Naval Science 3 Flashcards
1
Q
The presence of combat-ready seaborne forces near land areas where conflict threatens to break out is known as what?
A
Deterrence
2
Q
Ships engaged in commerce are called what kind of ships?
A
Merchant Marine ships
3
Q
What is a legal proceeding for military members that is similar to a civilian court trial?
A
Court-martial
4
Q
What type of discharge is non-punitive and includes honorable discharge, general discharge, other than honorable discharge
A
Administrative Separation
5
Q
What are the three types of court martials?
A
Summary, special, and general
6
Q
How many members does the UN security council have?
A
15
7
Q
According to the Yalta formula for procedural matters, how many votes are required from the UN security council in order for a matter to pass?
A
9
8
Q
What is captain’s mast?
A
Another word for NJP (Non-judical punishment)
9
Q
DOD personnel assigned to American embassies are called what?
A
Attaches
10
Q
International law of collison regulations is known as what?
A
COLREGS
11
Q
What are the Navy’s 2 basic functions?
A
Sea control and projection of power
12
Q
What is the strongest deterrent in the US Navy’s strategic nuclear force, because they are considered invulnerable?
A
SSBNs (ballistic missile submarines)
13
Q
What are the Navy’s three roles in the national military strategy?
A
Strategic nuclear deterrence, deployment of oversea forces, and security of the LOCs
14
Q
Unintended damage to innocent civilians or private property is known as what?
A
Collateral damage
15
Q
What does the nuclear traid consist of?
A
ICBMs, SSBNs, and long-range strategic bombers
16
Q
What worldwide internet-based network that links together all US operational forces and allied forces?
A
JIE (Joint Information Environment)
17
Q
Previously limited by the range of its guns, the Navy’s inland reach was expanded by what three factors?
A
Nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles, attack aircraft, and cruise missiles
18
Q
What four developments emphasized the importance of oceans?
A
Increase in new nations, interdependence, inland reach of power, and nuclear technology
19
Q
What organization administers and finances the Merchant Marine?
A
MARAD (maritime administration), under the department of transportation
20
Q
What policy enabled the sale of excess cargo ships and required all cargo shipped between U.S. ports to be carried in American-owned, operated, and crewed ships?
A
The Jones Act or Merchant Marine Act of 1920
21
Q
A department responsible for taking action to control damage caused by fire, collision, or other mishaps is called?
A
Damage Control
22
Q
What does OBA and SCBA stand for?
A
Oxygen breathing apparatus, self contained breathing apparatus
23
Q
The removal of water remaining after a fire has been extinguished, by draining or pumping is refered to as what?
A
Dewatering
24
Q
What are the terms X-RAY, YOKE, and ZEBRA used to indicate on a ship?
A
Material Readiness Conditions (least to most protection/”tightness”)
25
What material readiness condition indicates a “darken ship” condition?
DOG-ZEBRA
26
What alarm is used to indicate a collision?
Three pulses following by a pause and three pulses
27
What are the principal means of communication throughout the ship during general quarters, which require only the speaker's voice to be powered?
Sound-powered telephones
28
A group of personnel who attempt emergency repairs to any damaged vital equipment or ship’s structure are known as a?
Repair party
29
What is the fifth step of the intelligence cycle?
Dissemination (planning & direction, collection, processing, analysis & production, dissemination)
30
What does CSG stand for in Naval Operations?
Carrier strike group
31
What are the three basic concepts underlying future naval operations, as defined in Admiral Vernon Clark's "Sea Power 21"
Sea strike, sea shield, and sea basing
32
What is the main mission of modern carrier strike groups?
To win command of the seas (by conducting strikes, sweeps and raids).
33
What is responsible for protecting a carrier battle group from surprise air attacks?
Combat Air Patrol (CAP)
34
A carrier strike group (CSG) has 1 carrier, and up to how many fighting (support) ships?
Up to 12
35
What are the 3 classifications of air warfare?
Air-to-Air, Air-to-Surface, Surface-to-Air
36
What are the four main categories of constructed navigational aids?
Lights, Buoys, Day Beacons, Ranges
37
Historically, what has always been the mission of the submarine?
To seek out and destroy enemy surface ships, both naval and merchant.
38
Who proposed the convoy system?
Admiral William Sims
39
What does MAGTF stand for?
Marine Air-Ground Task Force
40
Who was the first great Western strategist?
Alexander the Great
41
What were the four developments that emphasized the importance of the oceans?
2 political: Rapid increase in new nations (since WW2), steady increase in interdependence of nations; 2 technological: inland reach of power, nuclear technology.
42
What are the four main ocean areas that are of prime strategic importance to the US?
Atlantic (includes Mediterranean), Pacific, Arctic Ocean, and Afro-Asian Ocean.
43
Define deterrent in the Navy context.
Presence of mobile sea forces near land areas where conflict threatens to break out; a discouragement of potential action.
44
Who is credited for the doctrine of sea power?
Alfred Thayer Mahan.
45
What percentage of tin does the US import in order to produce steel?
More than 99%.
46
Define aquaculture.
Science of farming the sea.
47
What countries are harnessing the tides for energy?
Holland, France, Canada, and US (smaller extent).
48
Commercial fisheries concentrate how many varieties of fish out of how many known species?
20 out of 20,000.
49
What is unique about naval operations in the Arctic Ocean?
Made possible by the advent of nuclear submarines; with global warming, some surface shipping along the Northwest Passage is possible.
50
Define inland reach.
The capability of modern warships to extend their range via cruise missiles or nuclear tipped ballistic missiles launched from nuclear submarines, aircraft, or surface ships.
51
What three benefits do US fleets gain because of their ability to move freely on the high seas?
1) Establish a line of defense far from US shore 2) Prevent attack by enemy forces 3) Easily replenish fuel, stores, and ammunition.
52
What percent of world trade goods are transported by water?
Approximately 80%.
53
What percentage of US petroleum is imported?
25%.
54
What percentage of ores used to make steel such as aluminum and chromium are imported?
Nearly 100%.
55
What percentage of domestically consumed products are produced using materials transported via ship?
90%.
56
In billion tons, how much dry and liquid waterborne cargo is shipped domestically and internationally each year?
2.6.
57
Define merchant marine ships.
Ships engaged in commerce that carry goods and liquids over oceans and waterways.
58
Why did the merchant marine suffer a decline during the Civil War?
Southern commerce raiders preyed on Northern merchant shipping.
59
When did the peak of the Merchant Marine occur? And due to what ship?
American Revolution; clipper ship.
60
What four reasons did the merchant marine fleet decline after the Civil War?
European competition, noncompetitive wage scales, soaring insurance costs, and increasing domestic ship building costs.
61
What piece of legislation created the US Maritime Commission?
Merchant Marine Act of 1936.
62
What was the purpose of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936? Include number of ships built.
Paid for the design and construction of 500 ships in order to expand the merchant marine and lead to a competitive edge.
63
What two merchant marine ships were mass produced to meet merchant and auxiliary needs of the Navy in WW2?
Liberty and Victory class.
64
How many Liberty and Victory ships were made during WW2?
6,000.
65
What is the difference between Liberty and Victory class ships?
Victory ships are fast and have a longer range with the same capacity as Liberty.
66
Define mothballed.
Laid up at anchor; typically in the National Defense Reserve Fleet.
67
Present day federal merchant marine policy traces back to what?
Shipping Act of 1916.
68
What organization did the Shipping Act of 1916 establish?
US Shipping Board.
69
What is the EFC?
Known as the Emergency Fleet Corporation, or War Shipping Board, the EFC mobilizes American shipbuilding to meet wartime needs.
70
What are the main parts of the Jones Act/Merchant Marine Act of 1920?
1) Enabled the sale of EFC (Emergency Fleet Corporation)-built merchant ships; 2) Requires all cargo and passengers conveyed for hire between US ports to be carried in American-owned, -operated, and -crewed ships.
71
What was the EFC renamed to in 1927?
Merchant Fleet Corporation.
72
Since 1930, what has composed US Shipping Board Bureau?
Merchant Fleet Corporation, Shipping Board, and US Maritime Commission.
73
What was the Long Range Shipbuilding Program?
Authorization of 500 new merchant ships built in a 10 year period by the Merchant Marine Act of 1936.
74
What two acts are the basis for many programs that support our national merchant marine today?
Jones Act (Merchant Marine Act of 1920) and Merchant Marine Act of 1936.
75
What two organizations managed the greatest industrial shipbuilding and ship operation effort ever seen?
Maritime Commission and WSA.
76
What is the WSA?
War Shipping Administration: Organization that acquired ships built by Maritime Commission's Emergency Shipbuilding Program.
77
When was the Maritime Commission abolished?
1950.
78
What replaced the Maritime Commission?
MARAD: Maritime Administration.
79
What cabinet level department is MARAD under?
Dept. of Transportation since 1981.
80
What organization operates the US Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, NY?
MARAD: Maritime Administration.
81
What two organizational fleets does MARAD own and operate?
Ready Reserve Force and National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF).
82
What is the most important stipulation of the Jones Act?
All commercial waterborne cargo and paying passengers transported between 2 points in the US must be carried by vessels built in the US and crewed by US citizens, and at least 75% owned by US citizens.
83
What percentage of US ships with commercial cargo must be American owned according to the Jones Act?
75%.
84
What percentage of US Government cargo must be carried by American-flag shipping?
50%.
85
What percentage of US military cargo must be carried by American-flag shipping?
100%.
86
What does American-flag shipping indicate?
The ship is registered in the US.
87
How many ships meet the Jones Act criteria? How many are over 1,000 tons and therefore readily used for cargo?
170; 90.
88
If planes fly, what do commercial ships do?
Ply.
89
What is the adverse effect of the Jones Act?
Increased cost (US-flag is 3x more expensive than foreign flag transport); therefore there have been many calls to repeal the Jones Act.
90
What is a rebate in relation to US Maritime Commerce?
An illegal kickback or bribe given by foreign manufacturers to foreign shipping companies to transport their products.
91
Define flags of convenience.
A ship operating under flags of convenience are neither US flag nor foreign flag. They are registered in foreign countries and crewed by foreigners but owned by the US.
92
How many tons of cargo pass through US ports each year?
2.5 billion.
93
How many passengers pass through US ports each year?
150 million.
94
What are the 4 leading US Maritime Ports in order of volume?
New Orleans and Baton Rouge ports; Houston; New York and New Jersey at Newark; Beaumont TX.
95
What three countries account for 70% of the shipbuilding market?
Japan, South Korea, China.
96
What percentage of shipbuilding yards in the US specialize in military shipbuilding?
60%.
97
What are the four largest shipyards in the United States?
Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News, VA; Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, MS; National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego, CA; and West Coast commercial shipyard in Norfolk VA.
98
What is the builder of most Navy submarines?
Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics in Groton, CT.
99
What are the four modern merchant ships?
Freighters, tankers, cruise ships, special purpose vessels and tugs.
100
Cargo ships make up what percentage of the world's merchant ships?
60%.
101
What are longshoremen?
Dockworkers handling cargo ashore.
102
Containerships are what type of specially designed ship, meant to interface seamlessly with other transport?
Intermodal ships.
103
What is the standard intermodal container that containerships are expressed in?
Twenty foot equivalent unit, or TEU.
104
What is the most commonly used shipping container (RECENT)?
FEU (forty foot equivalent unit).
105
What are the four types of Roll-on roll-off ships?
RoRo, RoPax (Roll-off passenger), ConRo (container), and RoLo (lift-off).
106
What is a reefer ship?
Refrigerated cargo ship.
107
How many passengers can cargo ship accommodate?
12
108
Define grand strategy
the art and science of employing national power to achieve national objectives
109
What four things govern US Grand Strategy?
Constitution, US Law, government policy regarding international law, and national security policy/national interest
110
What four basic principles is grand strategy based on?
defense of American territory & allies, protecting American citizens, supporting and defending constitutional values and govrenmnet, and promoting and securing US economy and standard of living
111
What is American exceptionalism?
Enduring impluse to promote democratic values and rule of law
112
Who wrote The Art of War?
Sun Tzu
113
Who was the first Western grand strategist?
Alexander the Great of Macedonia
114
What was and who wrote the most influential writing on grand strategy ever published?
Karl von Clausewitz Vom Kreige (On War)
115
What are the three schools of strategic thought?
Maritime, continental, and aerospace
116
What book did Alfred Thayer Mahan write that revolutionized strategic naval thought?
The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)
117
Who had the concept of "interior lines" of communication?
Frederick the Great
118
Define insular safety
safety resulting from our seperation from likely aggressors
119
Who emphasized the strategic importance of geographic landmasses?
Sir Halford J Mackinder
120
What was Mackinder's Heartland-Rimland theory?
control of the Heartland consiting of Asiatic Russia and Eastern Europe would be key to controlling the rest of the world, or Rimland/Marginal Crescent/Inner
121
Who was the best-known advocate for air power?
Alexander de Seversky
122
What are the three main principles of the Nixon Doctrine?
1) The US would keep all of its treaty commitments 2) The US would provide a shield if nuclear power threatened the freedom of an allied nation 3) In other types of aggression, the US would furnish military and economic assistance
123
What did the Carter doctrine declare?
The US would resist with all military force an attempt by a foriegn power to gain control of any country in the Persian gulf region
124
What 5 principles of US strategy are in effect today, with little change since Vietnam?
1) Strategic nuclear sufficiency 2) Conventional capability 3) active military forces 4) research and development program 5) all volunteer active duty forces
125
What was the Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine?
US would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia, who was threatened by the Iran-Iraq War
126
What policy laid the groundwork for Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm?
Reagan Corrollary to the Carter Doctrine
127
What was the Bush doctrine?
Threat to the US posed by rouge states and terrorists (who could be equipped with modern weapons of mass destruction) justified unilateral preemptive attacks
128
When did the United States begin large-scale military interventions in Afghanistan?
2001
129
When did the United States begin large-scale military interventions in Iraq?
2003
130
What did the Budget Control Act of 2011 accomplish?
2.4 trillion reduction in federal spending, 500 billion reduction in military defense spending, known as sequestration
131
What legislation accomplished sequestration?
Budget Control Act of 2011, in response to involvement in the Middle East
132
In 2007, what document was issued jointly by all three maritime services, the first of its kind?
A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower
133
A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower added which two critical elements to Naval strategy?
Maritime security, and humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR)
134
What did Alexander the Great postulate about war?
War is always conducted on two levels: physical and psychological
135
What was Machiavelli's contrbution to strategic thinking?
Broadened strategic thinking by writing on sources, applications, and limitations of power
136
In what ways did the USSR and China led to the Cold War shortly following WW2?
Adopt communist ideologies
137
What was the strategy formulated by Truman to counter expansionist ideologies?
Containment strategy
138
When did containment end?
1991
139
Who warned against massive retailation?
SecState John Foster Dulles (Eisenhower administration)
140
What doctrine did both the US and USSR adopt during the Cold War?
Mutually assured destruction
141
How did massive retaliation change after the Cuban Missile Crisis?
It become flexible response instead (as to handle all levels of aggression)
142
What is World War IV?
global war against extremist violence and terrorism
143
Hugo Gortius published a landmark treatise titled Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Holland which combined the precepts of what two law systems?
Roman law (Civil law) and Dutch law (Canon/Catholic Church law)
144
What are the three broad categories of civil law systems?
Substantive law (which acts are liable for prosecution), Procedural law (where an act constitutes a criminal act), and Penal law (appropriate penalty)
145
What form of law has been practiced in Europe since 1804?
European Civil Code or Napoleon's Civil Code
146
What form of law is practiced in Arabic countries?
Sharia law (Islamic law based on the Koran)
147
What is all law in the United States always considered?
Constitutional law (based on the U.S. Constitution)
148
What is the name for the power that gives Congress the ability to maintain a Navy and to establish rules and regulations for its operation?
Military law
149
Established in 1775, what established the laws that govern the U.S. Navy?
Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies
150
What is the name of the set of laws that cover the trail and punishment of offenders in ALL the U.S. armed forces?
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
151
The 146 articles that make up the UCMJ are divided into 12 groupings. What do the first nine deal with?
General provisions, rules for apprehension and restraint, and conduct of nonjudicial punishment (NJP) and courts-martial
152
The 146 articles that make up the UCMJ are divided into 12 groupings. What does group 10 deal with?
Specific infractions of military law; known as punitive articles
153
Under what article number of the UCMJ is cruel and unusual punishment prohibited?
55
154
According to the Bluejacket's Manual, what are the three reasons punishments are imposed?
Defer offenders from breaking rules again, encourage them to do their duty, or to set an example
155
[Fill in the blank] In 1776, George Washington counseled his officers telling them "Reward and punish every man according to his merit, without _ or _."
partiality, prejudice
156
Define apprehension
taking of a person into custody
157
Define arrest
restraint of a person by an order directing that person to remain withing certain limits
158
Define restricted
restraint of a person by an order directing that person to remain withing certain limits while requiring performance of usual military duties
159
Define confinement
physical restrain depriving a person from freedom
160
Define mitigation
circumstances that might tend to provide some plausible reason for the offense
161
Define extenuation
circumstances that lessen the punishment imposed
162
What are the two basic classes of official naval disciplinary action?
NJP/Captain's Mast and courts-martial
163
Conducted by the XO, what is the purpose of a screening mast?
Determine the seriousness of the case and to ascertain the facts so that action may be recommended to the CO
164
What are the three types of courts-martial?
Summary, Special, General
165
What type of court-martial can a dishonorable discharge be awarded?
General Court-Martial
166
Define diplomacy
the management of international relations by negotiation, and the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by ambassadors and envoys
167
What was written in 1513 by the person accredited to the term Machiavellian, used to describe unethical political activites?
The Prince
168
During the sixteenth century Italian stated developed which two specialized government service related to embassies?
Diplomatic service (political matters) and Consular service (trade and commerce)
169
Whose contribution to international law through writings such as the treatise in 1625 On the Law of War and Peace earned him the title of the "Father of International Law"?
Hugo Grotius
170
How is international law defined?
No universal text; uses numerous sources, including unwritten. Includes treaties, customs, humanity, writers, and national court decisions
171
Define treaty
Formal written accord between independent nations specifying various rights and duties, depends on enforcement by parties involved
172
Define conventions
Multilateral treaties (3+ parties) with a broad number of parties, normally negotiated under an international organization (like UN)
173
Define agreement
Generic term to any international accord or instrument recognized by international law or anything less formal than a treaty
174
Define country in terms of international law
territorial limits or geographic boundaries on a map
175
Define nation in terms of international law
people and their common blood ties
176
Define state in terms of international law
governmental authority of the political entity
177
Define soverign states
legal entities that are considered capable of speaking for themselves
178
According to the 1933 Montevideo Convention, what are the four characteristics that make a sovereign state?
Permanent population, a defined territory free from control by other states, established government, the ability to enter into associations with other states
179
Since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, what has Switzerland been recognitied as that differs from sovereign state?
Neutralized state
180
What are universally regarded as fundamental rights for soverign states to determine and self-enact?
Right to: continued existence, freedom from interference or intervention, and self-defense
181
Define belligerents in terms of international law
states at war with each other
182
Define diplomatic recognition
The act that one sovereign state does to recognize the soverign status of another
183
What are the two forms of diplomatic recognition
De jure (by law) and de facto (in fact)
184
What is the problem the US faces in its longtime recognition of the Nationalist Republic of China?
Withdrawl of recognition of one state or government in a geographic area my be accompanied by recognition of another
185
Name the most signicant example of a US breach or break in diplomatic relations
Since 1961 when Fidel Castro annouced communist affiliations and alliance with Soviet Union, Cuba and the US had a breach. This was restored in 2015 by President Barack Obama
186
Define right of legation
The right of a state to have representatives in other states for carrying on diplomatic negotiations
187
According to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, what are the three classes of heads on diplomatic missions?
Ambassador (heads of state), envoys and ministers (heads of state), and chargés d'affaires (ministers for foreign affiar)
188
Define diplomatic immunity
freedom from arrest or prosecution for alleged volations of host country laws
189
What does the acronym ALUSNA stand for
American Legation, U.S. Naval Attachés
190
What was founded on 24 October 1945 after WWII?
United Nations Organization
191
What are the three basic purposes of the UN?
maintain international peace and security, take effective collective action to prevent/minitgate threats to world peace, and cooperate in solving international problems
192
Who are the five permanent members of the UN?
China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
193
What was founded in 1948 that comprised almost all 35 independent states (Cuba left 1962) in the Western Hemishpere?
Organization of American States (OAS)
194
What are the three main precepts of international law OF THE SEA?
Freedom of the high seas, territorial seas, and special contiguous zones
195
How far does territorial seas extend from baseline demarcation lines?
12 Nautical miles (22km)
196
How far does contiguous zones extend from basline demarcation lines?
24 Nautical miles (44km)
197
How far does exclusive economic zones extend from baseline demarcation lines?
200 Nautical miles (370km)
198
What is sealift?
Transportation of most supplies and equipment needed to support wartime needs?
199
Explain Operations Desert Shield
Defend Saudi Arabia and build up forces to eject Iraq from Kuwait
200
Explain Operations Desert Storm
Followed Desert Shield in the same year, 1991: Expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait using aerial bombardment and ground assault
201
Explain Operation Anaconda
First operation to eliminate Taliban and al-Qaeda from Afghanistan
202
Explain Enduring Freedom
Dismantle al-Qaeda and remove Taliban from power in Afghanistan. This is GWOT
203
Explain Iraqi Freedom
Remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and establish democracy; simaltaneous to Enduring Freedom
204
Briefly explain Operation Red Dawn
Capture of Saddam Hussein
205
Briefly explain Operation Neptune Spear
Capture and killing of Osama bin Laden
206
What is Military Sealift Command?
MSC is an organization within the Navy that controls most of its underway replenishment and military transport shipping
207
What are the two hospital ships in the merchant marine?
USNS Comfort; USNS Mercy
208
How can MSC naval ships be identified?
Horizontal blue and gold band on their stacks
209
What is different about an MSC ships designation?
They are called USNS (US Naval Ships) and their type designators and hull numbers are preceded by T
210
Who maintains the Ready Reserve Force?
Maritime Administration
211
How can RRF ships be identified?
Red, white, and blue bands on their stacks
212
In summary, the Ready Reserve Fleet (RRF) is a subset of the NDRF (National Defense Reserve Fleet) established by MARAD in 1977 (after WW2).
More information in chapter 2 of unit 1
213
Ships flying under flag of convenience are known as what?
Effective US controlled ships (EUSC)
214
What are all of the sources of US sealift assests? (6)
MSC ships (Military Sealift Command), RRF ships (Ready Reserve Fleet), MSP ships (Maritime Security Program), VISA ships (Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement), EUSC ships (Effective US Controlled), and Foriegn-flag ships (in which there is an agreement).
215
Define strategic materials
vital raw materials and energy resources that support our national economy and defense establishment
216
What was a Q ship?
A merchant raider: a ship that looked like a cargo vessel but carried hidden weapons
217
What is V/STOL
Vertical or short takeoff and landing
218
What is UAV?
Unmanned aerial vehicle
219
Define grand strategy
the art and science of employing national power to achieve national objectives
220
What four things govern US Grand Strategy?
Constitution, US Law, government policy regarding international law, and national security policy/national interest
221
What four basic principles is grand strategy based on?
defense of American territory & allies, protecting American citizens, supporting and defending constitutional values and govrenmnet, and promoting and securing US economy and standard of living
222
What is American exceptionalism?
Enduring impulse to promote democratic values and rule of law
223
Who wrote The Art of War?
Sun Tzu
224
Who was the first Western grand strategist?
Alexander the Great of Macedonia
225
What was and who wrote the most influential writing on grand strategy ever published?
Karl von Clausewitz Vom Kriege (On War)
226
What are the three schools of strategic thought?
Maritime, continental, and aerospace
227
What book did Alfred Thayer Mahan write that revolutionized strategic naval thought?
The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)
228
Who had the concept of "interior lines" of communication?
Frederick the Great
229
Define insular safety
safety resulting from our separation from likely aggressors
230
Who emphasized the strategic importance of geographic landmasses?
Sir Halford J Mackinder
231
What was Mackinder's Heartland-Rimland theory?
control of the Heartland consisting of Asiatic Russia and Eastern Europe would be key to controlling the rest of the world, or Rimland/Marginal Crescent/Inner
232
Who was the best-known advocate for air power?
Alexander de Seversky
233
What are the three main principles of the Nixon Doctrine?
1) The US would keep all of its treaty commitments 2) The US would provide a shield if nuclear power threatened the freedom of an allied nation 3) In other types of aggression, the US would furnish military and economic assistance
234
What did the Carter doctrine declare?
The US would resist with all military force an attempt by a foreign power to gain control of any country in the Persian gulf region
235
What 5 principles of US strategy are in effect today, with little change since Vietnam?
1) Strategic nuclear sufficiency 2) Conventional capability 3) active military forces 4) research and development program 5) all volunteer active duty forces
236
What was the Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine?
US would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia, who was threatened by the Iran-Iraq War
237
What policy laid the groundwork for Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm?
Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine
238
What was the Bush doctrine?
Threat to the US posed by rogue states and terrorists (who could be equipped with modern weapons of mass destruction) justified unilateral preemptive attacks
239
When did the United States begin large-scale military interventions in Afghanistan?
2001
240
When did the United States begin large-scale military interventions in Iraq?
2003
241
What did the Budget Control Act of 2011 accomplish?
2.4 trillion reduction in federal spending, 500 billion reduction in military defense spending, known as sequestration
242
What legislation accomplished sequestration?
Budget Control Act of 2011, in response to involvement in the Middle East
243
In 2007, what document was issued jointly by all three maritime services, the first of its kind?
A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower
244
A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower added which two critical elements to Naval strategy?
Maritime security, and humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR)
245
What did Alexander the Great postulate about war?
War is always conducted on two levels: physical and psychological
246
What was Machiavelli's contribution to strategic thinking?
Broadened strategic thinking by writing on sources, applications, and limitations of power
247
In what ways did the USSR and China led to the Cold War shortly following WW2?
Adopt communist ideologies
248
What was the strategy formulated by Truman to counter expansionist ideologies?
Containment strategy
249
When did containment end?
1991
250
Who warned against massive retaliation?
Sec State John Foster Dulles (Eisenhower administration)
251
What doctrine did both the US and USSR adopt during the Cold War?
Mutually assured destruction
252
How did massive retaliation change after the Cuban Missile Crisis?
It become flexible response instead (as to handle all levels of aggression)
253
What is World War IV?
global war against extremist violence and terrorism
254
What are the Navy's two basic functions?
Sea control and power projection
255
Define neutralization
Rendement of hostile spacecraft, aircraft, surface ships, and submarines ineffective
256
Define sea control
Mastery of the entire battlespace and preventing approach of enemy forces
257
How can projection of power be accomplished? (3)
Carrier air strikes, amphibious assaults, and cruise missile attacks
258
What are strategic weapons? (example)
Intercontinental-range weapons of mass destruction
259
Define tactics
Art and science of fighting battles
260
How is strategy different from tactics?
Strategy is the use of national capabilities to achieve national objectives and interests.
261
Give two examples of ICBMs?
Nuclear bombs or ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads
262
Define battlespace (four components)
surface, sub-surface, air, and near-Earth space above designated sea and littoral areas
263
What are the three areas of naval warfare?
Surface, subsurface, aerospace
264
What are the functional roles of the Navy? (role in national military strategy)
Strategic nuclear deterrence, demployment of overseas forces, and security of the lanes of communications/sea lanes
265
What three fleets play a vital role in National military strategy?
6th fleet (Mediterranean and Atlantic), 5th fleet (Afro-Indian Ocean), 7th (West Pacific/Japan-side)
266
What is a tactical nuclear weapon?
Low yield nuclear weapon delivered by artillery and short/intermediate range missiles
267
What is a smart weapon?
Highly accurate class of weapons used in almost all conflicts
268
When were smart weapons used first to great tactical advantage?
Persian Gulf War in 1991
269
What is collateral damage?
Unintended damage to innocent civilians or private property
270
What forms the nuclear triad?
ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missiles), SSBNs (ballistic missile submarines), long-range strategic bombers
271
What is the difference between joint operations and combined operations?
Joint operations refer to collaborations with other branches, whereas combined operations are with allied forces
272
Define capabilities, intentions, and vulnerabilities in the simplest terms
What can a potential adversary do?; what will the adversary do?; what are the adversary's weaknesses?
273
What are the principles of war? (9)
Define the objective, mass forces, maneuver, take the offensive, economize force, achieve unity of command, maintain simplicity, achieve surprise, maintain security
274
What are the three main forms that large scale armed conflict might take?
General war, limited war, and irregular warfare
275
What two preconditions should exist before a general war is declared?
Threat of national destruction or assurance of victory
276
What is limited war?
Armed encounters, in which major powers or their proxies voluntarily restrict their actions in order to prevent escalation to general war.
277
What is a proxy war?
Form of limited war in which a major power's satellite state engages other major powers or its allies
278
What is irregular warfare?
Unconventional warfare or asymmetric warfare that involves opposing forces greatly unequal in conventional military resources; results in the smaller force using unconventional methods of warfare to overcome this using extreme violence or terrorism
279
What is another name for irregular warfare?
Special warfare
280
What class of ships are designed for special operations against terrorists?
San Antonio LPD
281
What are the three basic considerations in evaluating an external threat? Which is the hardest to asses?
Capabilities, intentions, and vulnerability; intentions are the hardest to assess
282
Why are naval and air operations less risky than ground invasion?
Ground warfare implies more than a temporary presence (direct quote pg 45)
283
Who said "Any and all means are justified to attain desired ends, without regard for stupid scruples about benevolence, righteousness, and morality?
Mao Tse-tung
284
What new forms of irregular warfare became widespread in the new millennium?
Violent extremism and terrorism
285
What ship was built in part with scrap steel from the ruins of the World Trade Center buildings?
USS New York
286
What must an established government do to combat an irregular warfare threat?
Special warfare tactics and moral warfare
287
What position is held by the highest-ranking officer in the US military?
Chairman of the JCS
288
Define naval operations
The employment and movements of various types of naval ships and forces in carrying out the Navy's mission
289
Who wrote Seapower 21? (The Blueprint for the 21st Century Navy, written in 2002)
CNO Adm. Vernon Clark
290
In Seapower 21, what are the three basic concepts underlying all future naval operations?
Sea strike, sea shield, and sea basing
291
Define sea strike
Ability to project offensive power from the sea worldwide
292
Define sea shield
naval operations related to homeland defense and defense of allied sea and land forces
293
Define sea basing
maintenance of deployed fast response forces sufficient to carry out the Navy's mission worldwide
294
What is a unified combatant command?
Broad commands with one commander; composed of at least 2 combatant forces with operations carried out in particular geographical region or broad functional responsibilities (ex: Pacific Command, Cyber Command, etc)
295
How many unified commands are there?
10
296
What is a specified command? (Differs from a unified command)
They are only composed of forces from one service or have only functional responsibilities.
297
There has not been a ____________ command since the dissolution of Strategic Air Command in ____.
Specified, 1992
298
Who composes the Joint Chiefs of Staff?
Chairman, Vice Chairman, Chief of Staff of the Army, Chief of Naval Operations, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Commandant of the Marine Corps, and Chief of the National Guard Bureau
299
What is a theater?
a particular geographic area of responsibility
300
What is a joint task force? Combined joint task force (CJTF)?
task forces composed of forces from 2 or more services; multinational task force
301
What four intelligence agencies have dual roles as combat support agencies (CSAs)?
Defense Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, National Reconnaissance Office
302
What is strike warfare?
Naval air, surface, or submarine forces using conventional non nuclear weapons against land or sea targets
303
What four naval forces are used in strike warfare?
carriers, cruisers, submarines, destroyers
304
What two U.S. Navy ships were out at sea and not present during the attack on Pearl Harbor?
USS Lexington, USS Enterprise
305
What are carrier strike groups?
A naval strike force built primarily around the carrier
306
What are A2/AD operations? (Defined in regards to carrier strike groups and surface action groups)
Anti-access/area denial
307
What is HA/DR?
Humanitarian assistance/disaster relief
308
The Marine amphibious forces operate in AOAs, which stands for?
Amphibious objective areas
309
What is the difference between a sweep and a raid?
A sweep is a series of strikes in a general area; a raid is a sudden destructive attack against a limited target
310
What protects the Carrier Strike Group (CSG) from air attack?
Combat air patrol (CAP)
311
What are the Marine Corps two amphibious assault ships? (Name the designators)
LHAs or LHDs
312
What are the aircraft that deploy on board an aircraft carrier called?
Carrier air wings
313
What types of aircraft deploy on board amphibious assault ships?
Marine air groups
314
What is the difference between a carrier air wing and a marine air group?
Both are aircraft squadrons, but carrier air wings are comprised of naval aircraft squadrons to deploy from carriers, and Marine air groups are composed of Marine air squadrons deployed from amphibious ships
315
How many aircraft carriers are currently active?
11
316
How many carrier air wings are active?
9
317
What are the two Marine fighter aircraft?
Harriers and F-35Bs
318
What does the yellow-colored jersey worn by flight deck personnel on ships signify?
Yellow: aircraft handlers, catapult and arresting gear officers
319
What does the green-colored jersey worn by flight deck personnel on ships signify?
Green: maintenance personnel, troubleshooters, helicopter landing signalmen
320
What does the blue-colored jersey worn by flight deck personnel on ships signify?
Blue: Assistant plane handlers, elevator operators, tracker drivers
321
What does the purple-colored jersey worn by flight deck personnel on ships signify?
Purple: aviation fuel personnel
322
What does the red-colored jersey worn by flight deck personnel on ships signify?
Red: Ordnance, EOD, crash and salvage
323
What does the brown-colored jersey worn by flight deck personnel on ships signify?
Brown: Plane captains, LPOs
324
What does the white-colored jersey worn by flight deck personnel on ships signify?
White: safety observers, air wing landing signal officers (LSO)
325
What are the three main classifications of air warfare?
Air to surface, air to air, and surface to air
326
What are the three phases of fleet air warfare tactics?
1) Identifying possible enemy attack threat 2) Initial air warfare 3) Full aggregate air defense power
327
What is Aegis, the best defensive and offensive weapons system ever developed?
Integrated naval weapons control system; tracks and destroys enemy targets SPECIFICALLY low altitude anti ship missiles
328
What is a SAG?
Surface action group; part of a carrier strike group that pursue and attack when traditional surface action/engagement occurs
329
How many Ohio-class guided-missile submarines are there?
Answer: 4
FUN FACT: These four submarines make up more than half of the total cruise missile launch capability of the US submarine force! These are highly coveted submarines.
330
What does the designation SSGN mean?
Guided missile submarines (as opposed to SSBN: Ballistic missile submarines)
331
What is the primary electronic detection device used in USW operations?
Sonar
332
What types of sensors are used to locate submarines?
Radio sonobuoys, magnetic anomaly detection (MAD), dipping sonar, infrared detection, towed arrays
333
What 3 major developments established undersea warfare during WW1?
The Convoy system, hydrophone, and depth charge
334
What does the hydrophone do?
Uses triangulation to pinpoint a submarine's location based on the sounds of its engines and propellers
335
Who proposed the convoy system, in which ships are grouped together for mutual protection?
Admiral William Sims
336
What are the four strategic benefits provided by the Navy's amphibious warfare capabilities?
1) Freedom of action [forces can loiter indefinitely in international waters] 2) Deterrence 3) Assured access 4) Uncertainty for adversaries
337
Fleet air warfare (AW) tactics are designed to provide _______ __ _____ to the carrier or other high value ships in a strike group.
defense in depth
338
What is a tomahawk?
Long-range surface to surface cruise missile
339
What is the primary objective of submarines?
Sink enemy submarines
340
What is a depth charge?
A large canister of explosives fired from a destroyer that destroys a submarine by detonating at a preset depth
341
What does SONAR stand for?
SOund Navigation And Ranging system
342
What is the basic amphibious warfare unit in the US Navy?
MAGTF (Pronounced "mag-taff"): Marine Air Ground Task Force
343
What is an LCAC (Pronounced "L-cack")?
Landing craft, air cushioned: high speed landing craft used for transport
344
What four ships make up an ATF (amphibious task force)?
LHA, LHD, LPD, LSD
345
Define the following designators for amphibious forces: LHA, LHD, LPD, and LSD
LHA: Amphibious assault ship, LHD: Amphibious assault ship, LPD: amphibious transport dock, LSD: dock landing ships
346
__________ task forces (ATF) transport Marine Air Ground Task Forces (MAGTFs), called the ________ force, and the two combined are called a __________ _____ _____ (ARG).
Amphibious, landing, amphibious ready group
347
What is a ESG? What things does is it comprised of?
An expeditionary strike group: contains the amphibious ready group (ARG=ATF+MAGTF) and CSG (carrier strike group), which supports it in transit
348
What are the 4 Cs in C4ISR?
Command, Control, Communications, Computers (ISR= Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance)
349
What is information warfare?
Information operations: any action taken to negatively affect information, information systems, or C4ISR
350
All branches of service rely on Navy satellites for what?
Ultra high frequency (UHF) narrow-band communications
351
What is the new Navy communications satellite system that extends UHF cell phone capabilities?
Mobile User Objective System
352
Define naval communication:
transmission and reception of military instructions and information by sound, electronics, or visual means
353
What 3 qualities must naval communications have?
Reliable, secure, and rapid
354
What are the main functions of naval telecommunications?
meet the command and control needs of the operating forces
355
What are the secondary functions of naval telecommunications?
allow administration of the naval establishment
356
What are the largest of the Navy's communications facilities called? How many are there?
naval computer and telecommunications area master stations (NCTAMS); 6
357
Which officer is in charge of a ship's communications organization?
Fleet commanders
358
What alphabet is used for voice communications by radio?
NATO phonetic alphabet
359
What are the main Navy visual communications methods?
Flashing light, flaghoist, and semaphore
360
What is the principal use of flaghoist?
Send uniform maneuver instructions: originating ship hoists the flag, receiving ships duplicates the flag to show the message is sent, and the originating ship that rapidly hauls down the flag to signal execution time
361
What is the Nancy system and what is its advantage?
Infrared light signaling; very secure because it can only be visible with special optical receiver and can be seen for 7.5 miles
362
What is a semaphore?
use of signals transmitted by various arm positions of the signal for short distance communications; faster and more secure than flashing light
363
How fast can words be transmitted using semaphore?
15 words per minute
364
What is the Gertrude system?
A waterborne sound communications method that uses an underwater acoustic system associated with submarine or destroyer equipment; not very secure and limited in range
365
What are groups of military communication satellites in orbit called?
Constellations
366
Where is visual signaling done on a ship?
Signal bridge
367
How fast can a signalman transmit words using international Morse code?
14 words per minute
368
What are pyrotechnics used for?
Emergency signals
369
What is the difference between intelligence and information?
Raw information is the material collected from all sources about a given subject or country; intelligence is this information gathered together and analyzed in order to be useful
370
What are the 5 steps in the intelligence process?
Planning and direction; collection; processing; analysis and production; dissemination
371
What are the 6 basic national intelligence sources?
1) signals intel 2) imagery intel 3) measurement and signature intel 4) human-source intel 5) open-source intel 6) geospatial intel
372
What kind of information is naval intelligence primarily interested in collecting?
Tactical information: Information of interest to the Navy, such as intel on friendly and unfriendly ships, weapons systems, strategies and tactics, facilities, etc
373
What two kinds of new technology are being used for recon and intel-gathering purposes?
Spy satellites and UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles)
374
What is the US intelligence community?
All of the primary agencies that produce intelligence in the US
375
What new department was created in 2002 to coordinate national strategy against domestic terrorism?
Department of Homeland Security
376
What is the primary manager and producer of foreign military intelligence?
Defense Intelligence Agency
377
What is a military attache?
Military officers that provide military expertise to embassies in foreign countries
378
What is the organization responsible for carrying out the intelligence mission of the Navy?
Office of Naval Intelligence
379
What does Naval Criminal Investigative Service do?
Primary criminal investigative and counterintelligence agency of the Navy
380
What are the two categories of espionage?
Military and political
381
What is counterintelligence?
The protection of a nation's secrets against espionage or other intel-gathering activities; in other words, security
382
What are the three levels of security classification in the US?
In order from most to least importance: top secret, secret, confidential
383
Explain the security breach of the late 1960s and mid 1980s that compromised submarine quietness technology?
John Walker compromised highly classified technology that allowed the Soviet technology to advance rapidly
384
What was the worst intelligence disaster in US history?
FBI Agent Robert Hanssen sold US secrets to the Russian Federation over a 20 year period; including passing the names double agents who were killed as a result
385
In 2013, what ex-NSA analyst perpetrated an infamous security breach?
Edward Snowden: released 1.7M top secret NSA documents on Patriot Act programs
386
What type of intelligence was extensively used in Vietnam?
Air intelligence
387
What are the two most notable secret high-speed jet aircraft used in air intelligence (spy planes)?
U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird
388
What legislation created the US Intelligence Community, National Security Council, and CIA?
National Security Act of 1947
389
Which president established the Intelligence Community? How? What date?
Ronald Reagan by executive order in 1981
390
When did modern logistics begin?
WW1
391
What is the relationship between strategy, tactics, and logistics?
Strategy is concerned with general plan for the employment of fighting forces; tactics involve the specific maneuvers and techniques (or operation execution), and logistics refers to the total process by which resources are mobilized towards achieving those military goals
392
What are the six functional areas of logistics?
Supply, maintenance, transportation, engineering, health services, other services
393
What are the four elements of logistics that come into play in each functional area?
Acquisition, distribution, sustainment, disposition
394
What are maritime prepositioned force ships?
Part of the Maritime Prepositioning Force, these ships are preloaded with supplies and ammunitions in key destinations
395
What percentage of heavy-lift logistics for deployed forces are delivered via sealift by the Military Sealift Command?
0.9
396
Define retrograde in logistics?
war material removed from a theater of operations
397
Who manages the Navy's R&D program?
Secretary of the Navy, who is under the SecDef
398
What is the Office of Naval Research's corporate R&D corporate laboratory?
Naval Research Laboratory
399
What is DARPA?
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency: department of DoD
400
What are the three main DARPA program areas?
national-level problems, operational dominance, high-risk high-payoff technologies
401
What branch of international law deals with contracts, torts, and offenses that occur in the oceans?
Admiralty law
402
Who is the father of international law?
Hugo Grotius
403
How far does territorial sea extend?
12 (before 1900, it was only 3 miles)
404
What part of the sea does no nation have exclusive use of or sovereignty of?
High seas
405
What are the three main precepts of international law of the sea?
freedom of the high seas, territorial seeds, and special contiguous zones
406
When were international laws of the sea officially ratified?
1994
407
What right do foreign ships have in territorial waters?
Allowed the right of innocent passage (expeditious and continuous manner)
408
What are archipelagic waters?
waters containing an archipelagic state
409
What are contiguous zones?
An additional 12 miles from the limits of territorial waters
410
What right applies in contiguous zones?
Right of hot pursuit; laws of the territorial nation can only be enforced if broken in the territorial or internal waters
411
What is the exclusive economic zone?
extends 200 miles for access to resources
412
What rights are given in the continental shelf?
Coastal states have exclusive right to minerals and nonliving material (living creatures only in EEZ)
413
Where has the Chinese government built up reefs to form artificial islands in order to expand their territorial waters?
South China Sea, Spratly Islands group
414
What is a thalweg?
A channel boundary line that is the channel's centerline
415
What does riparian mean?
bordering on the river (ex: riparian countries)
416
What percentage of the world's surface is high seas/international seas?
more than 70%
417
What is COLREGS?
International rules of the road (comes from COLlisions REGulations guidelines of 1972)
418
What are the 2 requirements to be classified as a warship?
1) vessel must be commissioned as a part of naval forces and displaying an appropriate identifying flag 2) must be commanded by a member of the military forces and crewed by the military
419
What is the "right to approach"?
under international law, any authorized ship can approach another vessel to verify its nationality
420
How do warships request the name and nationality of merchant ships in international waters?
Flashing light
421
What is the difference between warships and merchant ships when in a foreign port?
Warships are considered extension of the territory of registry, but merchant ships become local jurisdiction
422
What does CBR warfare stand for?
Chemical, biological, and radiological
423
What is a quarantine in regards to naval blockade?
A limited and selective form of naval blockade directed against specific prohibited cargo useful for making war (ex contraband)
424
What is the primary purpose of naval weapons systems?
To detect, identify, engage, and destroy enemy threats.
425
What are the three major categories of naval weapons systems?
Weapons, fire control systems, and delivery platforms.
426
What is the role of a fire control system?
To aim and control the weapon for accurate targeting.
427
What types of weapons are included in modern naval arsenals?
Guns, missiles, torpedoes, and mines.
428
What is a delivery platform in naval terms?
A ship, aircraft, or submarine that carries and launches weapons.
429
What is the main function of a naval gun?
To deliver explosive projectiles at high velocity to a target.
430
What makes missiles different from guns or torpedoes?
Missiles are self-propelled and guided.
431
What are the two types of missile guidance systems?
Active and passive.
432
What is the role of a torpedo in naval combat?
To travel underwater and explode on contact or proximity to enemy vessels.
433
What advantage do mines provide in naval warfare?
They deny or restrict access to areas of the sea.
434
What is the basic principle of a mine's operation?
It detonates when triggered by contact, influence, or command.
435
Why is detection and classification critical in modern naval combat?
To identify threats early and respond with appropriate weapons.
436
What part of a weapon system actually delivers the destructive force?
The warhead.
437
What is the key benefit of using guided missiles over traditional guns?
Greater accuracy and range.
438
What technology allows missiles to adjust course in flight?
Inertial or GPS-based guidance systems.
439
How do naval forces protect against incoming weapons?
By using countermeasures and defensive weapons like CIWS.
440
What is CIWS?
Close-In Weapon System—an automated gun system for last-line defense.
441
Why are submarines particularly suited for torpedo attacks?
They can approach undetected and launch from below the surface.
442
What makes aircraft carriers powerful weapons platforms?
They project air power far from home bases.
443
What is the primary purpose of naval gun systems?
To engage surface, air, and land targets using projectile-based weapons.
444
What are the two major components of a naval gun system?
The gun mount and the fire control system.
445
What caliber is typically considered a major caliber naval gun?
Anything over 5 inches (127 mm).
446
What does the term 'dual-purpose' gun refer to?
A gun capable of engaging both air and surface targets.
447
What role does the gun mount play in a naval gun system?
It supports the gun barrel and enables it to elevate and train.
448
What is meant by 'train' in gun operation?
Horizontal movement of the gun to aim left or right.
449
What controls the elevation of the gun?
Hydraulic or electric power units within the mount.
450
What does 'rate of fire' mean?
The number of rounds a gun can fire per minute.
451
What is the difference between a manual and automatic gun system?
Manual systems require human loading; automatic systems load and fire with minimal human input.
452
What are proximity fuzes designed to do?
Detonate when they come near a target, rather than on impact.
453
What type of fire control data is essential for gun accuracy?
Range, bearing, speed, and course of the target.
454
How does a ballistic computer aid gunfire?
It calculates the firing solution using environmental and target data.
455
What is dispersion in naval gunnery?
The spread of shells around the intended target area.
456
Why is shell weight important in naval gunnery?
Heavier shells usually have greater range and destructive power.
457
What is the advantage of rapid-fire medium caliber guns like the 76mm?
They provide flexible defense against fast-moving threats.
458
What is the purpose of a gun director?
To provide accurate aiming data to the gun mount based on sensor input.
459
How does weather affect naval gunfire?
Wind, temperature, and humidity can change the projectile's path.
460
What is a burst fire mode?
Firing several rounds in quick succession for maximum effect.
461
Why are naval guns still relevant in modern warfare?
They offer high-volume firepower and are not easily jammed like electronic systems.
462
What is a 'salvo'?
The simultaneous firing of multiple guns or rounds.
463
What is the main advantage of missile systems over traditional gun systems?
Greater range, accuracy, and destructive capability.
464
What are the two primary classifications of missiles?
Guided and unguided.
465
What are the major components of a missile system?
The missile, launcher, and fire control system.
466
What are the four main parts of a guided missile?
Airframe, propulsion, guidance, and warhead.
467
What does the propulsion system do in a missile?
Provides the force to move the missile toward the target.
468
What are common types of missile propulsion systems?
Solid-fuel and liquid-fuel rockets.
469
What is the role of the guidance system in a missile?
Directs the missile’s path to the target.
470
What is the difference between active and passive guidance?
Active uses onboard sensors to track the target; passive homes in on energy emitted by the target.
471
What type of warhead is most common in naval missiles?
High-explosive fragmentation.
472
What are the two broad categories of missile launch systems?
Vertical Launch Systems (VLS) and angled deck launchers.
473
What is an advantage of the Vertical Launch System (VLS)?
Allows multiple types of missiles to be stored and launched quickly.
474
What is a surface-to-air missile (SAM) used for?
To intercept and destroy airborne threats.
475
What is a surface-to-surface missile (SSM) designed to target?
Ships or land-based targets.
476
What is the name of the U.S. Navy’s primary surface-to-air missile system?
The Standard Missile (SM) series.
477
What is the primary U.S. Navy anti-ship missile?
The Harpoon missile.
478
What is the purpose of a cruise missile?
Long-range precision strikes against land or sea targets.
479
What is a ballistic missile?
A missile that follows a high-arc trajectory and is typically used for long-range strategic targets.
480
What does the Aegis Combat System do?
Integrates sensors and weapons to detect, track, and engage threats automatically.
481
How does cooperative engagement capability (CEC) enhance missile defense?
Shares targeting data between ships and aircraft for coordinated defense.
482
Why is missile integration important in naval warfare?
It ensures effective coordination between launch systems, sensors, and weapons for rapid response.
483
What are the primary types of undersea weapons?
Torpedoes and mines.
484
What is the main purpose of a torpedo?
To deliver a warhead to an underwater or surface target.
485
What is the typical propulsion system used in modern torpedoes?
Electric or thermal engines.
486
What are the two main types of torpedoes?
Straight-running and homing.
487
What makes a homing torpedo different?
It can detect and follow a target using onboard sensors.
488
What are the three main guidance methods for torpedoes?
Acoustic, wire-guided, and wake homing.
489
What is a heavyweight torpedo generally used against?
Submarines and large surface ships.
490
What is a lightweight torpedo mainly used for?
Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), especially from aircraft.
491
What is the role of mines in naval warfare?
To deny or restrict enemy access to specific sea areas.
492
What is a contact mine?
A mine that explodes upon physical contact with a vessel.
493
What is an influence mine?
A mine that detonates based on magnetic, acoustic, or pressure triggers.
494
What is a command-detonated mine?
A mine that is remotely activated by an operator.
495
What is the advantage of using influence mines?
They can target specific ship signatures and reduce accidental detonation.
496
What delivery methods are used for naval mines?
Surface ships, submarines, and aircraft.
497
What is mine warfare?
The use of sea mines to disrupt or control enemy movement.
498
What is a minefield?
A strategically placed group of mines in a specific area.
499
What is mine countermeasure (MCM) activity?
Operations to detect and neutralize enemy mines.
500
What are the two main types of mine countermeasure vessels?
Minehunters and minesweepers.
501
What is a towed sonar array used for?
Detecting submarines or underwater mines.
502
Why are undersea weapons considered force multipliers?
They provide area denial and strategic advantages with relatively low cost.
503
What are directed-energy weapons (DEWs)?
Weapons that emit energy in a focused beam to damage or destroy targets.
504
What are the two main types of DEWs under development?
High-energy lasers and high-power microwaves.
505
What is a major advantage of DEWs?
Speed-of-light engagement and deep magazines (virtually unlimited shots).
506
How do lasers damage their targets?
By focusing intense heat on a small area to burn or melt components.
507
What types of targets are ideal for DEWs?
Drones, small boats, and incoming missiles.
508
Why are lasers considered cost-effective?
Each shot costs far less than a conventional missile.
509
What limits the effectiveness of laser weapons?
Weather conditions like fog, rain, and dust can scatter the beam.
510
What does 'line-of-sight' mean in laser operations?
The laser must have a direct, unobstructed path to the target.
511
What are high-power microwave (HPM) weapons designed to do?
Disrupt or destroy electronic systems in enemy equipment.
512
What is the goal of electronic warfare (EW)?
To use the electromagnetic spectrum to attack or defend against threats.
513
What is radar jamming?
The use of signals to confuse or overwhelm enemy radar systems.
514
What is an electronic countermeasure (ECM)?
A system used to deceive or impair enemy electronic systems.
515
What is electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM)?
Defensive techniques to protect your systems from jamming or deception.
516
What is the purpose of chaff in naval countermeasures?
To release metallic strips that confuse radar-guided weapons.
517
What is flare used for in defense?
To decoy heat-seeking missiles away from ships or aircraft.
518
What does Nulka do?
It is an Australian/U.S. decoy that lures incoming missiles away from ships using radar signals.
519
What is soft-kill vs. hard-kill defense?
Soft-kill disrupts the threat’s sensors; hard-kill physically destroys it.
520
What is a directed-energy 'dazzler'?
A non-lethal laser used to temporarily blind or confuse sensors or personnel.
521
Why are DEWs important for future naval operations?
They provide fast, precise, and reusable defense against advanced threats.
522
What is the biggest current challenge with deploying DEWs?
Power generation and cooling requirements aboard ships.
523
What two kinds of shipboard organization on a Navy ship govern how the crew goes about doing its job in both peacetime and wartime?
1) Administrative organization 2) Battle organization.
524
What is general quarters?
The highest condition of readiness.
525
How is authority normally delegated within a ship's organization?
To the lowest level possible for each function performed, commensurate with the subordinates responsibility and capability.
526
What shipboard directives detail a Navy ship's administrative and battle organization?
1) Ship's Organization and Regulations Manual 2) Battle Organization Manual (Battle Bill) 3) Watch, Quarter, and Stations Bill.
527
What kinds of information does a ship's Watch, Quarter, and Stations Bill contain?
Maintained by the CO, the Watch, Quarter, and Stations Bill specifies the name, billet number, berthing, assignments, duties, and watches of each enlisted sailor aboard the ship.
528
What do ship's bills in the Ship's Organization and Regulation (SORM) set forth?
How every routine and emergency evolution is performed and by whom. Each event, situation, or condition has its own bill.
529
Who has overall responsibility for the safety and operation of a naval ship?
The commanding officer.
530
What gives the CO their authority?
The law, Navy Regulations, and their reporting senior.
531
What is the job of the navigator?
Safe navigation and piloting; must know the ship's position at all times and reports to the CO.
532
Why are the battlestations of the CO and XO separated?
If the captain (CO) becomes incapacitated, the XO becomes the CO.
533
Where is the battle station of the CO and XO located on carriers?
CO: Bridge; XO: Combat direction center.
534
Where is the battle station of the CO and XO in surface combatant ships other than carriers?
CO: Combat information center (or in the ship's mission center on newer ships); XO: bridge.
535
On small ships, navigation is what type of duty?
Collateral duty, since the XO is responsible.
536
What is a collateral duty?
A duty assigned and performed in addition to a primary duty.
537
Who is permitted to relieve the Officer of the Deck if authorized by the CO?
The navigator.
538
What is the chief master-at-arms?
Responsible for enforcing regulations, keeping order and discipline, supervising working parties, and prisoners in the ship's brig.
539
What types of ships have a combat systems officer in charge of a combat systems department?
Ships mainly concerned with ordnance (e.g. destroyers and cruisers).
540
What types of ships have a first lieutenant in charge of a deck department?
All amphibious ships and aircraft carriers (which also have a weapons officer and weapons department).
541
What types of ships have a weapons officer in charge of a weapons department?
Aircraft carriers.
542
What are the basic responsibilities of a ship's first lieutenant?
All deck seamanship evolutions, care of the ship's exterior, all gear about the weather deck, cargo loading and unloading.
543
What types of ships have a reactor officer in charge of a reactor department?
Nuclear powered aircraft carriers and submarines.
544
What is the informal title of an air wing commander on an aircraft carrier?
Air boss.
545
If the air officer is the air boss, what is the assistant air officer called?
Mini boss!
546
What are the responsibilities of the air officer/air boss?
Direct aircraft launch, recovery, and handling, including traffic control.
547
What is the difference between an air officer and aviation officer?
An air officer is the head of the air department and known as the air boss on aviation-type ships, such as carriers. However, on non-aviation type ships the title is aviation officer instead.
548
What is PriFly?
Primary flight control bridge, which is similar to a control tower of an airport (tracks aircraft within 5 miles of the ship).
549
What are three staff corps officers?
Supply, medical, dental.
550
What is an air group commander (CAG)?
In charge of the carrier air wing/group when it is deployed on an aircraft carrier. Different from the air boss.
551
What organization is the basic unit of personnel on board a naval ship?
Division.
552
What shipboard bill contains the ship's battle organization?
Battle Organization Manual, or Battle Bill.
553
What is the difference between the way orders from the CO are conveyed in peacetime conditions versus during general quarters?
In regards to shipboard organization, what is the CIC? Combat information center.
554
In regards to shipboard organization, what is the CDC?
Combat direction center.
555
In regards to shipboard organization, what is the SMC?
Ship's mission center.
556
Crewmembers manning stations that require 24/7 operation are said to be standing ________, and are called _____________.
Watch; watchstanders.
557
What are the possible meanings for a 'watch' in the Navy?
1) Location of the person on watch 2) his or her watch section 3) time period 4) individual [#2 and #3 may be grouped together].
558
What governs how many watchstanders are on station?
The readiness condition under which the ship is operating.
559
Who assigns personnel to the watch?
Department heads and senior watch officer if the watch is the responsibility of multiple departments.
560
What are the readiness conditions for Navy ships?
5 conditions, Condition 1 being the highest level.
561
What are the possible meanings for a 'watch' in the Navy?
1) Location of the person on watch 2) his or her watch section 3) time period 4) individual
## Footnote
#2 and #3 may be grouped together.
562
What are the readiness conditions for Navy ships?
5 conditions, Condition 1 being the highest level of readiness.
563
How long does a traditional shipboard watch last?
4 hours.
564
What are dogwatches/what does it mean for a watch to be dogged?
The watches are divided into two, two-hour watches in the evening instead of the traditional four hour watch so watchstanders can eat their evening meal.
565
How long does a typical shore station watch last?
Eight to twelve hours long.
566
Why are watches ashore longer than shipboard watches?
They are less demanding and not so frequently stood.
567
How might the watch schedule change when in readiness condition 2 versus 5?
In times when increased manning is necessary, the ship may go to port and starboard watches, which is 6 hours on, 6 hours off.
568
In order to be on time, when should the relief arrive at their watch?
15 minutes early (to receive information about the watch, go through relief procedures, and adjust to night vision if necessary).
569
What is a watch section?
All personnel on watch at a given time.
570
What is a duty section?
Watch sections while in port.
571
How many watch sections might a ship have during readiness condition 4, 3 and 2?
Condition 4: 3 for small ships and 4-5 for large ships; condition 3: 3; condition 2: 2.
572
During condition V peacetime, how many watch sections are there for both US and foreign ports?
At least four.
573
How many duty sections is a ship's crew normally divided into during peacetime in US ports, and deployed in foreign ports?
US ports: 4-6; overseas: 3.
574
What is one difference between a watch section and a duty station besides duty stations being in-port?
Each person in a duty section must remain on board the entire 24 hour period his or her section is on duty, called a duty day.
575
What are the responsibilities of the command duty officer?
To provide continuity throughout each duty day in port, represents the CO and ensures the XO's plan of the day is followed.
576
What are the duties of the officer of the deck?
The OOD is in charge of ship operations both at sea and in port.
577
Where does the officer of the deck stand watch when underway and in port?
Underway: Bridge; In-port: Quarterdeck.
578
What does it mean to 'have the conn'?
The authority to give ship-handling orders to ship control watchstanders, such as the helmsman.
579
What are the responsibilities of the tactical watch officer when a ship's combat systems are manned?
The smooth and efficient operation of his or her watch center, and the TAO can direct employment of weapons and the OOD until the CO or XO arrives on station.
580
What are the two basic types of enlisted watches in a topside underway section?
1) Deck watches 2) navigational watches.
581
What do navigation watches include?
Quartermaster of the watch and the after steering watch.
582
Who is the main enlisted assistant to the OOD on the bridge when underway?
Boatswain's Mate of the Watch (BMOW).
583
Who is the main enlisted assistant to the OOD when in port?
Petty Officer of the Watch.
584
What is the steering wheel of a ship called?
The helm.
585
What is a lee helmsman?
The person who stands watch at the engine-order telegraph (lee helm). They ring up the conning officer's orders to the engine room. The lee helmsman is equally qualified and often switches.
586
What do lookouts report during their watches?
Aircraft and surface sightings, condition of the ship's navigational lights, men overboard.
587
What is the purpose of the lifeboat watch?
Enable expeditious recovery of any persons overboard.
588
What is the QMOW? Include its primary duty.
Quartermaster of the watch: maintains the deck log, which records all orders to the helm or lee helm and other major events of interest during each watch.
589
Who can assist the OOD in navigational matters as a qualified helmsman?
QMOW.
590
Where is the primary shipboard watch station in port?
Quarterdeck (while underway, it is the quarter deck).
591
What is the purpose of the sounding and security patrol?
Increase the security of the ship by checking for evidence of theft, sabotage, fire, etc and looking for potential dangers.
592
When and where is an anchor watch posted?
When the ship is at anchor or moored, the watch is posted near the anchor chain to check the strain and how the chain is tending.
593
What name is given to the enlisted person in charge of a ship's boat?
Coxswain.
594
Who is placed in charge of a ship's boat when there is inclement weather/hazardous conditions?
Boat officer.
595
What is the boat that the CO and any embarked senior officials use called?
The captain's gig.
596
What is the purpose of a barracks security watch?
Protection against fire, safety of personnel and material, and for carrying out routines.
597
For what purpose are side boys stationed?
To render ceremonial honors to arriving or departing dignitaries or high ranking officers.
598
What is the keel of a ship?
The backbone or main structural element of a ship’s hull.
599
What is the purpose of bulkheads in ship construction?
To divide the ship into compartments and provide structural strength.
600
What is a watertight compartment?
A section of the ship sealed to prevent water from entering if damaged.
601
What are the main materials used in modern naval shipbuilding?
Steel and specialized alloys.
602
What is the main deck?
The highest deck running the full length of the ship.
603
What does the term 'amidships' mean?
The middle portion of the ship from bow to stern.
604
What is the bow of the ship?
The forward part of the ship.
605
What is the stern of the ship?
The rear part of the ship.
606
What is the primary purpose of damage control?
To prevent the loss of the ship and preserve life during emergencies.
607
What is the role of the Damage Control Assistant (DCA)?
To coordinate and supervise all damage control activities.
608
What is a fire main system?
A system of piping that delivers seawater to fight fires onboard.
609
What are the classes of fires aboard ship?
Class A (combustible), B (liquids), C (electrical), and D (metals).
610
What is a battle dress requirement during damage control situations?
Protective gear including helmet, gloves, flash hood, and life preserver.
611
What is a shoring system used for?
To support damaged structures and prevent collapse or flooding.
612
What is the purpose of the General Quarters (GQ) alarm?
To alert the crew to prepare for battle or emergency situations.
613
What is seamanship?
The art and science of operating a ship at sea.
614
What is the anchor used for?
To secure the ship in place when not underway.
615
What is the difference between port and starboard?
Port is the left side; starboard is the right side when facing forward.
616
What is a bosun’s chair used for?
To safely hoist personnel for work aloft or over the side.
617
What does the term 'heave around' mean?
To pull in on a line using a capstan or winch.
618
What is line handling?
The use and management of ropes (lines) for securing or maneuvering the ship.
619
What is the purpose of a capstan?
A rotating machine used for moving heavy loads with lines or chains.
620
What is 'underway'?
A term describing a ship that is not anchored or tied to a pier.
621
What is a fender?
A device placed between the ship and pier to prevent damage.
622
What are mooring lines?
Ropes or cables used to tie a ship to a pier or another ship.
623
What does 'casting off' mean?
Releasing lines so the ship can get underway.
624
What is a cleat used for?
Securing lines quickly and effectively on deck.
625
What does 'sounding' refer to?
Measuring the depth of water under the keel.
626
What is the 'draft' of a ship?
The vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull.
627
What does 'rigging' refer to?
The system of ropes, chains, and gear supporting a ship’s structure or sails.
628
What is navigation?
The process of planning, recording, and controlling the movement of a ship.
629
What is dead reckoning?
Navigating based on a known position, speed, and course without outside references.
630
What is a nautical mile?
A unit of distance equal to 1.15 statute miles or 1,852 meters.
631
What is a bearing?
The direction to an object from your current position.
632
What instrument is used to measure a ship's heading?
A compass.
633
What is a chart in navigation?
A detailed map of water areas used for planning routes and positions.
634
What is a fix?
A precise position of a ship determined by visual or electronic means.
635
What is a GPS used for?
To provide real-time location information using satellites.
636
What does 'DR track' mean?
The projected path of the ship based on speed and direction.
637
What is the primary tool for measuring distances on a chart?
Dividers.
638
What is a parallel ruler used for?
Transferring a bearing or course from a compass rose to a ship’s position.
639
What does 'true north' refer to?
The direction pointing toward the geographic North Pole.
640
What does 'variation' mean in navigation?
The difference between true north and magnetic north.
641
What is the purpose of plotting?
To record and monitor the ship’s movement on a chart.
642
What is a sextant used for?
Measuring angles between celestial bodies and the horizon for celestial navigation.
643
What are the 'Rules of the Road'?
Regulations that govern the movement of vessels to prevent collisions.
644
What is a stand-on vessel?
A vessel that must maintain its course and speed when another is required to give way.
645
What is a give-way vessel?
A vessel that must take action to avoid a collision.
646
What is the primary rule for avoiding collisions at sea?
Maintain a proper lookout at all times.
647
What light does a power-driven vessel show at night?
A masthead light, sidelights, and a stern light.
648
What does the term 'head-on situation' mean?
When two vessels are approaching each other directly from the front.
649
What action should vessels take in a head-on situation?
Both vessels should alter course to starboard.
650
What does a green light indicate on a vessel?
The starboard side of the vessel.
651
What does a red light indicate on a vessel?
The port side of the vessel.
652
What sound signal is used when a vessel is altering course to starboard?
One short blast.
653
What sound signal is used when a vessel is altering course to port?
Two short blasts.
654
What is a maneuvering board used for?
To plot relative motion and determine course, speed, and collision avoidance.
655
What is relative motion?
The motion of one vessel as observed from another moving vessel.
656
What is CPA (Closest Point of Approach)?
The closest distance two ships will come if no course change is made.
657
What is the best way to confirm collision risk?
If the bearing to an approaching vessel remains constant while distance decreases.
658
Hugo Gortius published a landmark treatise titled Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Holland which combined the precepts of what two law systems?
Roman law (Civil law) and Dutch law (Canon/Catholic Church law)
659
What are the three broad categories of civil law systems?
Substantive law (which acts are liable for prosecution), Procedural law (where an act constitutes a criminal act), and Penal law (appropriate penalty)
660
What form of law has been practiced in Europe since 1804?
European Civil Code or Napoleon's Civil Code
661
What form of law is practiced in Arabic countries?
Sharia law (Islamic law based on the Koran)
662
What is all law in the United States always considered?
Constitutional law (based on the U S Constitution)
663
What is the name for the power that gives Congress the ability to maintain a Navy and to establish rules and regulations for its operation?
Military law
664
Established in 1775, what established the laws that govern the U S Navy?
"Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies"
665
What is the name of the set of laws that cover the trail and punishment of offenders in ALL the U S armed forces?
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
666
The 146 articles that make up the UCMJ are divided into 12 groupings What do the first nine deal with?
General provisions, rules for apprehension and restraint, and conduct of nonjudicial punishment (NJP) and courts-martial
667
The 146 articles that make up the UCMJ are divided into 12 groupings What does group 10 deal with?
Specific infractions of military law; known as punitive articles
668
Under what article number of the UCMJ is cruel and unusual punishment prohibited?
55
669
According to the Bluejacket's Manual, what are the three reasons punishments are imposed?
Defer offenders from breaking rules again, encourage them to do their duty, or to set an example
670
[Fill in the blank] In 1776, George Washington counseled his officers telling them "Reward and punish every man according to his merit, without _ or _ "
partiality, prejudice
671
Define apprehension
taking of a person into custody
672
Define arrest
restraint of a person by an order directing that person to remain withing certain limits
673
Define restricted
restraint of a person by an order directing that person to remain withing certain limits while requiring performance of usual military duties
674
Define confinement
physical restrain depriving a person from freedom
675
Define mitigation
circumstances that might tend to provide some plausible reason for the offense
676
Define extenuation
circumstances that lessen the punishment imposed
677
What are the two basic classes of official naval disciplinary action?
NJP/Captain's Mast and courts-martial
678
Conducted by the XO, what is the purpose of a screening mast?
Determine the seriousness of the case and to ascertain the facts so that action may be recommended to the CO
679
What are the three types of courts-martial?
Summary, Special, General
680
What type of court-martial can a dishonorable discharge be awarded?
General Court-Martial
681
Define diplomacy
the management of international relations by negotiation, and the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by ambassadors and envoys
682
What was written in 1513 by the person accredited to the term Machiavellian, used to describe unethical political activites?
The Prince
683
During the sixteenth century Italian stated developed which two specialized government service related to embassies?
Diplomatic service (political matters) and Consular service (trade and commerce)
684
Whose contribution to international law through writings such as the treatise in 1625 On the Law of War and Peace earned him the title of the "Father of International Law"?
Hugo Grotius
685
How is international law defined?
No universal text; uses numerous sources, including unwritten Includes treaties, customs, humanity, writers, and national court decisions
686
Define treaty
Formal written accord between independent nations specifying various rights and duties, depends on enforcement by parties involved
687
Define conventions
Multilateral treaties (3+ parties) with a broad number of parties, normally negotiated under an international organization (like UN)
688
Define agreement
Generic term to any international accord or instrument recognized by international law or anything less formal than a treaty
689
Define country in terms of international law
territorial limits or geographic boundaries on a map
690
Define nation in terms of international law
people and their common blood ties
691
Define state in terms of international law
governmental authority of the political entity
692
Define soverign states
legal entities that are considered capable of speaking for themselves
693
According to the 1933 Montevideo Convention, what are the four characteristics that make a sovereign state?
Permanent population, a defined territory free from control by other states, established government, the ability to enter into associations with other states
694
Since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, what has Switzerland been recognitied as that differs from sovereign state?
Neutralized state
695
What are universally regarded as fundamental rights for soverign states to determine and self-enact?
Right to: continued existence, freedom from interference or intervention, and self-defense
696
Define belligerents in terms of international law
states at war with each other
697
Define diplomatic recognition
The act that one sovereign state does to recognize the soverign status of another
698
What are the two forms of diplomatic recognition
De jure (by law) and de facto (in fact)
699
What is the problem the US faces in its longtime recognition of the Nationalist Republic of China?
Withdrawl of recognition of one state or government in a geographic area my be accompanied by recognition of another
700
Name the most signicant example of a US breach or break in diplomatic relations
Since 1961 when Fidel Castro annouced communist affiliations and alliance with Soviet Union, Cuba and the US had a breach This was restored in 2015 by President Barack Obama
701
Define right of legation
The right of a state to have representatives in other states for carrying on diplomatic negotiations
702
According to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, what are the three classes of heads on diplomatic missions?
Ambassador (heads of state), envoys and ministers (heads of state), and chargés d'affaires (ministers for foreign affiar)
703
Define diplomatic immunity
freedom from arrest or prosecution for alleged volations of host country laws
704
What does the acronym ALUSNA stand for
American Legation, U S Naval Attachés
705
What was founded on 24 October 1945 after WWII?
United Nations Organization
706
What are the three basic purposes of the UN?
maintain international peace and security, take effective collective action to prevent/minitgate threats to world peace, and cooperate in solving international problems
707
Who are the five permanent members of the UN?
China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
708
What was founded in 1948 that comprised almost all 35 independent states (Cuba left 1962) in the Western Hemishpere?
Organization of American States (OAS)
709
What are the three main precepts of international law OF THE SEA?
Freedom of the high seas, territorial seas, and special contiguous zones
710
How far does territorial seas extend from baseline demarcation lines?
12 Nautical miles (22km)
711
How far does contiguous zones extend from basline demarcation lines?
24 Nautical miles (44km)
712
How far does exclusive economic zones extend from baseline demarcation lines?
200 Nautical miles (370km)
713
What was the first tactical operation conducted under USSOCOM?
Operation Earnest Will
714
Define Operation Restore Hope
UN-sponsored efforts to relieve ongoing famine in Somalia
715
Define Operation Enduring Freedom
Invasion of Afghanistan as part of global war on terror post 9/11
716
Where is the 10th Fleet located?
Cyberspace (Fort Meade)
717
What is the Navy's Cyber Warfare fleet called?
Fleet Cyber Command (FLT-CYBERCOM)
718
Define cyber battlefield
refers to entire cyberspace: the sum of the computers, servers, internet, etc
719
Define cyber domain
refers to a major subset of cyberspace: users, devices users interact with, logic, curcuits, and location of circuits/systems
720
What are the five pillars of cyber security that hackers target?
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Nonrepudiation, Authentication
721
What are the three basic phases of a cyber attack?
Reconnaissance, Infiltration and manuever, Exfiltration and maintaining access
722
What was the worst cyber attack that occured in 2011?
North Korea infiltrated the Sony PlatStation, gaining access to 77 million user accounts and 12 million credit card numbers
723
What was the worst cyber attack that occured in 2015?
China implanted maleware onto the computer systems of the federal government's monolithic Office of Personnel Management, giving access to all of the agency's servers
724
What was the worst cyber attack that occured in 2016?
Russia leaked several key officals and Democratic National Committee's email files onto the internet to influence the outcome of the election
725
When was USCYBERCOM declared one of the ten unified combatant commands of the US national defese command structure?
2017 (Trump first presidency)
726
What are the two methods of attack for a cyber attack?
Semantic attack (misinformation) and syntactic attack (malware)
727
Define virus cyberspace
Self-replicating program that hides and corrupts/deletes data
728
Define worm cyberspace
Self-replicating & self-propagating that transfers to as many hosts as possible
729
Define trojan horse cyberspace
Seeming helpful program that has a hidden, potentially malicious function Does not refer to the malware itself, only describes the delivery method for malware
730
Define spyware cyberspace
Malware that gathers information useful for identity thelf
731
Define adware cyberspace
Malware that automaticallys plays, displays, and downloads unwanted ads
732
What are the three principles of cyber defense?
Least privilege, Defense in Depth, and Vigilance
733
Who can authoize retalitatory cyber attacks?
President
734
What battle in 1864 remains one of the more dramatic episodes in the history of mine warfare?
Adm Avid G Farragut's attack at Mobile Bay during the Civil War
735
What Union monitor hit a submerged mine, blew up, and sank during the attack at Mobile Bay in 1864?
Tecumseh
736
What famous order was given by Admiral Farragut during the attack at Mobile Bay in 1864?
"Damn the torpedoes-full speed ahead!"
737
What problem with mine warfare resulted in the Union victory at the attack at Mobile Bay in 1864 and has yet to be entirely solved?
Mine deterioration (due to saltwater)
738
Mines were only considered a defensive weapon until what war?
Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5
739
What are the four classifications for mines?
Method of planting, final plated position, mode of operation, and detonating/actuation mechanism
740
What is the only model of submarine-launched mine the Navy has?
The Mark 67
741
What are the three basic types of influence mines?
Magnetic, acoustic, and pressure
742
Define combination mine
Denoted by two or all three influence firing mechanisms
743
What are the three major types of MCM (mine countermeasures)?
Ship treatment against magnetic and acoustic mines, mine hunting, and minesweeping
744
What are CBR weapons?
Chemical, biological, and radiological or nuclear
745
Another name for fission weapons
Atomic Bomb
746
Another name for fusion weapons
Thermonuclear weapons/hydrogren bombs
747
Define ground zero
site of explosion
748
What are the three types of nuclear bursts?
Airburst (fireball doesn't touch surface of Earth), surface burst (fireball touches surface), subsurface burst (underground/underwater)
749
What are the Navy SOF called?
Navy SEALs
750
What are the Marine SOF called?
Marine Raider Regiment
751
What is the Army Special Forces called?
Green Berets
752
What is the premier Army special operations unit?
Delta Force
753
What is the name of the team that killed Osama bin Laden?
SEAL Team Six
754
When was the USSOCOM/SOCOM formed?
1987
755
What convention happened regarding the restriction of floating mines after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5?
1907 Hague Convention
756
What is the major limitation of bottom mines?
Cannot be planted lower than 30 fathoms (180 feet)
757
What is the purpose of deperming?
Reduce ship's permanent magnetic field to a minimum
