of others that a healthy, well- adjusted person feels?
I'm OK, you're OK
185
When young people must decide between going along with the group and behaving in accordance with their values, their __________________ are tested
Self-Knowledge and perspective
186
Which of these statements about desire is NOT accurate?
The mistakes people make in dealing with desires fortunately always have only short-term effects
187
Desire are things you want either for yourself or those you care for, while beliefs are strong and deeply held _____ that shape your thinking
ideas
188
To learn from a mistake, a healthy, well- adjusted person will adjust his/her behavior and _________ ___ __ ______ __
determine not to repeat it
189
What do actions reveal?
A persons attitudes
190
With proper planning and positive attitude, ____ will come your way, as in Thomas Jefferson's statement, the harder he worked, the more of it he had
luck
191
What is a learning curve?
time needed to perfect a task or reach a goal
192
What is the greatest danger of the constant use of defense mechanisms?
people fail to take responsibility for their actions and remain immature
193
In support of the power of positive thinking, Norman Vincent Peale wrote, " How you _____ _____ _ _______ is more important than the problem itself "
think about a problem
194
The way that people _________ their experiences is very influential on their lives and their ability to lead
interpret
195
In the process of maturing, a person develops a ________ ________ and then uses it to meet life's challenges
positive attitude
196
What happens to a person's decision- making skills as he/she matures?
they improve with the growing ability to interpret events and use experiences
197
Which one of these behaviors is NOT considered a method of changing an attitude?
wishing positive things would happen
198
How does your perspective affect your life experiences?
Your perspective is your "take" on the world It drives the way you interpret your life experiences
199
What shapes perspective?
attitude, personality, and behavior
200
How do a person's perspective and affiliation need interact?
Your perspective drives the purposes you strive toward; your passions, or the things you feel strongly about; and the practices you follow in life Affiliation need is a desire to be and feel a part of a groups
201
How do a person's goals influence his or her actions?
They shape what a person does
202
What are five common defense mechanisms?
Displacement, Repression, Denial, Projection, Rationalization, and Acting Out
203
Which respected individuals speak about early life experiences shaping their future?
Colin Powell, John McCain, Meryl Streep
204
What does attaining maturity mean?
Becoming aware of abilities, goals, and place
205
What is an important step in creating a beneficial attitude?
Understanding attitude and personality differences
206
How does experience affect your personality?
Experience shapes personality, foundation of attitudes
207
What is a behavior?
An observable action based on personality and attitude
208
What is the effect of an achievement-focused attitude?
It leads to better results
209
What does winning motivate people to do?
Push themselves harder
210
What is a citizen?
A legally recognized member of a country with rights and responsibilities
211
What are the two main ways to become a U S citizen?
Birthright (jus soli) and naturalization
212
What does jus sanguinis mean?
Citizenship by having U S citizen parents
213
What amendment defines U S citizenship?
The 14th Amendment
214
What is the process by which immigrants become U S citizens?
Naturalization
215
What test must naturalized citizens pass?
The U S civics and history test
216
What is the Oath of Allegiance?
A pledge new citizens take to uphold U S laws and values
217
What government agency handles naturalization?
U S Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
218
What are the three unalienable rights in the Declaration of Independence?
Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
219
What is the main responsibility of U S citizens regarding government?
Voting
220
What amendment lowered the voting age to 18?
The 26th Amendment
221
What law banned racial discrimination in voting?
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
222
Why must citizens obey laws?
To maintain order and stability in society
223
What is a civic duty that involves serving in court?
Jury duty
224
How do taxes benefit society?
They fund public services like roads, schools, and defense
225
What organization must U S males register for at age 18?
The Selective Service
226
Who created the Bill of Responsibilities?
The Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge
227
What does “Freedom is not free” mean?
Citizens must protect and uphold their rights
228
What does the Bill of Responsibilities emphasize?
That rights come with duties
229
What responsibility ensures a fair justice system?
Serving on a jury
230
Why should citizens respect private property?
To uphold the rights of others
231
What is the main purpose of obeying laws?
Maintaining liberty and order
232
What are the three branches of the U S government?
Legislative, Executive, Judicial
233
Who wrote Democracy in America?
Alexis de Tocqueville
234
What document is the supreme law of the land?
The U S Constitution
235
What principle prevents one branch of government from becoming too powerful?
Checks and balances
236
What is the purpose of the Constitution’s Preamble?
To outline the goals of the government
237
What government body makes federal laws?
Congress
238
What is the highest court in the U S ?
The Supreme Court
239
What branch enforces laws?
The Executive Branch
240
What document declared American independence?
The Declaration of Independence
241
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
242
What historical document first established the idea of self-government?
The Mayflower Compact
243
What are the first ten amendments to the Constitution called?
The Bill of Rights
244
What does the First Amendment protect?
Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition
245
Who was known as the “Father of the Constitution”?
James Madison
246
What does separation of church and state mean?
The government cannot establish a national religion
247
What government organization serves as the U S military reserve?
The National Guard
248
What was the significance of United Flight 93?
Passengers prevented a 9/11 terrorist attack
249
What non-military ways can citizens serve the nation?
Volunteering, voting, and public service
250
Why is community service important?
It strengthens local communities
251
What are first responders?
Police, firefighters, and emergency medical personnel
252
What is the main role of the U S military?
National defense
253
What does FEMA stand for?
Federal Emergency Management Agency
254
How can citizens prepare for disasters?
By having emergency plans and supplies
255
What are the three ways of becoming an American citizen?
By birth, naturalization, and by act of congress
256
What is a citizen's allegiance?
A tie of loyalty to a country
257
What does a country owe its citizens?
Protection
258
What is one purpose of the NJROTC program in relation to citizenship?
To develop informed, responsible citizens
259
Who rules in a dictatorship?
One person
260
Where does government power derive in a democracy?
From the people
261
What are laws in simplest terms?
Agreements by which people live
262
What did the Decleration of independence officially do?
The Decleration of independece cut the 13 colonies' political ties from Britain
263
Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
264
What are the five parts of the Declaration of Independence?
Preamble, Statement of Rights, List of Grievances, Prior Attempts to Redress, Declaration of Independence
265
Which English philosopher heavily influenced the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke
266
What was the first governing document of the United States?
The Articles of Confederation
267
What rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
Shays' Rebellion
268
Who is known as the "Father of the Constitution"?
James Madison
269
What was the name of the compromise that created a bicameral legislature?
The Great Compromise
270
What is the bicameral legislature of the U S called?
Congress
271
What are the two chambers of Congress?
The Senate and the House of Representatives
272
How many senators does each state have?
Two
273
How is representation determined in the House of Representatives?
By state population
274
How many branches of government are established by the U S Constitution?
Three
275
What is the main function of the legislative branch?
To make laws
276
What is the main function of the executive branch?
To enforce laws
277
What is the main function of the judicial branch?
To interpret laws
278
What is the supreme law of the land in the United States?
The U S Constitution
279
How many amendments are in the Bill of Rights?
Ten
280
What are the first ten amendments to the Constitution called?
The Bill of Rights
281
What freedoms does the First Amendment protect?
Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition
282
Which amendment guarantees the right to bear arms?
The Second Amendment
283
Which amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures?
The Fourth Amendment
284
What amendment abolished slavery?
The Thirteenth Amendment
285
What amendment gave women the right to vote?
The Nineteenth Amendment
286
What amendment lowered the voting age to 18?
The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
287
What type of government is established by the U S Constitution?
A constitutional republic
288
What system prevents one branch of government from becoming too powerful?
Checks and balances
289
What is federalism?
The division of power between national and state governments
290
What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?
To support the ratification of the U S Constitution
291
Who were the three main authors of the Federalist Papers?
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
292
What is the Necessary and Proper Clause?
A clause that gives Congress the power to make laws needed to carry out its duties
293
What is the Supremacy Clause?
A clause that establishes the Constitution as the highest law of the land
294
What is judicial review?
The Supreme Court’s power to declare laws unconstitutional
295
Which case established judicial review?
Marbury v Madison
296
What is the process of formally approving the Constitution called?
Ratification
297
How many states were needed to ratify the Constitution?
Nine
298
What are the three branches of the U S military under civilian control?
The Army, Navy, and Air Force
299
Who is the Commander-in-Chief of the U S Armed Forces?
The President of the United States
300
What is the highest court in the United States?
The Supreme Court
301
How many justices serve on the Supreme Court?
Nine
302
Who presides over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President?
The President Pro Tempore
303
What is the system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches?
Checks and balances
304
What is an amendment?
A formal change to the Constitution
305
Which amendment gave African American men the right to vote?
The Fifteenth Amendment
306
What is the process by which a President can be removed from office?
Impeachment
307
What is the term length for a U S Senator?
Six years
308
What is the term length for a member of the House of Representatives?
Two years
309
What is the term length for the President of the United States?
Four years
310
What does the 1st Amendment do
Guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition
311
What does the 2nd Amendment do?
Protects the right to bear arms
312
What does the 3rd Amendment do?
Prohibits the forced quartering of soldiers in private homes during peacetime
313
What does the 4th Amendment do?
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures without a warrant
314
What does the 5th Amendment do?
Protects against self-incrimination, double jeopardy; ensures due process and just compensation for property taken by the government (eminent domain)
315
What does the 6th Amendment do?
Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial, an impartial jury, an attorney, and the ability to confront witnesses
316
What does the 7th Amendment do?
Guarantees a jury trial in civil cases involving disputes over $20
317
What does the 8th Amendment do?
Prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment
318
What does the 9th Amendment do?
States that rights not listed in the Constitution are still protected for the people
319
What does the 10th Amendment do?
Reserves powers not given to the federal government to the states or the people
320
What does the 13th Amendment do?
Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
321
What does the 14th Amendment do?
Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U S ; guarantees equal protection under the law and due process
322
What does the 15th Amendment do?
Grants All men the right to vote
323
What does the 19th Amendment do?
Grants women the right to vote
324
What does the 26th Amendment do?
Lowers the voting age from 21 to 18
325
What does the 16th Amendment do?
Allows Congress to levy an income tax
326
What is detailed in Article I of the Constitution?
It details Congress's duties and membership requirements
327
What powers does Section 8 of Article I grant Congress?
Declare war, support armies, maintain a navy
328
What does Article II of the Constitution describe?
It describes the president's powers and election process
329
Who is the commander in chief according to Article II, Section 2?
The president is the commander in chief
330
What does Article III of the Constitution cover?
It covers the judicial branch and federal courts
331
What does the preamble of the Constitution state?
It states the intentions for forming the republic
332
When was the Declaration of Independence signed?
August 2nd 1776
333
When was the Declaration of Independence adopted by congress?
July 4th 1776
334
Who drafted the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
335
How many parts does the Declaration of Independence have?
Five parts
336
What three unalienable rights were listed in the Preamble of Decleration of Independence?
Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
337
What is the primary responsibility of the U S Department of Defense?
To protect the nation and oversee the armed forces
338
What are the six branches of the U S military?
The Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force, and Coast Guard
339
What is the role of the U S Army?
To conduct ground operations and protect national interests
340
What is the role of the U S Navy?
To maintain freedom of the seas and project naval power
341
What is the role of the U S Air Force?
To provide air and space superiority
342
What is the role of the U S Marine Corps?
To serve as an amphibious and expeditionary force
343
What is the role of the U S Space Force?
To protect U S interests in space and cyberspace
344
What is the role of the U S Coast Guard?
To enforce maritime law and conduct search and rescue missions
345
What law reorganized the U S military and created the Department of Defense?
The National Security Act of 1947
346
Who is the Commander-in-Chief of the U S Armed Forces?
The President of the United States
347
Who are the Joint Chiefs of Staff?
A group of senior military leaders advising the President
348
What does NATO stand for?
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
349
What is the purpose of NATO?
To provide collective defense for its member nations
350
What is deterrence?
The strategy of preventing war by maintaining strong military capabilities
351
What is the U S military’s highest-ranking officer?
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
352
What does the Department of Homeland Security oversee?
Domestic security, counterterrorism, and disaster response
353
What is the primary mission of the National Guard?
To serve both state and federal governments in emergency response
354
What is the purpose of military reserves?
To provide trained personnel for active-duty forces in times of need
355
What is military conscription?
A system that requires citizens to serve in the armed forces, also known as the draft
356
What is an aircraft carrier?
A warship designed to deploy and recover aircraft
357
What is the name of the U S military’s global command structure?
Unified Combatant Commands
358
What is the largest branch of the U S military?
The U S Army
359
What is cyber warfare?
The use of technology to attack or defend against cyber threats
360
What is a military alliance?
An agreement between nations for mutual defense and security cooperation
361
What is the purpose of a military base?
To house personnel, conduct training, and support operations
362
What is an ICBM?
An Intercontinental Ballistic Missile capable of delivering nuclear warheads
363
What is the role of the Pentagon?
It serves as the headquarters of the U S Department of Defense
364
What is the main mission of the U S Cyber Command?
To protect military networks and conduct cyber operations
365
What is a military chain of command?
The hierarchy of authority in the armed forces
366
What is asymmetric warfare?
Warfare in which smaller forces use unconventional tactics to combat a stronger opponent
367
What is the Posse Comitatus Act?
A law restricting the military’s role in domestic law enforcement
368
What is the role of the Secretary of Defense?
To oversee the Department of Defense and advise the President on military matters
369
What is military intelligence?
The collection and analysis of information to support military operations
370
What is the Geneva Convention?
A set of international treaties that establish laws for humanitarian treatment in war
371
What is a preemptive strike?
A military attack launched to prevent an imminent threat
372
What is a no-fly zone?
An airspace area where military aircraft are restricted from flying
373
What is a Special Forces unit?
An elite military group trained for unconventional warfare and covert operations
374
What is military logistics?
The planning and movement of troops, equipment, and supplies
375
What is an amphibious assault?
A military operation that involves landing forces from the sea onto land
376
What is a UAV?
An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, also known as a drone
377
What is military occupation?
The control and governance of a territory by military forces
378
What is the difference between active-duty and reserve military service?
Active-duty serves full-time, while reserve serves part-time with potential activation
379
What is an airstrike?
A military attack using aircraft to bomb or destroy targets
380
What is the role of the Coast Guard during wartime?
To support naval operations and protect U S waterways
381
What is a defense budget?
The amount of money allocated for military spending
382
What is a military coup?
The overthrow of a government by its own armed forces
383
What is the difference between an offensive and defensive military strategy?
Offensive aims to attack, while defensive focuses on protection
384
What is the purpose of military training exercises?
To prepare troops for combat and improve coordination
385
What is nuclear deterrence?
The strategy of preventing war by threatening nuclear retaliation
386
What is a rapid deployment force?
A military unit capable of being quickly sent to a conflict zone
387
What is a military tribunal?
A court run by the armed forces to try military personnel or wartime offenses
388
What is the Selective Service System?
The organization that manages military drafts in the U S
389
What is the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)?
A government agency that develops emerging military technologies
390
What is a war game?
A simulated military exercise used to test strategies
391
What is a peacekeeping mission?
A military operation designed to maintain or enforce peace in conflict areas
392
What is military espionage?
The act of gathering intelligence on foreign governments or threats
393
What is a combat medic?
A military personnel trained to provide emergency medical care in battle
394
What is a warship?
A naval vessel designed for combat
395
What is electronic warfare?
The use of electromagnetic signals to attack or disrupt enemy systems
396
What is an armored vehicle?
A military transport with heavy protective plating
397
What is the military-industrial complex?
The relationship between the military and defense contractors
398
What is an air defense system?
Technology used to detect and intercept incoming aircraft or missiles
399
What is military enlistment?
The act of joining the armed forces
400
What is counterinsurgency?
A strategy to combat guerrilla warfare and rebellion forces
401
What is military diplomacy?
The use of armed forces to promote national interests without direct conflict
402
What is a missile defense system?
A system designed to intercept and destroy incoming missiles
403
What is a forward operating base (FOB)?
A military outpost used for operations in foreign territories
404
What is the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)?
A U S agency that collects foreign military intelligence
405
What is an air superiority fighter?
A combat aircraft designed to dominate enemy airspace
406
What is a naval blockade?
The use of ships to prevent goods and supplies from entering enemy territory
407
What is a military convoy?
A group of vehicles traveling together for protection
408
What is psychological warfare?
The use of propaganda or tactics to weaken enemy morale
409
What is a peace treaty?
A formal agreement that ends a conflict between nations
410
What is homeland security?
The protection of a country’s borders and domestic security
411
What is an insurgency?
A rebellion or uprising against an established government
412
What is the purpose of military alliances?
To strengthen defense capabilities through mutual cooperation
413
What is the Rules of Engagement (ROE)?
Guidelines that dictate when and how military force can be used
414
What powers does Article I of the Constitution give Congress?
Declare war, raise armies, maintain navy
415
To whom do military officers swear an oath?
The United States Constitution
416
What is Congress's role in military funding?
Appropriating funds for defense
417
What role does the president play in the military?
Commander in chief, directs military actions
418
What does JROTC stand for?
Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps
419
About how many JROTCs programs are there?
about 3,000
420
What 3 countries have JROTCs apart from the United States?
Spain, Italy, Japan
421
The idea for the JROTC program was created by ___(branch, rank, full name)___ in 1911, and he hoped to teach high school students the values and discipline of a military life, hoping to mold these students into better citizens
Army inspector Lt Edgar R Stevens, 1911
422
The formation of the JROTC program came with the signing of which act?
National Defense Act of 1916
423
Where and when was the first JROTC program established?
Leavenworth High School in Kansas in 1917
424
Which act allowed the other service branches to offer JROTC programs?
JROTC Vitalization Act of 1964
425
When did the first NJROTC units begin?
in 1966
426
About how many NJROTC and NNDCC units are there?
about 620
427
When did Congress add a section to the Vitalization Act of 1964 which provided for the establishment of NNDCC programs?
in 2009
428
Who is in charge of the maintenance and countinyed support of the NJROTC program?
Secretary of the Navy
429
Where was the Naval Service Training Command established?
Great Lakes, IL
430
Who is in charge of managing funding along with the personnel and materials the NJROTC and NNDCC units use?
NSTC
431
Who is in charge of the NJROTC's areas of operation and are responsible for maintaining the integrity of units in their areas?
Area Manager
432
Which act stated the JROTC programs mission as being "to instill in students the value of citizenship, service to the United States, personal responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment?"
National Defense Act of 1916
433
What are the Navy Core Values?
Honor, Courage, Commitment
434
_____ are ones most deeply held ideals, beliefs, or principles
Values
435
What does the acronym LATAR stand for in NJROTC leadership training?
Learn, Adopt, Think, Act, Reevaluate
436
What is hazing, and is it allowed in NJROTC?
Hazing is any cruel, abusive, or humiliating behavior
437
What is the purpose of military drill in NJROTC?
To teach discipline, teamwork, and attention to detail
438
What physical fitness achievement is recognized with a ribbon in NJROTC?
Passing the NJROTC physical fitness exam
439
What is the purpose of NJROTC Leadership Academy?
To provide advanced training for cadets preparing for leadership roles
440
What are some skills taught at NJROTC Leadership Academy?
Commanding troops, field leadership, social etiquette, physical fitness, and sailing
441
What military career benefit does NJROTC provide to cadets?
Enlistment at a higher pay grade (E-3 instead of E-1)
442
How can NJROTC help cadets apply for the U S Naval Academy?
Through nominations by NJROTC instructors and demonstrating leadership potential
443
What scholarship opportunity does NJROTC help prepare students for?
Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) scholarships
444
What is the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)?
The legal system governing military personnel
445
What is 'seamanship' in NJROTC training?
The skill of operating and navigating ships
446
What is 'maritime geography'?
The study of oceans, seas, and their impact on global trade and military strategy
447
What is 'oceanography'?
The scientific study of ocean environments and their physical characteristics
448
What is the purpose of military customs and courtesies in NJROTC?
To teach respect, discipline, and professionalism
449
From which branches can NJROTC instructors have retired from?
Marine Corps, Navy, Coast Guard
450
What is the difference between a career and a job?
A job is for earning money, while a career includes growth, learning, and advancement
451
What is a profession?
A career requiring specialized education and training, such as law or medicine
452
What is an occupation?
Any activity that serves as a person’s regular source of livelihood
453
What does career advancement usually involve?
Working extra hours, taking on challenging assignments, and further education
454
What is an example of a career that doesn’t require a college degree?
Skilled trades like electrician, plumber, or mechanic
455
Why is it important to start thinking about career choices early?
It helps students focus and plan for future education and job opportunities
456
What are some signs that a person has a mechanical aptitude?
Enjoying taking things apart and putting them back together
457
What are some careers suited for people with strong mathematical skills?
Accountant, engineer, scientist, financial analyst
458
What does the term "insight" mean in career planning?
The ability to understand one's skills and interests to make better career choices
459
What is an aptitude?
Talents or skills you have or can develop
460
How can a part-time job help someone decide on a career?
It provides hands-on experience and insights into what they enjoy or dislike
461
What are values, and why are they important in career selection?
Values are principles that guide decisions; they help people choose careers that align with their beliefs and goals
462
What is temperament, and how does it affect career choice?
A person’s typical way of thinking or behaving, which influences how well they fit into different work environments
463
What is an example of a career requiring a calm temperament?
Air traffic controller, emergency room doctor, police officer
464
What are interest inventories?
Tests that help people identify careers that align with their interests
465
What is the public sector?
Jobs in government organizations, such as law enforcement, education, or military service
466
What is the private sector?
Jobs in privately owned businesses and corporations
467
What is an entrepreneur?
A person who starts and runs their own business
468
What are some advantages of working in the public sector?
Job security, benefits, and opportunities for service
469
What are some advantages of working in the private sector?
Potential for higher pay, career growth, and innovation
470
What is the purpose of setting career goals?
To create a clear path for education, training, and job selection
471
What are some factors to consider when choosing a career?
Interests, aptitudes, job demand, salary potential, and work-life balance
472
What is the significance of career mentorship?
Learning from experienced professionals to gain knowledge and guidance
473
What is an example of a career requiring strong leadership skills?
Military officer, business executive, project manager
474
What is the U S Naval Academy, and where is it located?
A military college for training Navy and Marine Corps officers, located in Annapolis, Maryland
475
What is required to apply to the U S Naval Academy?
A nomination from a U S senator, representative, or the vice president
476
How can NJROTC help cadets gain entry into the U S Naval Academy?
Through leadership experience and instructor nominations
477
What is the NROTC scholarship program?
A program that provides college funding in exchange for military service
478
What is the benefit of enlisting in the military after completing NJROTC?
Entering at a higher pay grade (E-3 instead of E-1)
479
What are the five branches of the U S military?
Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard
480
What is a midshipman?
A student training to become a Navy officer at the Naval Academy or through NROTC
481
What is the Merchant Marine, and how does it relate to national defense?
A fleet of civilian ships that support military operations and transport goods
482
What is the difference between an enlisted service member and an officer?
Enlisted members carry out duties, while officers lead and manage operations
483
What is a commission in the military?
A formal appointment to the rank of officer
484
What is a common requirement for becoming a military officer?
A four-year college degree and officer training
485
What is the purpose of military academies like West Point and the U S Naval Academy?
To train future officers in leadership, military strategy, and academics
486
What is the Air Force’s equivalent of the Naval Academy?
The United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) in Colorado Springs
487
What is the importance of developing good study habits?
It helps with time management, improves learning, and reduces stress
488
What is an example of a good study habit?
Taking organized notes and reviewing them regularly
489
What is the benefit of setting a study schedule?
It helps manage time effectively and prevents procrastination
490
What is the relationship between discipline and career success?
Self-discipline leads to responsibility, efficiency, and better job performance
491
What is "time management," and why is it important in both school and careers?
Organizing tasks effectively to maximize productivity and reduce stress
492
What are some ways to improve time management skills?
Setting priorities, using a planner, avoiding distractions
493
Why is networking important for career development?
It helps people find job opportunities and build professional relationships
494
What is the role of internships in career development?
They provide hands-on experience and exposure to different industries
495
How can NJROTC help cadets prepare for leadership roles?
By teaching responsibility, teamwork, and decision-making skills
496
What are the four stages of an active pulse jet?
Intake, Compression, Combustion/Power, Exhaust
497
Who are considered government employees?
Federal, state, or local government workers
498
What is a career?
A progression of one's working life
499
What is a job?
Work done to make a living
500
What does moving up a career ladder typically result in?
More authority and more money
501
How do people often advance their careers?
Moving between companies or industries
502
Why is it beneficial to have a boss give a good reference?
Shows punctuality, reliability, and good customer skills
503
What two questions help in choosing a career?
What do I want to do? What am I suited to do?
504
What physical abilities are important for certain careers?
Strength, stamina, good eyesight, hand-eye coordination
505
What is the purpose of an attitude inventory?
Identify qualities to develop or overcome
506
What is the purpose of an attitude inventory?
Identify qualities to develop or overcome
507
What is the impact of leadership skills on career success?
Strong leadership leads to better opportunities and career advancement
508
What are the five components of physical fitness?
Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition
509
What is the FIT principle?
Frequency, Intensity, and Time of exercise
510
What is aerobic exercise?
Exercise that requires oxygen, such as running or swimming
511
What is anaerobic exercise?
Short bursts of intense activity without oxygen, like sprinting or weightlifting
512
What are isotonic exercises?
Exercises where muscles change length, like push-ups and squats
513
What are isometric exercises?
Exercises where muscles contract without movement, like planks
514
What are isokinetic exercises?
Exercises performed with specialized machines that control resistance
515
What are some benefits of regular exercise?
Improves cardiovascular health, strengthens muscles, boosts mental health, and helps with weight management
516
How often should adults engage in moderate-intensity exercise per week?
At least 150 minutes
517
Why is warming up important before exercise?
Prepares muscles, reduces injury risk, and increases flexibility
518
What are the three phases of exercise?
Warm-up, workout, and cool-down
519
What is the role of proteins in fitness?
Help build and repair muscles
520
What is the best time to stretch during a workout?
After warming up or at the end of a workout
521
How can someone calculate their target heart rate?
(220 - Age) x Desired intensity percentage
522
What are examples of cardiovascular exercises?
Running, swimming, cycling, jumping rope
523
What is the difference between strength training and endurance training?
Strength training builds muscle power, while endurance training improves stamina
524
Why is rest important in an exercise program?
Allows muscle recovery, prevents injuries, and improves performance
525
How does exercise impact mental health?
Reduces stress, anxiety, and depression while improving mood
526
What are some signs of overtraining?
Fatigue, soreness, insomnia, and decreased performance
527
What is cross-training?
Engaging in different types of exercises to improve overall fitness
528
How does exercise benefit heart health?
Lowers blood pressure, reduces cholesterol, and strengthens the heart
529
What is a good way to stay motivated in an exercise routine?
Setting goals, tracking progress, and working out with a partner
530
What is the role of hydration in exercise?
Prevents dehydration, maintains performance, and regulates body temperature
531
What is obesity?
A condition of excessive body fat accumulation affecting health
532
What are calisthenics?
Bodyweight exercises such as push-ups, squats, and lunges
533
What is cardiorespiratory fitness?
The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to muscles during exercise
534
What is body composition?
The ratio of fat to lean muscle, bone, and other tissues in the body
535
What is the purpose of a cool-down?
To gradually bring heart rate and muscles back to a resting state
536
How can exercise help with stress management?
Releases endorphins, reduces tension, and improves sleep
537
What are flexibility exercises?
Stretches that improve range of motion, such as yoga
538
What is interval training?
Alternating short bursts of high-intensity exercise with rest or low-intensity periods
539
What is a common mistake when starting a new exercise routine?
Doing too much too soon, leading to injury
540
What should you wear when exercising in hot weather?
Light-colored, breathable clothing
541
What should you wear when exercising in cold weather?
Layers that can be removed as needed
542
Why is good posture important in exercise?
Prevents injuries and ensures proper muscle engagement
543
What is a personal fitness plan?
A structured exercise routine tailored to individual goals
544
What are some common barriers to exercise?
Lack of time, motivation, or access to facilities
545
What is the recommended amount of sleep for optimal fitness recovery?
7-9 hours per night
546
What is the purpose of a physical fitness assessment?
To evaluate an individual's current fitness level and track progress
547
What are the five components of physical fitness?
Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition
548
What is cardiovascular endurance?
The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen during prolonged physical activity
549
What are two common methods of measuring cardiovascular endurance?
The mile run and step test
550
What is muscular strength?
The maximum amount of force a muscle can exert in a single effort
551
How is muscular endurance different from muscular strength?
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle to sustain repeated contractions over time
552
What test is commonly used to measure upper body strength?
The push-up test
553
What fitness test evaluates core strength?
The sit-up or plank test
554
How is flexibility commonly assessed?
Using the sit-and-reach test
555
Why is flexibility important for fitness?
It helps prevent injuries and improves mobility
556
What is body composition?
The ratio of fat to lean muscle, bones, and other tissues in the body
557
What is BMI, and how is it calculated?
Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height (m²)
558
What is considered a healthy BMI range?
18 5 to 24 9
559
What are the limitations of BMI?
It does not differentiate between muscle and fat, so it may not accurately reflect body composition
560
What is the purpose of measuring resting heart rate?
It indicates overall cardiovascular fitness
561
What is a normal resting heart rate for most adults?
60-100 beats per minute
562
What is a target heart rate zone?
The ideal heart rate range during exercise for maximum cardiovascular benefits
563
How do you calculate your maximum heart rate?
220 minus your age
564
What is the ideal target heart rate percentage during exercise?
50-85% of maximum heart rate
565
What is the principle of progressive overload?
Gradually increasing exercise intensity to improve fitness levels
566
How often should adults engage in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise?
At least 150 minutes per week
567
How often should adults engage in muscle-strengthening activities?
At least twice per week
568
What role does hydration play in fitness?
It prevents dehydration, supports muscle function, and regulates body temperature
569
What is the importance of recovery days?
They allow muscles to repair and prevent overuse injuries
570
What are signs of overtraining?
Fatigue, persistent soreness, insomnia, and decreased performance
571
What is a simple way to track physical fitness progress?
Keeping a workout log or using a fitness tracker
572
What is the difference between absolute and relative strength?
Absolute strength is total force exerted, while relative strength considers body weight
573
How does genetics influence fitness levels?
It affects muscle fiber composition, endurance, and strength potential
574
Why is consistency important in a fitness routine?
It ensures long-term progress and reduces injury risk
575
How does weight training benefit long-term health?
It increases bone density, boosts metabolism, and prevents muscle loss
576
What are the benefits of high-intensity interval training (HIIT)?
It improves cardiovascular endurance and burns calories in a short time
577
What is functional fitness?
Exercises that mimic daily movements to improve everyday physical activities
578
How does stress impact fitness levels?
It can lead to muscle tension, fatigue, and reduced motivation
579
Why is sleep important for fitness recovery?
It aids muscle repair, hormone regulation, and overall recovery
580
What is the difference between static and dynamic stretching?
Static involves holding a position, while dynamic includes movement-based stretches
581
What is the relationship between fitness and mental health?
Regular exercise reduces stress, anxiety, and depression
582
How can fitness assessments be used for goal setting?
They help identify strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement
583
What is the purpose of agility drills?
To improve speed, reaction time, and coordination
584
Why is heart rate recovery an important fitness indicator?
Faster recovery indicates better cardiovascular fitness
585
What are plyometric exercises?
High-impact movements like jump squats that build power and speed
586
How does body fat percentage differ from BMI?
Body fat percentage measures actual fat mass, while BMI is based on weight and height
587
What is sarcopenia?
Age-related muscle loss that can be slowed with strength training
588
How can exercise help prevent chronic diseases?
It reduces the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity
589
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic exercise?
Aerobic uses oxygen for energy, while anaerobic relies on stored muscle energy
590
How can you prevent common workout injuries?
By warming up, using proper form, and gradually increasing intensity
591
What is nutrition?
The process of providing the body with essential nutrients for growth, repair, and energy
592
What are the three macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
593
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
To provide the body with energy
594
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates (sugars) and complex carbohydrates (starches and fiber)
595
What is an example of a food high in complex carbohydrates?
Whole grains, brown rice, oats, and beans
596
What is the glycemic index?
A ranking system for carbohydrates based on how they affect blood sugar levels
597
Why is fiber important in a diet?
It promotes digestion, regulates blood sugar, and supports heart health
598
What is the primary function of protein?
To build and repair tissues, muscles, and organs
599
What are examples of complete proteins?
Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy
600
What are examples of plant-based protein sources?
Beans, lentils, tofu, quinoa, and nuts
601
What are the two types of fats?
Saturated and unsaturated fats
602
What is an example of a healthy fat?
Avocados, nuts, olive oil, and fatty fish
603
Why should trans fats be avoided?
They increase bad cholesterol (LDL) and raise the risk of heart disease
604
What is the function of vitamins in the body?
They help with metabolism, immunity, and overall health
605
What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in fat, while water-soluble vitamins (B, C) dissolve in water and must be consumed daily
606
Why is vitamin C important?
It boosts the immune system and helps heal wounds
607
What is the primary function of vitamin D?
It helps the body absorb calcium and promotes bone health
608
What are examples of mineral nutrients?
Calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, and zinc
609
Why is calcium important?
It strengthens bones and teeth
610
What foods are rich in calcium?
Dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified cereals
611
What is the role of iron in the body?
It helps produce hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood
612
What is anemia?
A condition caused by low iron levels, leading to fatigue and weakness
613
What is the recommended daily water intake for adults?
About 8-10 glasses (64-80 ounces), but varies by individual
614
What are the signs of dehydration?
Dry mouth, dizziness, fatigue, and dark urine
615
What is the role of electrolytes in hydration?
They help regulate nerve function, muscle contractions, and fluid balance
616
What are common sources of potassium?
Bananas, oranges, potatoes, and spinach
617
What is malnutrition?
A condition caused by insufficient or imbalanced nutrient intake
618
What is the difference between undernutrition and overnutrition?
Undernutrition is a lack of nutrients, while overnutrition is an excess of unhealthy foods
619
How does excessive sugar intake affect health?
It increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease
620
What is the function of omega-3 fatty acids?
They support brain function and reduce inflammation
621
What foods contain omega-3 fatty acids?
Salmon, flaxseeds, walnuts, and chia seeds
622
What is the recommended daily intake of added sugar?
No more than 25-36 grams per day
623
What is considered a balanced diet?
A diet that includes all food groups in appropriate portions
624
What is the difference between whole and refined grains?
Whole grains contain all parts of the grain, while refined grains have been processed, removing fiber and nutrients
625
Why is meal planning important?
It helps ensure a balanced diet and prevents unhealthy eating habits
626
What is portion control?
Managing the amount of food eaten to prevent overeating
627
What are empty calories?
Calories that provide little to no nutritional value, often found in sugary drinks and junk food
628
What are the dangers of skipping meals?
It can lead to low energy, poor concentration, and binge eating later
629
What are some strategies for healthy snacking?
Choosing whole foods like nuts, fruits, and yogurt instead of processed snacks
630
What is mindful eating?
Paying attention to hunger cues and eating slowly to avoid overeating
631
How does fast food impact health?
It is often high in calories, unhealthy fats, and sodium, increasing health risks
632
What is the role of probiotics?
They support gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria
633
What foods are high in probiotics?
Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi
634
What is a calorie deficit?
Consuming fewer calories than the body burns, leading to weight loss
635
What is a calorie surplus?
Consuming more calories than the body burns, leading to weight gain
636
What is the best diet for long-term health?
A balanced, nutrient-rich diet with a variety of whole foods
637
What are macronutrients?
Nutrients required in large amounts: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
638
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts for proper body function
639
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
To provide energy
640
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Simple (sugars) and complex (starches and fiber)
641
What is the role of protein in the body?
Building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones
642
What are the two types of proteins?
Complete (contains all essential amino acids) and incomplete
643
What are examples of complete proteins?
Meat, fish, eggs, dairy, quinoa, and soy
644
What is the primary function of fats?
Energy storage, insulation, and cell function
645
What are the three types of fats?
Saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats
646
What are examples of healthy fats?
Avocados, nuts, seeds, olive oil, and fatty fish
647
What are examples of unhealthy fats?
Fried foods, processed snacks, and margarine
648
What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) are stored in fat; water-soluble (B, C) must be consumed daily
649
Why is vitamin A important?
It supports vision, immune function, and skin health
650
What foods are high in vitamin A?
Carrots, sweet potatoes, and leafy greens
651
Why is vitamin D essential?
It helps the body absorb calcium for strong bones
652
How can the body produce vitamin D?
Through sun exposure
653
Why is vitamin E important?
It acts as an antioxidant and supports skin and immune health
654
What foods contain vitamin E?
Nuts, seeds, and spinach
655
What is the function of vitamin K?
It helps with blood clotting
656
What is the role of B vitamins?
They support energy production and brain function
657
What foods are high in B vitamins?
Whole grains, eggs, and leafy greens
658
Why is vitamin C important?
It supports immune function and helps with collagen production
659
What are good sources of vitamin C?
Citrus fruits, strawberries, and bell peppers
660
What is calcium’s primary function?
Bone and teeth development
661
What are calcium-rich foods?
Dairy products, broccoli, and almonds
662
What is the role of iron in the body?
It helps produce red blood cells
663
What foods are high in iron?
Red meat, spinach, and lentils
664
What is the role of potassium?
It regulates fluid balance and muscle contractions
665
What foods are rich in potassium?
Bananas, potatoes, and beans
666
Why is magnesium important?
It supports muscle and nerve function
667
What are sources of magnesium?
Nuts, whole grains, and dark chocolate
668
What is the role of zinc in the body?
It supports immune function and wound healing
669
What foods are high in zinc?
Meat, shellfish, and seeds
670
What is the recommended daily intake of water?
8-10 glasses (64-80 ounces) per day
671
What is dehydration?
A condition caused by excessive loss of fluids
672
What are symptoms of dehydration?
Dry mouth, dizziness, and dark urine
673
Why are electrolytes important?
They help maintain fluid balance and nerve function
674
What foods contain natural electrolytes?
Coconut water, bananas, and spinach
675
What is malnutrition?
A lack of essential nutrients leading to health issues
676
What is the best way to ensure proper nutrition?
Eating a balanced diet with a variety of whole foods
677
What is the effect of too much sodium in the diet?
It can lead to high blood pressure
678
What is the importance of fiber?
It aids digestion and helps regulate blood sugar
679
What are good sources of fiber?
Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
680
What is the best approach to weight management?
A combination of healthy eating and regular exercise
681
Why should processed foods be avoided?
They often contain high levels of sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats
682
What is the purpose of dietary guidelines?
To promote healthy eating habits and reduce the risk of disease
683
What organization provides dietary guidelines in the U S ?
The U S Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
684
How often are dietary guidelines updated?
Every five years
685
What is MyPlate?
A nutrition guide created by the USDA to promote balanced eating
686
What are the five food groups in MyPlate?
Fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, and dairy
687
What percentage of your plate should be fruits and vegetables?
Half of the plate
688
What are whole grains?
Grains that contain all parts of the grain kernel, including bran, germ, and endosperm
689
Why are whole grains better than refined grains?
They contain more fiber, vitamins, and minerals
690
What is an example of a whole grain?
Brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread
691
How much dairy should the average person consume daily?
About 3 cups per day
692
What are some non-dairy sources of calcium?
Leafy greens, fortified plant-based milk, and almonds
693
What is the difference between lean and fatty proteins?
Lean proteins have less fat, while fatty proteins contain more saturated fats
694
What is an example of a lean protein?
Chicken breast, fish, tofu, and beans
695
Why should saturated fats be limited?
They can increase bad cholesterol (LDL) and raise the risk of heart disease
696
What are trans fats, and why should they be avoided?
Artificially created fats that increase heart disease risk
697
What is the recommended daily limit for added sugars?
No more than 10% of daily calories
698
What is the daily recommended sodium intake?
Less than 2,300 mg
699
What are the dangers of consuming too much sodium?
High blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke
700
How can meal planning support a healthy diet?
It helps ensure balanced nutrition and prevents unhealthy food choices
701
What is portion control?
Managing how much food is eaten in one sitting
702
What are empty calories?
Calories from foods with little to no nutritional value
703
What are examples of foods with empty calories?
Sugary drinks, candy, and fried foods
704
Why is drinking water important for digestion?
It helps break down food and absorb nutrients
705
What is mindful eating?
Paying attention to what you eat and listening to hunger cues
706
What are some strategies to reduce sugar intake?
Avoiding sugary drinks, reading food labels, and eating whole foods
707
Why is fiber important in the diet?
It helps digestion, regulates blood sugar, and lowers cholesterol
708
What is an example of a high-fiber food?
Oatmeal, lentils, and berries
709
How does protein help with muscle recovery?
It repairs and rebuilds muscle tissue after exercise
710
What is a common food allergy?
Nuts, dairy, shellfish, and gluten
711
What is lactose intolerance?
The inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk
712
What is a foodborne illness?
An illness caused by consuming contaminated food
713
How can foodborne illnesses be prevented?
Proper food handling, cooking, and storage
714
Why is it important to wash fruits and vegetables before eating them?
To remove pesticides, bacteria, and dirt
715
What is the recommended way to thaw frozen food safely?
In the refrigerator, in cold water, or in the microwave
716
Why does the body need fat?
It provides energy, supports cell growth, and helps absorb vitamins
717
What are the three types of fats?
Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and trans fats
718
Which type of fat is the healthiest?
Unsaturated fats
719
What are examples of foods high in unsaturated fats?
Avocados, nuts, olive oil, and fatty fish
720
What are examples of foods high in saturated fats?
Butter, cheese, red meat, and fried foods
721
Why should saturated fats be consumed in moderation?
They can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and increase heart disease risk
722
What are trans fats?
Artificial fats created through hydrogenation, commonly found in processed foods
723
Why are trans fats harmful?
They increase LDL cholesterol and lower HDL (good) cholesterol
724
What are common sources of trans fats?
Fried foods, baked goods, margarine, and processed snacks
725
How can you identify trans fats on food labels?
Look for "partially hydrogenated oils" in the ingredients list
726
What is the recommended daily intake of fat?
About 20-35% of total daily calories
727
What happens if you consume too much fat?
It can lead to weight gain, heart disease, and high cholesterol
728
How does the body store excess fat?
It is stored in fat cells as an energy reserve
729
What is the role of omega-3 fatty acids?
They reduce inflammation and support brain and heart health
730
What are sources of omega-3 fatty acids?
Salmon, flaxseeds, walnuts, and chia seeds
731
What is cholesterol?
A fatty substance found in blood that is necessary for cell function but can be harmful in excess
732
What are the two types of cholesterol?
LDL (bad) cholesterol and HDL (good) cholesterol
733
How does exercise affect cholesterol levels?
It helps raise HDL (good) cholesterol and lower LDL (bad) cholesterol
734
What is a healthy cholesterol level?
Total cholesterol below 200 mg/dL
735
What are triglycerides?
A type of fat found in the blood, stored for energy
736
What can cause high triglyceride levels?
Excess sugar intake, lack of exercise, and too much alcohol
737
What are the risks of high-fat diets?
Obesity, heart disease, high cholesterol, and stroke
738
How can you reduce fat intake?
Choosing lean meats, grilling instead of frying, and using healthy oils
739
What is a fat substitute?
A product used in place of fat to reduce calorie content in food
740
What are some natural fat substitutes?
Applesauce, mashed bananas, and Greek yogurt
741
How can fiber help control fat intake?
It helps remove cholesterol from the body and promotes fullness
742
What role does metabolism play in fat management?
A higher metabolism burns more calories and prevents excess fat storage
743
Why is portion control important in fat consumption?
It prevents overeating and excessive calorie intake
744
How can stress affect fat metabolism?
It can lead to overeating and increased fat storage
745
What is the best way to maintain a healthy fat balance?
Eating a variety of whole foods and exercising regularly
746
hy is personal hygiene important?
It prevents illness, promotes self-confidence, and maintains overall health
747
How often should you wash your hands?
Before eating, after using the restroom, and whenever they are dirty
748
What is the proper way to wash hands?
Scrubbing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
749
How often should you shower?
At least once a day or after sweating heavily
750
Why is it important to brush your teeth daily?
To prevent cavities, gum disease, and bad breath
751
How often should you replace your toothbrush?
Every 3-4 months or when the bristles are worn
752
Why is flossing important?
It removes plaque and food particles between teeth that brushing misses
753
What is the importance of regular dental checkups?
They help prevent cavities and detect oral health issues early
754
How can sleep affect overall health?
Poor sleep can lead to weight gain, weakened immunity, and reduced concentration
755
What are signs of sleep deprivation?
Irritability, trouble focusing, and increased risk of illness
756
What is the recommended amount of sleep for teenagers?
8-10 hours per night
757
What are good bedtime habits to improve sleep quality?
Avoiding screens before bed, maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, and creating a relaxing bedtime routine
758
How does drinking enough water benefit the body?
It helps digestion, improves skin health, and regulates body temperature
759
What are symptoms of dehydration?
Dry skin, dizziness, dark urine, and fatigue
760
What is the best way to stay hydrated?
Drinking water regularly throughout the day, especially before feeling thirsty
761
Why is physical activity important for self-care?
It reduces stress, strengthens the body, and improves mood
762
How does stress affect the immune system?
Chronic stress weakens the immune response, making the body more prone to illness
763
What is the best way to manage stress?
Regular exercise, meditation, deep breathing, and getting enough sleep
764
Why is posture important for overall health?
Good posture prevents back pain and improves breathing
765
How does excessive screen time impact health?
It can cause eye strain, poor sleep, and decreased physical activity
766
What is the 20-20-20 rule for reducing eye strain?
Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds
767
What are common causes of poor posture?
Slouching, prolonged sitting, and weak core muscles
768
How can stretching improve posture?
It relieves tension and strengthens muscles that support good posture
769
Why is sun protection important?
It prevents sunburn, skin cancer, and premature aging
770
What is the minimum recommended SPF for sunscreen?
SPF 30
771
What are the benefits of regular physical exams?
They help detect health problems early and promote overall wellness
772
How often should you visit a doctor for a checkup?
At least once a year
773
What is the importance of mental health check-ins?
They help identify stress, anxiety, or depression early
774
How can journaling improve mental health?
It helps express emotions, reduce stress, and track personal growth
775
What is mindfulness?
Focusing on the present moment without judgment
776
How can social interactions improve well-being?
Positive relationships provide emotional support and reduce stress
777
What are signs of poor mental health?
Persistent sadness, irritability, loss of interest in activities, and fatigue
778
What is self-care?
Activities that promote physical, mental, and emotional well-being
779
What are examples of self-care activities?
Reading, exercising, meditating, and spending time with loved ones
780
What is stress?
The body's response to physical or emotional demands
781
What is the difference between eustress and distress?
Eustress is positive stress that motivates, while distress is negative stress that harms health
782
What are common causes of stress?
Work, school, relationships, financial concerns, and health issues
783
What are physical symptoms of stress?
Headaches, muscle tension, fatigue, and upset stomach
784
What are emotional symptoms of stress?
Anxiety, irritability, mood swings, and depression
785
What is the fight-or-flight response?
The body's natural reaction to danger, increasing heart rate and adrenaline
786
What are long-term effects of chronic stress?
High blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and weakened immune function
787
What is the role of cortisol in stress?
It is a hormone that regulates stress responses but can be harmful if chronically elevated
788
How does stress affect sleep?
It can cause insomnia or restless sleep
789
What are relaxation techniques for stress relief?
Deep breathing, meditation, yoga, and progressive muscle relaxation
790
What is the best way to manage time to reduce stress?
Prioritizing tasks, setting realistic goals, and avoiding procrastination
791
How does exercise help reduce stress?
It releases endorphins, which improve mood and reduce tension
792
What is deep breathing, and how does it reduce stress?
A technique to calm the nervous system and lower heart rate
793
What is mindfulness, and how can it help with stress?
Being present in the moment and focusing on one's thoughts and feelings without judgment
794
What is guided imagery?
A relaxation technique using mental visualization to reduce stress
795
How does listening to music help relieve stress?
It can lower heart rate, reduce anxiety, and improve mood
796
Why is social support important in stress management?
Talking to friends or family can provide comfort and perspective
797
What is journaling, and how does it help with stress?
Writing down thoughts and feelings to process emotions and reduce stress
798
What are signs of burnout?
Extreme fatigue, lack of motivation, irritability, and poor concentration
799
How can taking breaks improve stress levels?
It allows the mind and body to reset and refocus
800
What is substance abuse?
The misuse of legal or illegal drugs
801
What is drug addiction?
A chronic disease characterized by compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences
802
What is nicotine?
A highly addictive stimulant found in tobacco products
803
What are the short-term effects of nicotine use?
Increased heart rate, dizziness, and increased blood pressure
804
What are the long-term effects of smoking?
Lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses
805
What are the dangers of secondhand smoke?
It increases the risk of lung disease and heart disease in non-smokers
806
What is vaping, and is it safer than smoking?
The use of electronic cigarettes; it still carries health risks
807
What are the effects of alcohol on the body?
Impaired judgment, slower reflexes, and liver damage
808
What is binge drinking?
Consuming large amounts of alcohol in a short period
809
What is the legal drinking age in the U S ?
21 years old
810
What are withdrawal symptoms from drug addiction?
Anxiety, nausea, sweating, shaking, and mood swings
811
What is the most commonly abused prescription drug?
Opioids (painkillers)
812
How do illegal drugs affect the brain?
They alter brain chemistry and can lead to addiction
813
What are examples of stimulants?
Cocaine, methamphetamine, and caffeine
814
What is the main effect of depressants on the body?
They slow down brain activity, causing relaxation or drowsiness
815
What are hallucinogens?
Drugs that alter perception, such as LSD and magic mushrooms
816
What are the long-term effects of marijuana use?
Memory loss, lung problems, and mental health issues
817
What are signs of drug addiction?
Loss of control, withdrawal symptoms, and neglect of responsibilities
818
What is first aid?
Immediate care given to an injured or ill person before medical help arrives
819
What are the ABCs of first aid?
Airway, Breathing, Circulation
820
What is the purpose of first aid?
To preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and promote recovery
821
What is the first thing you should do in an emergency?
Check the scene for safety before assisting the injured person
822
How do you determine if a person is conscious?
Tap them and ask loudly, "Are you okay?"
823
What should you do if someone is unresponsive but breathing?
Place them in the recovery position to keep the airway open
824
What should you do if someone is not breathing?
Begin CPR immediately
825
What does CPR stand for?
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
826
How many chest compressions should be given in CPR?
30 compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths
827
What is the correct depth for chest compressions in adults?
About 2 inches
828
What is the Heimlich maneuver used for?
To help a choking person by clearing a blocked airway
829
What are signs that someone is choking?
Inability to speak, coughing, and clutching their throat
830
What is the best way to stop heavy bleeding?
Apply direct pressure with a clean cloth
831
What are the signs of shock?
Pale skin, weak pulse, rapid breathing, and confusion
832
How do you treat someone in shock?
Lay them down, elevate their legs, and keep them warm
833
What are the signs of a heart attack?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, and nausea
834
What should you do if someone is having a heart attack?
Call 911, keep them calm, and encourage them to chew aspirin if not allergic
835
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
Face drooping, arm weakness, and slurred speech (FAST method)
836
What does FAST stand for in stroke recognition?
Face, Arms, Speech, Time (call 911 immediately)
837
How do you treat a minor burn?
Run cool water over it and apply a clean dressing
838
How do you treat a severe burn?
Cover it with a sterile dressing and seek medical attention immediately
839
What are signs of a concussion?
Confusion, dizziness, nausea, and headache
840
What should you do if someone has a concussion?
Keep them awake and monitor for worsening symptoms
841
What are the signs of a broken bone?
Pain, swelling, bruising, and abnormal limb positioning
842
What should you do if you suspect a broken bone?
Immobilize the area and seek medical help
843
What is a sprain?
A stretched or torn ligament
844
How do you treat a sprain?
Use the RICE method: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
845
What should you do if someone has a nosebleed?
Have them lean forward and pinch their nostrils for 10 minutes
846
How do you treat heat exhaustion?
Move to a cool place, give water, and remove excess clothing
847
What are the signs of heatstroke?
Hot, dry skin, confusion, and loss of consciousness
848
What is hypothermia?
A dangerously low body temperature due to prolonged exposure to cold
849
How do you treat hypothermia?
Remove wet clothing, wrap in blankets, and provide warm fluids
850
What should you do if someone has frostbite?
Warm the area slowly with lukewarm water, but do not rub it
851
How do you remove a splinter safely?
Use tweezers to pull it out, then clean the area
852
How do you treat an insect sting?
Remove the stinger, wash the area, and apply ice
853
What are the symptoms of an allergic reaction?
Swelling, hives, difficulty breathing, and dizziness
854
What should you do if someone has a severe allergic reaction?
Use an EpiPen if available and call 911
855
What is the best way to treat a blister?
Keep it clean and avoid popping it
856
How do you treat a cut or scrape?
Wash it with soap and water, apply antibiotic ointment, and cover with a bandage
857
What is the first step in treating an eye injury?
Flush the eye with clean water
858
What should you do if someone faints?
Lay them down and elevate their legs
859
How can you tell if someone has swallowed poison?
Look for symptoms like vomiting, confusion, or difficulty breathing
860
What should you do if someone ingests poison?
Call Poison Control and follow their instructions
861
How do you identify a venomous snake bite?
Two puncture marks, swelling, and pain at the bite site
862
What should you do for a snake bite?
Keep the person still and seek medical help immediately
863
What is the best way to prepare for an emergency?
Learn basic first aid, keep a first aid kit, and know emergency numbers
864
What are the seven continents?
Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America
865
Name the five major oceans
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern
866
What imaginary line divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres?
The Equator
867
What is the purpose of latitude lines?
To measure distances north or south of the Equator
868
What is the purpose of longitude lines?
To measure distances east or west of the Prime Meridian
869
What is the Prime Meridian?
The zero degrees longitude line running through Greenwich, England
870
What direction do lines of longitude run?
North to South
871
What direction do lines of latitude run?
East to West
872
What does a globe represent?
A model of the Earth showing accurate size, shape, and location of landmasses and bodies of water
873
Why are maps necessary if globes are more accurate?
Maps are more convenient to carry and can show detailed areas at larger scales
874
What are the seven continents?
Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America
875
Name the five major oceans
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern
876
What imaginary line divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres?
The Equator
877
What is the purpose of latitude lines?
To measure distances north or south of the Equator
878
What is the purpose of longitude lines?
To measure distances east or west of the Prime Meridian
879
What is the Prime Meridian?
The zero degrees longitude line running through Greenwich, England
880
What direction do lines of longitude run?
North to South
881
What direction do lines of latitude run?
East to West
882
What does a globe represent?
A model of the Earth showing accurate size, shape, and location of landmasses and bodies of water
883
Why are maps necessary if globes are more accurate?
Maps are more convenient to carry and can show detailed areas at larger scales
884
What does a map's scale show?
The ratio of a distance on the map to the real distance on Earth
885
What is a small-scale map?
A map that shows a large area with little detail
886
What is a large-scale map?
A map that shows a small area with much detail
887
What is a bar scale?
A graphic representation of map distances compared to real-world distances
888
What does a representative fraction (RF) represent?
A ratio, such as 1:50,000, meaning 1 unit on the map equals 50,000 units in reality
889
What is marginal information?
Important details found around the border of a map (legend, scale, north arrow, etc )
890
What does a contour line represent?
Points of equal elevation above sea level
891
How are hills shown on a topographic map?
As a series of closed contour lines
892
What symbol is used for a depression on a map?
Closed contour lines with hachures (short lines pointing inward)
893
What do closely spaced contour lines indicate?
A steep slope
894
What is azimuth?
A compass bearing measured in degrees
895
What is back azimuth?
The reverse direction of an azimuth, 180° difference
896
How many degrees are in a full circle on a compass?
360 degrees
897
What is the standard military map reading system?
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system
898
What is a grid square on a military map?
A 1,000 meter by 1,000 meter square
899
What does a red color represent on a military map?
Populated areas, main roads, and boundaries
900
What color represents water features on a map?
Blue
901
What does green typically indicate on a military map?
Vegetation such as forests or orchards
902
What is resection in map reading?
Locating your position by taking bearings to two or three known points
903
What is intersection in map reading?
Finding the location of an unknown point by taking bearings from two known locations
904
What is dead reckoning?
Estimating your position based on a known starting point, direction, and distance traveled
905
What is terrain association?
Navigating by comparing features on the ground with features on a map
906
What is a pace count?
The number of steps it takes to travel a set distance (usually 100 meters)
907
How can you keep track of a pace count?
Using beads, knots, or finger counting techniques
908
What is the purpose of an orienteering course?
To practice land navigation using maps and compasses
909
What is a handrail in navigation?
A linear feature like a road, river, or power line that guides your route
910
What is a catching feature?
A prominent feature beyond your intended target to prevent overshooting it
911
What is a steering mark?
A distant object you aim for while walking to stay on course
912
What is a travel corridor?
A terrain feature that naturally guides movement, like a valley or trail
913
Why is it important to always have a backup navigation plan?
To avoid getting lost if your primary route fails
914
What does survival mean in a military sense?
Staying alive and sustaining health under adverse conditions
915
What is the most important survival priority?
Maintaining a positive mental attitude
916
What does the acronym S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L stand for (S)?
Size up the situation
917
What does U stand for in S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L?
Use all your senses
918
What does R stand for in S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L?
Remember where you are
919
What does V stand for in S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L?
Vanquish fear and panic
920
What does I stand for in S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L?
Improvise
921
What does the second V stand for in S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L?
Value living
922
What does A stand for in S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L?
Act like the natives
923
What does L stand for in S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L?
Live by your wits, but learn basic skills
924
What is the Rule of Threes in survival?
3 minutes without air, 3 hours without shelter, 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food
925
What is the first shelter priority in survival?
Protection from weather and environment
926
What is an improvised shelter?
A temporary shelter built from natural or available materials
927
Why is location important when choosing a shelter site?
To avoid dangers like flooding, predators, and exposure
928
What should you avoid when selecting a survival shelter location?
Valleys, cliff edges, and lone tall trees (lightning risk)
929
What is a lean-to shelter?
A simple structure with a single sloping roof made from branches and leaves
930
How can you insulate a shelter?
Using leaves, pine needles, or moss
931
What is the purpose of a fire in survival?
Warmth, cooking, protection, signaling
932
What are three basic ways to start a fire without matches?
Flint and steel, magnifying glass, friction (bow drill)
933
What is tinder?
Easily combustible material used to start a fire
934
What is the most important element for survival after shelter?
Water
935
What percentage of the human body is water?
About 70%
936
What is dehydration?
The loss of water from the body faster than it can be replaced
937
What are symptoms of dehydration?
Thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, dizziness
938
What is one safe method to purify water?
Boiling
939
How long should you boil water to make it safe to drink?
At least 1 minute at sea level (3+ minutes at higher altitudes)
940
What is another method to purify water besides boiling?
Using iodine tablets or water filters
941
Why is it important not to drink salty water or seawater?
It increases dehydration
942
What is a solar still?
A device that collects purified water by condensation
943
Why should you avoid eating unknown plants in survival situations?
Some may be poisonous or cause illness
944
What is the most important nutrient after water in a survival situation?
Food
945
How long can a healthy person survive without food?
Up to three weeks
946
What type of food provides quick energy in a survival situation?
Carbohydrates
947
What animals are considered good survival food?
Small mammals, fish, insects
948
What is an essential skill for survival food gathering?
Trapping and fishing
949
What is an improvised fishing method in survival?
Using a line and hook from natural materials
950
What are two types of edible insects?
Grasshoppers and crickets
951
What is the "Universal Edibility Test"?
A method for testing plants for safety by slow sampling
952
What is a major risk when consuming wild mushrooms?
Poisoning
953
What is the safest way to prepare wild game for consumption?
Cooking thoroughly to kill parasites
954
What is signaling in survival?
Attracting attention to your location for rescue
955
What is the international distress signal using whistles or lights?
Three blasts, flashes, or signals
956
What color is best for signaling in a survival situation?
Bright colors like orange or red
957
What are three methods of signaling for help?
Fire, mirror flashes, ground-to-air signals
958
How can you use a mirror for signaling?
Reflect sunlight toward rescuers or aircraft
959
What does the ground-to-air symbol "V" mean?
Require assistance
960
What does the ground-to-air symbol "X" mean?
Require medical assistance
961
What should you build to increase visibility from the air?
Large geometric shapes or smoke signals
962
What is an improvised visual signal using clothing?
Laying out bright clothes in open areas
963
Why is sound signaling sometimes unreliable?
Sound may not carry far in bad weather or dense forests
964
What is personal protection in survival?
Measures to maintain body temperature and physical safety
965
What are the three main weather threats in survival?
Cold, heat, and rain
966
What clothing principle helps regulate temperature in survival?
Layering
967
What is hypothermia?
A dangerous drop in body temperature
968
What are the early signs of hypothermia?
Shivering, numbness, confusion
969
What is frostbite?
Freezing of body tissues, especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose
970
How do you treat frostbite?
Gradually rewarm affected areas without rubbing
971
What is heatstroke?
A life-threatening condition where the body overheats
972
What are the symptoms of heatstroke?
Hot, dry skin, confusion, possible unconsciousness
973
How do you treat heat exhaustion?
Move to a cool place, hydrate, and loosen tight clothing
974
What is navigation in survival situations mainly based on?
Natural signs like the sun, stars, and landmarks
975
How can you find north without a compass during the day?
By using the position of the sun and a shadow stick
976
What constellation helps find north at night?
The Big Dipper pointing to the North Star (Polaris)
977
What is the Rule of Thumb for traveling without a compass?
Follow natural landmarks and maintain a general direction
978
Why is traveling at night sometimes dangerous in survival situations?
Reduced visibility and increased injury risk
979
What is the best strategy if you are lost?
Stay put and signal for help
980
What natural feature typically leads to civilization?
Following rivers or streams downstream
981
What is a landmark?
A recognizable natural or man-made object used for navigation
982
Why should you avoid wandering aimlessly when lost?
It makes rescue harder and wastes energy
983
What is the "STOP" acronym in survival?
Stop, Think, Observe, Plan
984
What is a survival kit?
A collection of essential items prepared for emergencies
985
Name three basic items in a survival kit
Knife, matches/lighter, first-aid kit
986
Why is a knife important for survival?
Used for cutting, building shelter, preparing food, and defense
987
What is the importance of having a signaling device in your kit?
To attract attention for rescue
988
Why is duct tape useful in survival situations?
Temporary repairs, building shelter, and first-aid uses
989
What should a survival kit include for fire starting?
Waterproof matches, lighter, or fire starter blocks
990
Why include a mirror in a survival kit?
For signaling rescuers using sunlight reflections
991
What is paracord used for in survival?
Building shelter, fishing lines, tying gear, or making traps
992
What should be included for water purification in your survival kit?
Water purification tablets or a portable filter
993
Why should you have a small first aid manual in a survival kit?
To guide treatment if you forget procedures under stress
994
What is the first step in treating a wound in a survival situation?
Stop the bleeding
995
How should you clean a wound in the field?
Rinse with clean water and cover with a sterile bandage
996
What is the danger of an untreated wound in the wild?
Infection, which can lead to serious illness
997
How can you prevent infection in a survival situation?
Clean wounds quickly, keep them dry and protected
998
What are improvised bandages made from?
Clean cloth, clothing, or strips of fabric
999
What is the best way to splint a broken bone?
Immobilize with rigid objects like sticks and tie securely
1000
What are signs of infection in a wound?
Redness, swelling, warmth, pus, or fever
1001
How do you treat a minor burn in the wilderness?
Cool with water, cover loosely with clean dressing
1002
What is an emergency signal for needing medical help?
Three blasts of a whistle or three fires in a triangle
1003
What is the universal distress color for flags or smoke?
Orange
1004
What should you do immediately if bitten by a snake?
Keep calm, limit movement, and seek medical help
1005
Should you suck out venom from a snakebite?
No, it is ineffective and dangerous
1006
What is the best response to a lightning storm?
Seek low ground, avoid tall trees, and spread out if in a group
1007
What is the safe distance from a river during a flood warning?
At least 200 feet away from water
1008
What are signs of an approaching storm?
Dark clouds, sudden winds, and distant thunder
1009
How do you recognize dehydration in the field?
Dry mouth, dark urine, dizziness, and confusion
1010
What is the best immediate action in case of hypothermia?
Warm the victim gradually and shelter them from wind and moisture
1011
What is a “widowmaker” in survival terms?
A dead tree or large branch that can fall and cause injury
1012
How do you avoid attracting wild animals to a campsite?
Store food away from sleeping areas, preferably suspended
1013
Why is it important to always have a survival plan?
It increases your chances of staying alive and being rescued
1014
What are three common ways to start a fire in survival without matches?
Flint and steel, magnifying glass, bow drill
1015
Why is making fire important for morale?
Provides comfort, safety, and a sense of control
1016
What material is best for tinder?
Dry grass, bark, or cotton
1017
How can you make a fire when it’s raining?
Use dry material from under trees or in hollow logs
1018
What is the most efficient fire structure for cooking?
Teepee fire
1019
How does fire help in purifying water?
Boiling kills harmful organisms
1020
What type of fire gives the most smoke for signaling?
A green vegetation fire
1021
What is feathering wood?
Shaving dry wood into thin strips for easier ignition
1022
How far should your fire be from your shelter?
At least 6 feet, depending on conditions
1023
How do you put out a survival fire completely?
Drench with water and stir ashes until cool to the touch
1024
What are edible wild plants that are safe to eat?
Cattails, dandelions, and clover (if properly identified)
1025
Why should you avoid eating unknown berries in the wild?
Many are poisonous
1026
What is the safest rule when eating wild plants?
Only eat plants you positively identify as safe
1027
What is the first step in the Universal Edibility Test?
Separate the plant into parts and test each separately
1028
How long should you hold a piece of plant on your lips when testing for edibility?
15 minutes
1029
How long should you wait after chewing and swallowing a sample?
8 hours
1030
If symptoms occur after eating a test sample, what should you do?
Induce vomiting and drink plenty of water
1031
What part of cattail plants is edible?
The roots and young shoots
1032
What does the mnemonic “Leaves of three, let it be” warn against?
Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
1033
What is a simple way to remember poisonous mushroom risk?
If you’re not sure, don't eat it
1034
What is one of the first things to do if lost in the wilderness?
Stay in one place and remain calm
1035
What simple method helps find direction with a stick and the sun?
Shadow-stick method
1036
How do you create the shadow-stick method?
Place a stick upright, mark the tip of its shadow, wait 15 minutes, mark again
1037
In the shadow-stick method, which direction is the first shadow mark?
West
1038
What are five basic survival needs?
Shelter, water, fire, food, and signaling
1039
What are the two main factors affecting survival in cold environments?
Wind chill and wetness
1040
What is the primary danger in desert environments?
Dehydration
1041
What is one way to find water in the desert?
Dig at the base of dry riverbeds or follow animal tracks
1042
How should you travel in desert survival situations?
Travel during early morning or
1043
Why is it important to build a platform shelter in the jungle?
To avoid ground insects and snakes
1044
What should you use to signal for help in a dense forest?
Whistles, mirrors, bright clothing, or smoky fires
1045
What is a key navigation tip in snowy environments?
Follow valleys and avoid crossing frozen lakes unless certain they are solid
1046
What is a danger of walking on snow-covered rivers or lakes?
Falling through thin ice
1047
How can you create insulation if stranded in a snowy environment?
Use pine branches, dry grass, or even snow as insulation
1048
What is a simple survival fire structure for wet conditions?
Log cabin fire lay
1049
What basic first aid principle applies in all environments?
Airway, Breathing, Circulation (the ABCs)
1050
How can a brightly colored tarp help in survival?
Used as a shelter and a visual signal
1051
Why should you avoid swimming across rivers when lost?
It is dangerous and wastes critical energy
1052
What does the acronym STOP stand for in survival?
Stop, Think, Observe, Plan
1053
What is the best way to signal aircraft during rescue?
Signal mirrors and large ground-to-air symbols
1054
What shape indicates distress when drawn on the ground?
A large "X "
1055
How can smoke signals be made more visible?
Add green vegetation to the fire
1056
In survival, why is it risky to follow animal trails directly?
They may not lead to water or safe shelter
1057
What are early signs of altitude sickness?
Headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath
1058
How can you reduce the risk of altitude sickness?
Ascend slowly and stay hydrated
1059
What is the survival priority if you fall into cold water?
Get out quickly, remove wet clothing, and warm up
1060
How long does it typically take for hypothermia to set in cold water?
As little as 15 minutes
1061
What can serve as an emergency flotation device?
Inflated pants or jackets
1062
What should you always carry in mountainous survival situations?
Extra layers, signaling devices, food, and water
1063
What basic navigation rule should you use when no compass is available?
Travel by following consistent landmarks like mountains or rivers
1064
What is an emergency shelter you can make in heavy snow?
A snow cave or a trench with a cover
1065
What is the main advantage of a snow shelter?
It provides insulation from the cold
1066
In survival, what simple technique helps conserve body heat?
Curling up and covering exposed skin
1067
What is the buddy system in survival training?
Always having a partner to watch for dangers and help if injured
1068
How do you signal SOS with a flashlight?
Three short flashes, three long flashes, three short flashes
1069
What is a hasty shelter?
A quickly constructed temporary shelter using available materials
1070
When should you attempt self-rescue in a survival situation?
Only when absolutely certain of the direction and distance to safety
1071
What is the main purpose of survival training?
To prepare mentally and physically to survive emergencies
1072
Why is attitude the most important survival tool?
Positive thinking improves decision-making and keeps you focused
