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PPL - Navigation > Navigation Factors > Flashcards

Navigation Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Altimeter settings

QNH is given as ____
It indicates height from what datum

A
  1. ALTITUDE
  2. AMSL
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2
Q

Altimeter settings

QFE is given as ____
It indicates height from what datum

A
  1. HEIGHT
  2. Above Aerodrome reference point
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3
Q

Altimeter settings

SPS is given as ____
It indicates height from what datum

SPS = Standard Pressure Setting

A
  1. FLIGHT LEVEL
  2. 1013 hPa
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4
Q

What is set on the subscale of a kollsman window when given an ALTITUDE

A

QNH

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5
Q

What is set on the subscale of a kollsman window when given a HEIGHT

A

QFE

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6
Q

What is set on the subscale of a kollsman window when given a FLIGHT LEVEL

A

STANDARD PRESSURE SETTING
(SPS)

1013 hPa

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7
Q

The UK FIR Transition Altitude is typically what

A

3000 ft

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8
Q

The Transition Altitudes sits ABOVE or BELOW the Transition Level

A

BELOW

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9
Q

The Transition Level sits ABOVE or BELOW the Transition Altitude

A

ABOVE

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10
Q

What is the layer called that sits between the Transition Altitude and Transition Level

A

TRANSITION LAYER

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11
Q

The Transition Level is referenced to what pressure setting in the kollsman window

A

1013 hPa

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12
Q

The Transition Altitude is referenced to what pressure setting in the kollsman window

A

QNH

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13
Q

When flying from a LOW pressure to a HIGH pressure, what will the altimeter do;
OVER READ or UNDER READ

A

UNDER READ

You are higher than you think you are

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14
Q

When flying from HIGH pressure to a LOW pressure, what will the altimeter do;
OVER READ or UNDER READ

A

OVER READ

You are lower than you think you are

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15
Q

What does the following abbreviation mean

ASR

A

ALTIMETER SETTING REGION

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16
Q

What does the following abbreviation mean

RPS

A

REGIONAL PRESSURE SETTING

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17
Q

An RPS pressure setting is given to a pilot is the ____ forecast setting for the next ____ hour(s), updated ever ____ hour(s)

A
  1. LOWEST
  2. 2 hours
  3. 1 hour
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18
Q

What conditions is an altimeter calibrated to

A

ISA CONDITIONS;
Temp: 15℃ @ Sea Level
Lapse rate: 2℃ per 1000 ft
Density: 1.225 kg/m^3

Deviation from ISA results in altimeter error

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19
Q

For the same pressure setting, a column of warm air is TALLER or SHORTER than a column of cold air

A

TALLER

Warm air is less dense so pressure levels are more widely spaced

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20
Q

When flying from COLD air to WARM air for a given pressure setting, what will the altimeter do
OVER READ or UNDER READ

A

UNDER READ

Higher than you think you are

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21
Q

When flying from WARM air to COLD air for a given pressure setting, what will the altimeter doe
OVER READ or UNDER READ

A

OVER READ

Lower than you think you are

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22
Q

What is the definition of a pressure altitude

A

Altitude an aircraft would fly at if the atmospheric pressure were the same as ISA (1013 hPa)

In other words, if you were flying at 3000 ft on QNH of 1026, if we set the kollsman window to 1013 hPa our altimeter would actually read 2610 ft
1026 - 1013 = 13
13 * 30 = 390ft difference
WIND OF PRESSURE, WIND OFF ALTITUDE
3000 - 390 = 2610 ft

23
Q

An ASI is susceptible to ____ errors, which are caused by a difference in temperature to ISA for the given ____ altitude

A
  1. DENSITY
  2. PRESSURE
24
Q

Find the TAS for a flight occurring at altitude 3000ft on QNH 1026 hPa. Outside Air Temperature (OAT) is 0℃. CAS is 92 kts

Use a wizz wheel

A

TAS 94 kts

  1. Calculate pressure altitude first. REMEMBER pressure altitude is if we had 1013 hPa set in the kollsman window. Currently we have 1026
    1026 - 1013 = 13. 13 x 30 = 390. 3000ft - 390ft = 2610ft
  2. On the flight computer in the pressure altitude and air temperature window, set the pressure altitude to 2610ft to 0℃
  3. On the inner scale, find CAS 92kts
  4. Read the TAS on the outer scale. TRUE AIRSPEED = 94 kts
25
Q

Airspeed compressibility needs to be considered for aircraft faster than ____ kts

A

300 kts

26
Q

On aviation charts, grid lines reference TRUE or MAGNETIC north

A

TRUE NORTH

27
Q

Every aviation chart must show ____ variation for what ____ that it covers

A
  1. Magnetic
  2. Area it covers
28
Q

Items such as headsets, mobile phones, iPads can influence the ____ by as much as up to ____%

A
  1. Compass heading
  2. 30%
29
Q

The name given to the point where the aircraft compass is calibrated as best as possible and remaining minor errors placarded.

A

COMPASS SWING

30
Q

The compass errors after being calibrated are placarded on the what

A

COMPASS DEVIATION CARD

31
Q

The earths magnetic field is 3-D, made up of 3 components. These components are;

A
  1. Total magnetic field (T)
  2. Horizontal (H)
  3. Vertical (Z)
32
Q

Compass dip is more significant at HIGHER or LOWER altitudes

A

HIGHER

Closer to the magnetic poles

33
Q

When setting the DI against a compass heading, what must the pilot do with the aircraft (3 states aircraft must have)

A
  1. Constant heading
  2. Constant speed
  3. wings level
34
Q

What does the following abbreviation mean

UNOS

A

Undershoot North
Overshoot South

35
Q

In the northern hemisphere, referencing UNOS, when turning onto a northernly heading, what should a pilot do

A

Roll out BEFORE compass indicates North

In NH, because of compass dip, the compass will turn slower than you, so you roll out before the compass reads north as it will eventually catch up

36
Q

In the northern hemisphere, referencing UNOS, when turning onto a southernly heading, what should a pilot do

A

Roll out AFTER the compass indicates South

In NH, because of compass dip, the compass will turn faster than you, so you roll out before the compass reads north as it will eventually catch up

37
Q

What is the rule of thumb to calculate how many degrees to undershoot or overshoot by in a turn

A

1/2 the latitude + 15॰

If at a latitude of 52॰
52 / 2 = 26
26 + 15 = 41॰

38
Q

What does the following abbreviation mean

ANDS

A

Accelerate North
Decelerate South

39
Q

On an easterly heading

If the aircraft accelerates, the compass ring will swing TOWARDS or AWAY from us, and will indicate a turn ____

A
  1. Towards
  2. North
40
Q

On an easterly heading

If the aircraft decelerates, the compass ring will swing TOWARDS or AWAY from us, and will indicate a turn ____

A
  1. Away
  2. South
41
Q

What is a way to remember TVMDC

A

True
Virgins
Make
Dull
Companions

42
Q

What do each of the following stand for;
T
V
M
D
C

True Virgins Make Dull Companions

A

True Heading
Variation
Magnetic Heading
Deviation
Compass Heading

43
Q

Where can a pilot find sunrise and sunset times

A

Aeronautical Information Publication
(AIP)

44
Q

What is the ANO definition of night time

A

half an hour after sunset
half an hour before sunrise

45
Q

What is the ICAO definition of night time

A

Hours between end of evening civil twilight and beginning of morning civil twilight.
Civil twilight ends in the evening when center of the suns disc is 6॰ below the horizon
Civil twilight begins in the morning when the center of the suns disc is 6॰ below the horizon

46
Q

20nm from your destination, cruising at 5000ft at 77kts ground speed, you wish to be at 2000ft 5nm before the destination. What should your RoD be?

A

256ft/min

  1. Calculate height to lose. 5000ft - 2000ft = 3000ft
  2. Calculate distance to lose the height. 20nm - 5nm = 15nm available
  3. REMEMBER: 1 knot = 1nm/ph. So if we travel 77kts, 77/60 = 1.28nm per minute
  4. 15 nm to travel so 15 / 1.28nm/pm = 11.7 min
  5. 3000 ft to lose over 11.7m sp 3000 / 11.7 = 256ft/pm
47
Q

A wind velocity is made up of which 2 components

A
  1. Headwind
  2. Crosswind
48
Q

Using the clock code method, roughly what is the cross wind component;
Runway 06. Wind 040॰ 22kts

A

Roughly 7.3kts

  1. Subtract wind direction from runway direction 60 - 40 = 20
  2. Every 5॰ is 5 minutes on the clock face so 20 minutes.
  3. 3 x 20 minutes = 60 minutes on the clock face, so 20 is 1/3rd of 60
  4. Therefore, we need 1/3rd of the wind
  5. 22 / 3 = 7.33kts

When worked out on a wizz wheel, the cross wind component is 8 kts, very close!

49
Q

Using a flight computer CRP-1, work out the cross with component;
Runway 32. Wind 290 22kts

A

10 kts

  1. Set wind direction on the ture heading on the wizz wheel
  2. Set the speed dot to o and mark a dot 22 kts down
  3. Turn the wizz wheel to the runway heading of 320॰
  4. Note the dot has moved to the right. Read off the cross wind component = 10 kts, headwind component is 20kts

Use the clock down method to get roughly the same figure. 320 - 290 = 30
30 mins is half of 60 mins, so 22 /2 = 11kts. Very close!

50
Q

What is the specific gravity of AVGAS

A

0.72

51
Q

What is the weight of 120 litres of AVGAS (SG 0.72) in KG and also Lbs

A
  1. 86.4 kg
  2. 190 lbs

120 L x 0.72 sg = 84.6 kg
84.6kg x 2.2 = 190 lbs

52
Q

Calculate your true altitude given that:
Indicated altitude: 6,200 ft
QNH: 1030 hPa
Calibrated outside air temperature: 10℃
Assume 1hPa = 30ft

Use Wizz Wheel

A

6340 ft

  1. Determine the pressure altitude. We know 6200ft for 1030hPa. 1030hPa - 1013hPa = 17hPa
  2. 17hPa x 30ft = 510ft
  3. 6200ft - 510ft = 5690ft
  4. On CRP-1 computer, set 5690ft against the OAT of +10℃
  5. Looking on the inner scal, where the 60 minute red triangle equals 6000ft, align the red indicator line to 6200ft (original IA)
  6. On the outscale, note this is equal to 6340ft
53
Q

When flying VFR under SERA rules (no UK CAA exemption) on an altimeter setting of 1013 hPa above a Transition Altitude of 3,000 ft, Magnetic Heading 274॰, which is compensating for 5॰ drift to the left, what recommended FL should be flown if Class A airspace above starts at FL60?

A

FL45

Things to remember first;
1. Transition altitude is 3000ft. Transition layer is 1000ft, so first available FL doesnt start until 4000ft minimum.
2. We are flying VRF. For VRF flights using the ICAO semi-circle rule, you flight and ODD or EVEN tracks PLUS 500ft.
Workings Out:
1. Determine semi circule ODD or EVEN from track. Track is 274॰ less 5॰ drift to the left, track is 269॰
2. As per the VFR semi circle, this is an EVEN track (i.e. between 180॰ and 359॰)
3. Transition Level MUST start at 4000ft since transition altitude is 3000ft.
4. 4000ft is an EVEN track, so we can use 4000ft PLUS 500ft for VFR = FL45

54
Q

CAS is IAS corrected for what 2 factors

A
  1. Position Error
  2. Instrument Error

PPL - Navigation (16 decks)

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