Navigation Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
PINS Aircraft
A
- PINS aircraft are encouraged to operate in the 5-700 ft MSD band, civilian rotary aircraft have dispensation to operate down to ground level as required for inspection purposes.
- Fixed Wing aircraft routinely operate at 1000 ft MSD.
- PINS activity should be promulgated by Stn Ops at each Met briefing.
- To assist deconfliction and planning, the actual route(s) of planned PINS activity within LFAs 4, 7 and 17 should be promulgated by Stn Ops, if known.
2
Q
Emergency Services Aircraft
A
- Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) are authorized to operate as low as required to attend a HEMS scene but will transit to the hospital at 500 ft MSD.
- Therefore, crews should be aware of helicopter activity near all hospitals and medical establishments; the most frequently used are at Bangor, Rhyl, Shrewsbury, Abergavenny, Hereford, Morriston and Cardiff.
- However, local services have been requested to implement a TDA / TRA if they consider that their intended area of operation is in an area of known high activity by military low level traffic e.g. Conwy Valley.
3
Q
GAT
A
Whenever low level routes are planned within 5 nm of civilian airfields aircrew
4
Q
Describe Close Nav
A
- Selected ON/OFF through MENU SK8, SETUP SK3, SYSTEM CONFIG SK11, NEXT SK6.
- Automatically selected ON when a steerpoint is designated.
- Once selected ON, Close Navigation mode is entered automatically when the Time To Go (TTG) to the current IN steerpoint is less than 70 seconds.
- Provided:
- The steerpoint bearing is ±50° of the aircraft track
- The range to the steerpoint is decreasing.
5
Q
When is Close Nav inhibited?
A
When any of the following conditions are met:
- TAS is less than 200 kts
- Approach mode is selected
- RNAV steering is selected
- Weapons mode is displayed
- Current steerpoint is a MWPT
- Close navigation is selected to OFF (default setting on start-up) on the MFD SYSTEM CONFIG 2 format
6
Q
Describe Height Ranging
A
- Height ranging is the process by which the mission system determines its elevation AMSL or height Above Target Level (ATL).
- Used in HUD mark entry, HUD fixes and weapon release calculations.
- Height ranging sensors available are:
- Barometric Altimeter known as BEST.
- Radar Altimeter (RadAlt).
- GPS.
7
Q
Describe the baro height channel
A
The PDMC maintains a virtual barometric altimeter known as BEST.
- This is datumed at weight-off-wheels, hence must be pre-selected to the anticipated elevation at the point of takeoff.
- Once airborne, and using the virtual QNH datumed at weight off wheels, the BEST height channel is maintained using the ADS barometric altitude corrected for static pressure and temperature errors.
- This virtual altimeter cannot be monitored directly and is not affected by changing the HUD, HDFD or head-down barometric altimeter.
- When the HUD enters close navigation, BEST is the default height sensor, and is indicated by a “B” to the left of the fixing cross.
- The PDMC calculates height above the steerpoint by subtracting the steerpoint elevation (DEST) from BEST, and therefore derives the declination for the fixing cross in the HUD.
- If the steerpoint elevation is not defined a default of zero ft is used and the “B” identifier flashes.
- Changes in MSL pressure will lead to errors in the BEST height channel unless the virtual QNH is re-datumed by carrying out a height fix.
8
Q
Describe RADAlt height ranging
A
Selected from BEST by pressing the DEP RNG key and is indicated by an “R” identifier next to the fixing cross.
Only valid < 5000 ft AGL.
9
Q
Describe GPS height channel
A
- GPS height ranging is selected from RadAlt by pressing the DEP RNG key and is indicated by a “G” identifier next to the fixing cross.
- The PDMC calculates height above the steerpoint by subtracting the steerpoint elevation (DEST) from the GPS elevation, and therefore derives the declination for the fixing cross in the HUD.
- If the steerpoint elevation is not defined a default of zero ft is used and the “G” identifier flashes.
- GPS signals may be jammed in a tactical environment and can be affected by solar interference.
10
Q
Describe each type of height fix
A
- On-top fix:
- Compares computed INU position with current steerpoint position when the TDC is pushed in. The computed error is displayed in the scratchpad
- Uses the RadAlt sensor to measure current height.
- Close navigation (HUD) Fix:
- Slewing the fixing cross in the HUD over a known location and selecting the point.
- RNAV Fix:
- Position updates can be performed using an RNAV beacon.
- Requires the latitude, longitude and evaluation of the TACAN or VOR/DME beacon to be inserted as a WPT or MKPT, and valid range and bearing from the station.
- Weapons Release Fix:
- Available only after weapon release on the current steerpoint in AUTO bombing (designate) or CCRP.
11
Q
LL Wx Minima
A
Visibility 5 km, 500 ft vertically and 1500 m horizontally clear of cloud
12
Q
RADAlt Limits
A
- <5000 ft AGL
- Attitude limits: <50° Left AoB, <40° Right AoB, +30° Pitch
- LHW:
o Pull 5g or as required until separation
o Warning will remain in HUD until aircraft reaches limit set +10 ft
13
Q
LL Recovery Fuel
A
Fuel on Ground - Diversion Fuel
VFR Shawbury (SCN9) = 320 kgs
+
Restrictions - IRM (Valley) = 80 kgs
+
1 kg per kt of headwind (at recovery altitude)
20 kts headwind at 15 000 ft = 20 kgs
+
Allowance for crossing Airways
Airspace Allowance = 50 kgs
Total = 470 kgs
+
Add considerations for formation recovery
+
ML Add distance x 2 plus 20 kgs if <150 nm
14
Q
ML BINGO Rule of Thumb
A
- Climb: 2 x Distance from Base
- Descent: 1.5 x Height
15
Q
TSAT
A
- T - Timing - Assess your TEL and consider the timing technique to be used to maintain TOT.
- S - Steering - Rock forward to the next WPT.
- A - Avoids - Brief avoids for the next leg (consider off route navigation).
- T - TEL - Monitor TEL within your normal lookout cycle to assess the turn cue.
16
Q
What are the Hawk T2 HIRTA categories?
A
A - VERY LOW
B - VERY LOW
C - LOW
D - LOW
E - LOW
17
Q
What does the FOM indicate? How would you know how many satellites are acquired?
A
18
Q
How would you fly to the LLEP?
A
- Transit at 2 x Range
- Climb to transit height at 350KCAS then M0.76.
- Transit at M0.7 but use the bracket M0.6-M0.8 to correct to timeline (at the expense of fuel)
19
Q
ML Climb & Transit
A
Climb at 350kts/0.76M
TOC:
◦ <10 000 ft 420 kts GS
◦ >10 000 ft 0.7M
Once 0.7M set accel markers and assess TEL
20
Q
Range Descent
A
Idle, A/B in, 0.7M, 300KCAS
21
Q
When would you plan to descend to LLEP as a singleton? Pair?
A
For a singleton, plan to begin descent at 1.5 × FL, this becomes 2 × for a pair
(FL200 ⇒ TOD at 30nm or 40nm for a pair)
Tactical: [(FL/10) x 0.5]nm
Notify Swanwick at 1 min to ToD
22
Q
How would you enter LL at the LLEP?
A
- When begining descent from ML, initially use a nav descent (idle, airbrake in, M0.7/300KCAS), min power will be 80% for pair.
- Convert to 420KCAS when visual below.
- In reality, place the VV on the LLEP (or pre LLEP point) to establish correct dive angle and use power to achieve TEL 0.
23
Q
Describe the SMARTTL Cxs
A
- S – Squawk as required.
- M – Mag/True as required. Normally Mag but True in the Weapons Range.
- A – Altimeters - Select RadAlt and confirm Low Height Warning is correctly set to briefed minimum and is armed. Set the lowest forecast regional QNH on the altimeters. Confirm the GPWS is ON.
- R – Radios - Set the appropriate low level frequency on the radio.
- T – Time - Time of low level entry/TCAS set to TA. Confirm that you are within your booked low level timings for the LFA.
- T - TCAS - Ensure TCAS is ON and TA or RA (on exit) is selected.
- L – Lights - Anti-collision lights to white, conspicuity light ON.
24
Q
What is the SALT over the sea? What is generally accepted as the norm?
A
1000ft taking into account any obstacles within 15nm
1500ft accepted as norm
Swanwick min alt over the sea is 3000ft provided at aircraft is at least 5nm from the coastline.
25
IMC Descent below SALT
* IMC descents below SALT are not to be flown by solo students
* Positive fix prior to descent
* Nav Aids allowed:
- Radio Aids, GPS, visual fix, ATC radar fix
• RadAlt:
- Confirmed serviceable, selected on, warning set
* TACAN, VOR/DME:
- At least two beacons, one TACAN or VOR/DME plus one other Nav Aid
* GPS:
- Cannot be used as a sole source of position fixing for descent
- Position correlated with TAC, VOR/DME or visual fix
* ATC:
- Radar derived position
* VISUAL:
- Positive visual fix prior to descent correlated with Nav Aid (if possible)
- Once in descent, fixes NOT used to lower SALT
26
IMC Descent below SALT (2)
* \>5nm from coast, manmade objects, areas of likely airbourne activity, parallel or diverging
* or \>30nm from coast
* White rated: 1000 ft
* Green rated: 750 ft
27
Can you use a combination of IN/GPS and VOR/TACAN for a self let down?
No, they are both displayed by the MSC
28
How would you carry out an on-top fix?
* Ideally done over large, uniformly flat areas - like bodies of water.
* Castle down for 1 second or more to enter On Top mode.
* This is indicated by the cursor dot in the HUD flashing.
* To exit this mode ‘flick’ the cursor back into the HUD.
* To take an ontop fix, click the TDC in and it will ‘ping’ the RadAlt and fix the position at that location.
* When using an ontop fix ‘feet wet’ set the elevation of the LLEP on HAMPA to the elevation of the body of water (0 for the sea, but not for lakes).
* Take the ontop fix miles out if required - but be sure not to induce a huge positional error if in IN only mode.
29
How would you do a through-HUD fix?
* With the close nav symbolly showing, nudge the TDC.
* This will begin to move the fixing cross.
* Ensure RadAlt ranging is selected.
* Aim to put the fixing cross exactly onto the feature it was planned to be on.
* Then focus on flying directly over the top wings level (put the lubber line into the heading index).
* When you fly overhead, the RadAlt will ‘ping’ and fix the position.
30
What channels can you update in IN/GPS mode? IN mode?
IN/GPS: Height channel only
IN: Height and position channel
31
LL Fuel Burn
24 kg/min
100kg/28nm
32
420 kts Turn Diameter
1.2nm
33
GPWS Wg / Nose Slice
Roll wings level and pull an upward vector using 5g.
34
Emergency Break
S = AC limits - 1g
Pull to S - 1g
Squeeze to S
35
LL Abort
1. Convert to HUD
2. Full power
3. Roll wings level
4. Pull to 30˚ NU using 4g
5. Maintain climb – IAS ≥190 kts
6. Above SALT – recover to straight and level flight
7. When level check MFDs (TCAS)
36
How much anticipation would you use for a 90◦ turn?
8 seconds
Decent rule is 1 second of anticipation for every 10◦ of turn.
37
How would you fix a small error (\<20s)
Turn on time
38
How would you fix a medium error? (20-60 seconds)
**Aim Off**
* Fly to the next waypoint and turn at the correct location, then aim inside or outside of your next turning point by the amount you are late.
* For example, if you are 40 seconds late (approx 5 miles behind), fly to the turn point, then aim inside the next turn point by 5nm.
* This should reduce TEL to \<20 (ideally 0).
39
How would you fix a large error? (\> 1 minute)
**Step Up And Fix**
* If you already have a plan to save large amounts of time (from route study), use your prep.
* Action the plan.
* If not, step up through your route and find the waypoint with the lowest TEL (closest to 0).
* This TEL should be less than 1 minute.
* Then, aim inside/outside of that waypoint by the amount required to fix the TEL closer to zero
40
Ridge Rolling Limits
Max 150° (aim for 135°) AoB and 10° ND
Max 90° AoB for XXV(F) solo students.
41
Pre-IP Actions
Use speed to fix TEL and accelerate early if possible.
* **Time** - Check TEL and consider accelerating early to achieve TOT
* **FOM** - Ensure FOM is green (1 or 2)
* **Ranging** - Ensure GPS ranging is selected
* **Mark** - Check the fixing cross against the IP for kit accuracy
42
Pre-Target Actions
* **Steer** - Step up to the target
* **Designate** - Designate the target
* **Accelerate** - Accelerate to 450KCAS
* **Ranging** - Check GPS ranging
*If you did not use GPS ranging when checking the mark, use the same ranging you used for the mark*
43
Post-Target Actions
* **Clear** - Clear the scratch pad (you may have accidentally done a through the HUD fix)
* **Steer** - Step up to the next waypoint
* **Fuel** - Check fuel off target and reference joker/bingo
44
JOKER Fuels
1. Joker 1 - Minimum fuel to enter LL and fly as planned
2. Joker 2 - Minimum fuel off target 1 to continue as planned
3. Joker 3 - Minimum fuel off target 2 to continue as planned
4. Critical Fuel - Bingo from last point of interest (usually target 2). Having this figure in your head allows you to press all the way to the last target and bingo out if required.
* ‘**Critical Fuel**’ - your tolerance to proceed below red fuels in order to hit Target 2 and Bingo out.
* If 75nm away then Critical Fuel is 150kgs (with wind 20kg and inside 100nm fuel counted into Magic Number).
* If during a fuel check your combat fuel is reducing, you can accept this all the way down to negative 150kg at Target 2. . . you will need to bingo out from Tgt2.
45
BINGOing Out
* Prioritise pointing towards your destination and climbing at 350KCAS, do not do a protracted turn not progressing to destination.
* Climb to double the flight level of your current distance - 100nm ⇒ FL200.
* Use the 300kt level off technique to achieve approximately 300kts at top of climb, then set 580◦ T6.
* At this point, assess your fuel state and write down what you have e.g. 120nm / FL240 / 450kg
* Change to INAV steering and set the destination, check the fuel at arrival.
* Remember you are not aiming at Valley directly but the point at which you will start your planned approach (initial or base leg)
* If the INAV datablock has you arriving at destination below FOG - do a more accurate calculation using one of the following methods
46
Using FRC Performance Data
* Start at page N-45 (Descent Data - Drag Index 2.5) and calculate range to start descent and fuel used in the descent.
* Approx 40nm / 25kg
* Calculate remaining distance to run (not including descent) and start at page N-41 (Performance Data - Drag Index 2.5).
* Find the table which most closely matches your current altitude and check and set the 95% range speed.
* Next, using the snapshotted fuel load, check the fuel burn rate (which is given in air nautical miles per kg).
* Use this to calculate transit fuel. 120 − 40 = 80 miles to go at 64ANM/100kg ≈130kg
* Subtract transit fuel and descent fuel from the original snapshot of the fuel: 450 − 130 − 25 = 295kg
* You can therefore expect to arrive to Valley with 295kg.
* If this is below FOG - **divert**.
46
Using FRC Performance Data
* Start at page N-45 (Descent Data - Drag Index 2.5) and calculate range to start descent and fuel used in the descent.
* Approx 40nm / 25kg
* Calculate remaining distance to run (not including descent) and start at page N-41 (Performance Data - Drag Index 2.5).
* Find the table which most closely matches your current altitude and check and set the 95% range speed.
* Next, using the snapshotted fuel load, check the fuel burn rate (which is given in air nautical miles per kg).
* Use this to calculate transit fuel. 120 − 40 = 80 miles to go at 64ANM/100kg ≈130kg
* Subtract transit fuel and descent fuel from the original snapshot of the fuel: 450 − 130 − 25 = 295kg
* If this is below FOG - **divert.**
* You can therefore expect to arrive to Valley with 295kg. If this is below FOG - divert.
47
Using Rule of Thumb
* Consider setting 95% range speed from cards
* Start by calculating when you will start your descent, the rule of thumb here is to begin descent at 1.5× your current flight level and it will cost your flight level in kg. FL200 ⇒ ToD at 30nm and will cost 20kg.
* Next, use current groundspeed and remaining transit distance (not including descent distance) to work out how long until ToD.
* G480 with range 120-30 = 90nm until ToD ≈8nm/min ⇒ ≈ 11 minutes
* Fuel Flow: 12kg/min =⇒ 11mins × 12kg/min ≈ 132kg (call this 135kg) for maths
* Subtract transit fuel and descent fuel from the original snapshot of the fuel: 450 − 135 − 20 = 295kg
* You can therefore expect to arrive to Valley with 295kg.
48
When does the bingo warner activate?
Once fuel has fallen below the set level for over 30s.
49
How far can the IN system drift when operating in IN-only mode?
Up to 0.8nm per hour.
