Navigation Factors

Question 1

Altimeter settings

QNH is given as ____
It indicates height from what datum

Answer 1

1. ALTITUDE
2. AMSL

Question 2

Altimeter settings

QFE is given as ____
It indicates height from what datum

Answer 2

1. HEIGHT
2. Above Aerodrome reference point

Question 3

Altimeter settings

SPS is given as ____
It indicates height from what datum

SPS = Standard Pressure Setting

Answer 3

1. FLIGHT LEVEL
2. 1013 hPa

Question 4

What is set on the subscale of a kollsman window when given an ALTITUDE

Answer 4

QNH

Question 5

What is set on the subscale of a kollsman window when given a HEIGHT

Answer 5

QFE

Question 6

What is set on the subscale of a kollsman window when given a FLIGHT LEVEL

Answer 6

STANDARD PRESSURE SETTING
(SPS)

1013 hPa

Question 7

The UK FIR Transition Altitude is typically what

Answer 7

3000 ft

Question 8

The Transition Altitudes sits ABOVE or BELOW the Transition Level

Answer 8

BELOW

Question 9

The Transition Level sits ABOVE or BELOW the Transition Altitude

Answer 9

ABOVE

Question 10

What is the layer called that sits between the Transition Altitude and Transition Level

Answer 10

TRANSITION LAYER

Question 11

The Transition Level is referenced to what pressure setting in the kollsman window

Answer 11

1013 hPa

Question 12

The Transition Altitude is referenced to what pressure setting in the kollsman window

Answer 12

QNH

Question 13

When flying from a LOW pressure to a HIGH pressure, what will the altimeter do;
OVER READ or UNDER READ

Answer 13

UNDER READ

You are higher than you think you are

Question 14

When flying from HIGH pressure to a LOW pressure, what will the altimeter do;
OVER READ or UNDER READ

Answer 14

OVER READ

You are lower than you think you are

Question 15

What does the following abbreviation mean

ASR

Answer 15

ALTIMETER SETTING REGION

Question 16

What does the following abbreviation mean

RPS

Answer 16

REGIONAL PRESSURE SETTING

Question 17

An RPS pressure setting is given to a pilot is the ____ forecast setting for the next ____ hour(s), updated ever ____ hour(s)

Answer 17

1. LOWEST
2. 2 hours
3. 1 hour

Question 18

What conditions is an altimeter calibrated to

Answer 18

ISA CONDITIONS;
Temp: 15℃ @ Sea Level
Lapse rate: 2℃ per 1000 ft
Density: 1.225 kg/m^3

Deviation from ISA results in altimeter error

Question 19

For the same pressure setting, a column of warm air is TALLER or SHORTER than a column of cold air

Answer 19

TALLER

Warm air is less dense so pressure levels are more widely spaced

Question 20

When flying from COLD air to WARM air for a given pressure setting, what will the altimeter do
OVER READ or UNDER READ

Answer 20

UNDER READ

Higher than you think you are

Question 21

When flying from WARM air to COLD air for a given pressure setting, what will the altimeter doe
OVER READ or UNDER READ

Answer 21

OVER READ

Lower than you think you are

Question 22

What is the definition of a pressure altitude

Answer 22

Altitude an aircraft would fly at if the atmospheric pressure were the same as ISA (1013 hPa)

In other words, if you were flying at 3000 ft on QNH of 1026, if we set the kollsman window to 1013 hPa our altimeter would actually read 2610 ft
1026 - 1013 = 13
13 * 30 = 390ft difference
WIND OF PRESSURE, WIND OFF ALTITUDE
3000 - 390 = 2610 ft

Question 23

An ASI is susceptible to ____ errors, which are caused by a difference in temperature to ISA for the given ____ altitude

Answer 23

1. DENSITY
2. PRESSURE

Question 24

Find the TAS for a flight occurring at altitude 3000ft on QNH 1026 hPa. Outside Air Temperature (OAT) is 0℃. CAS is 92 kts

Use a wizz wheel

Answer 24

TAS 94 kts

1. Calculate pressure altitude first. REMEMBER pressure altitude is if we had 1013 hPa set in the kollsman window. Currently we have 1026
   1026 - 1013 = 13. 13 x 30 = 390. 3000ft - 390ft = 2610ft
2. On the flight computer in the pressure altitude and air temperature window, set the pressure altitude to 2610ft to 0℃
3. On the inner scale, find CAS 92kts
4. Read the TAS on the outer scale. TRUE AIRSPEED = 94 kts

Question 25

Airspeed compressibility needs to be considered for aircraft faster than ____ kts

Answer 25

300 kts

Question 26

On aviation charts, grid lines reference TRUE or MAGNETIC north

Answer 26

TRUE NORTH

Question 27

Every aviation chart must show ____ variation for what ____ that it covers

Answer 27

1. Magnetic 2. Area it covers

Question 28

Items such as headsets, mobile phones, iPads can influence the ____ by as much as up to ____%

Answer 28

1. Compass heading 2. 30%

Question 29

The name given to the point where the aircraft compass is calibrated as best as possible and remaining minor errors placarded.

Answer 29

COMPASS SWING

Question 30

The compass errors after being calibrated are placarded on the what

Answer 30

COMPASS DEVIATION CARD

Question 31

The earths magnetic field is 3-D, made up of 3 components. These components are;

Answer 31

1. Total magnetic field (T) 2. Horizontal (H) 3. Vertical (Z)

Question 32

Compass dip is more significant at HIGHER or LOWER altitudes

Answer 32

HIGHER | Closer to the magnetic poles

Question 33

When setting the DI against a compass heading, what must the pilot do with the aircraft (3 states aircraft must have)

Answer 33

1. Constant heading 2. Constant speed 3. wings level

Question 34

# What does the following abbreviation mean UNOS

Answer 34

**U**ndershoot **N**orth **O**vershoot **S**outh

Question 35

In the northern hemisphere, referencing UNOS, when turning onto a northernly heading, what should a pilot do

Answer 35

Roll out BEFORE compass indicates North ## Footnote In NH, because of compass dip, the compass will turn slower than you, so you roll out before the compass reads north as it will eventually catch up

Question 36

In the northern hemisphere, referencing UNOS, when turning onto a southernly heading, what should a pilot do

Answer 36

Roll out AFTER the compass indicates South ## Footnote In NH, because of compass dip, the compass will turn faster than you, so you roll out before the compass reads north as it will eventually catch up

Question 37

What is the rule of thumb to calculate how many degrees to undershoot or overshoot by in a turn

Answer 37

1/2 the latitude + 15॰ ## Footnote If at a latitude of 52॰ 52 / 2 = 26 26 + 15 = 41॰

Question 38

# What does the following abbreviation mean ANDS

Answer 38

**A**ccelerate **N**orth **D**ecelerate **S**outh

Question 39

# On an easterly heading If the aircraft accelerates, the compass ring will swing TOWARDS or AWAY from us, and will indicate a turn ____

Answer 39

1. Towards 2. North

Question 40

# On an easterly heading If the aircraft decelerates, the compass ring will swing TOWARDS or AWAY from us, and will indicate a turn ____

Answer 40

1. Away 2. South

Question 41

What is a way to remember TVMDC

Answer 41

**T**rue **V**irgins **M**ake **D**ull **C**ompanions

Question 42

What do each of the following stand for; T V M D C | True Virgins Make Dull Companions

Answer 42

**T**rue Heading **V**ariation **M**agnetic Heading **D**eviation **C**ompass Heading

Question 43

Where can a pilot find sunrise and sunset times

Answer 43

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

Question 44

What is the ANO definition of night time

Answer 44

half an hour after sunset half an hour before sunrise

Question 45

What is the ICAO definition of night time

Answer 45

Hours between end of evening civil twilight and beginning of morning civil twilight. Civil twilight ends in the evening when center of the suns disc is 6॰ below the horizon Civil twilight begins in the morning when the center of the suns disc is 6॰ below the horizon

Question 46

20nm from your destination, cruising at 5000ft at 77kts ground speed, you wish to be at 2000ft 5nm before the destination. What should your RoD be?

Answer 46

256ft/min ## Footnote 1. Calculate height to lose. 5000ft - 2000ft = **3000ft** 2. Calculate distance to lose the height. 20nm - 5nm = **15nm available** 3. REMEMBER: 1 knot = 1nm/ph. So if we travel 77kts, 77/60 = **1.28nm per minute** 4. 15 nm to travel so 15 / 1.28nm/pm = **11.7 min** 5. 3000 ft to lose over 11.7m sp 3000 / 11.7 = **256ft/pm**

Question 47

A wind velocity is made up of which 2 components

Answer 47

1. Headwind 2. Crosswind

Question 48

Using the clock code method, roughly what is the cross wind component; Runway 06. Wind 040॰ 22kts

Answer 48

Roughly 7.3kts ## Footnote 1. Subtract wind direction from runway direction 60 - 40 = 20 2. Every 5॰ is 5 minutes on the clock face so 20 minutes. 3. 3 x 20 minutes = 60 minutes on the clock face, so 20 is 1/3rd of 60 4. Therefore, we need 1/3rd of the wind 5. 22 / 3 = 7.33kts When worked out on a wizz wheel, the cross wind component is 8 kts, very close!

Question 49

Using a flight computer CRP-1, work out the cross with component; Runway 32. Wind 290 22kts

Answer 49

10 kts ## Footnote 1. Set wind direction on the ture heading on the wizz wheel 2. Set the speed dot to o and mark a dot 22 kts down 3. Turn the wizz wheel to the runway heading of 320॰ 4. Note the dot has moved to the right. Read off the cross wind component = 10 kts, headwind component is 20kts Use the clock down method to get roughly the same figure. 320 - 290 = 30 30 mins is half of 60 mins, so 22 /2 = 11kts. Very close!

Question 50

What is the specific gravity of AVGAS

Answer 50

0.72

Question 51

What is the weight of 120 litres of AVGAS (SG 0.72) in KG and also Lbs

Answer 51

1. 86.4 kg 2. 190 lbs ## Footnote 120 L x 0.72 sg = 84.6 kg 84.6kg x 2.2 = 190 lbs

Question 52

Calculate your true altitude given that: Indicated altitude: 6,200 ft QNH: 1030 hPa Calibrated outside air temperature: 10℃ Assume 1hPa = 30ft | Use Wizz Wheel

Answer 52

6340 ft ## Footnote 1. Determine the pressure altitude. We know 6200ft for 1030hPa. 1030hPa - 1013hPa = 17hPa 2. 17hPa x 30ft = 510ft 3. 6200ft - 510ft = 5690ft 4. On CRP-1 computer, set 5690ft against the OAT of +10℃ 5. Looking on the inner scal, where the 60 minute red triangle equals 6000ft, align the red indicator line to 6200ft (original IA) 6. On the outscale, note this is equal to **6340ft**

Question 53

When flying VFR under SERA rules (no UK CAA exemption) on an altimeter setting of 1013 hPa above a Transition Altitude of 3,000 ft, Magnetic Heading 274॰, which is compensating for 5॰ drift to the left, what recommended FL should be flown if Class A airspace above starts at FL60?

Answer 53

FL45 ## Footnote ***Things to remember first;*** 1. Transition altitude is 3000ft. Transition layer is 1000ft, so first available FL doesnt start until 4000ft minimum. 2. We are flying VRF. For VRF flights using the ICAO semi-circle rule, you flight and ODD or EVEN tracks PLUS 500ft. ***Workings Out:*** 1. Determine semi circule ODD or EVEN from track. Track is 274॰ less 5॰ drift to the left, track is 269॰ 2. As per the VFR semi circle, this is an EVEN track (i.e. between 180॰ and 359॰) 3. Transition Level MUST start at 4000ft since transition altitude is 3000ft. 4. 4000ft is an EVEN track, so we can use 4000ft PLUS 500ft for VFR = **FL45**

Question 54

CAS is IAS corrected for what 2 factors

Answer 54

1. Position Error 2. Instrument Error