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Nazi Germany > Nazi Foreign Policy (2) > Flashcards

Nazi Foreign Policy (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Why did Germany want Czechoslovakia?

A
  • Germany surrounded it after Anschluss
  • 3.5 million Germans should be a part of the Reich
  • Had good engineers, raw materials and was known for Skoda engineering
  • Gaining the Sudetenland would allow for invasion of Czechoslovakia
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2
Q

What did Konrad Henlein do in relation to the German Sudetenland?

A
  • He was leader of the Sudeten Germans
  • Started the Karlsbad Programme which imposed reparations on Czechoslovaks to allow full autonomy for the Sudeten Germans
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3
Q

How did Britain and France react to the Karlsbad Programme?

A
  • Britain sent out the navy
  • France called their reserve forces
  • Hitler decides to meet with Neville Chamberlain’s and says Sudeten should be a part of Germany and a plebiscite should be held in November
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4
Q

When was the Munich Conference and what happened?

A

September 1938

- By October the Sudetenland would be German occupied

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5
Q

Why was gaining the Sudetenland so significant for Germany?

A
  • 10,000 Square metres of mountainous area acted as defence for Czechoslovakia
  • 700,000 Czech people were there too
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6
Q

How does Hitler pressure to gain Czechoslovakia?

A
  • Summons Czech President and asks for Czechoslovakia to be put into the hands of the Führer
  • 15th March 1939, Bohemia and Moravia made part of the Reich
  • 16th March Slovakia is kept as a puppet state
  • Late March he puts pressure on Lithuania for the Memel Land
  • Britain and France to help Poland if they are attacked
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7
Q

When was the Nazi-Soviet Pact signed and what were the terms?

A

August 1939
- A Non-Aggression Pact between the two
- Hitler did not want a war on two fronts
- Secret Claus to state they will invade Poland and divide it between them
- Undermined the Anti-Comintern Pact
- Shocked the Western Powers

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8
Q

When was Poland invaded and what was the international response?

A
  • 1st September 1939

- 3rd September Britain and France wage war on Germany

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9
Q

What was Hitlers racial policy?

A
  • He wanted Aryan Supremacy
  • Pan-Germanism, removing all impure Germans
  • Wanted to make racially acceptable alliances (e.g Britain)
  • He accepted that he had to make alliances with inferior countries, ‘necessary evil’
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10
Q

What were Hitlers aims for the Third Reich? Comment on past German Empires

A
  • He wanted to get rid of the Tofu and expand east and gain back land
  • First Reich and Second Reich did this through diplomacy with other nations
  • This can be seen as continuity with Hitlers early foreign policy
  • Continuity emphasised as propaganda showed Bismarck, Fredrick the Great, Hindenburg and Hitler together
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11
Q

Give example of defiance of the TofV during the Weimar years to emphasise continuity?

A
  • 1926, Russian tank training school near Kazan trained German soldiers
  • 1928, Tanks being for Germany being built
  • The army was a ‘state within a state’
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12
Q

How did other countries view the TofV?

A
  • Britain didn’t want France too powerful
  • Reparations were hardly paid on time and lots of counties turned a blind eye
  • 1935 Anglo-German Naval agreement undermined the TofV (allowed Germany to have a naval fleet)
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13
Q

Was Hitlers expansionist policy continual?

A
  • Continuity in the hunt for land with the Kaiser

- Kaiser was never selective in terms of race

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14
Q

Was Hitlers ‘Lebensraum’ continual?

A
  • Kaiser hunted for colonies

- Hitler did not

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15
Q

Did Hitlers appointment of foreign minister point towards him having a masterplan?

A
  • Until 1936 he kept the same foreign ministry officials
  • This could point to no imposing of a plan
  • This could however point to a long-term plan, he wanted full control of Germany through continuity to make himself seem more moderate
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16
Q

How did Nazi gains in 1935/39 compare to Mein Kampf, speeches and meetings?

A
  • They were consistent and could show planning with overturning Versailles
  • Could be argued to be broad aims and not a definite plan
  • Preparedness of Nazis to foreign policy points towards a lack of planning, they were often unprepared
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17
Q

Did Hitler always aim to go to war?

A
  • Open militarisation of Germany in 1935
  • 2nd Four Year plan was a clear display of gearing up for war
  • Stressed rearmament as a means of defence, 1933 speech suggested diplomatically overturning the TofV
  • Privately he told Generals they need to build up army before expansion
18
Q

Could Hitler achieve his aims without war?

A
  • Thought allies would not go to war over Eastern Europe
  • Blitzkrieg warfare was not a long-term warfare tactic pointed towards no war
  • 1938 France, Romania and Yugoslavia signed mutual aid with Czechoslovakia
  • 26th Sept 1938 last speech in Berlin saying he was going for Czechoslovakia, no fear of France, 6 months later invaded
19
Q

Why did Germany want Poland?

A
  • After TofV they gained land and Danzig to gain access to the sea
  • Gained 800,000 Germans
  • They were aware that Germany and USSR wanted some of that land
20
Q

When did Poland make a mutual assistance pact with France?

A
  • At Locarno in 1925
  • However the allies were geographically displaced to help Poland
  • Poland did however have a decent army, took Teschen from Czech in 1938 and were training light tanks in 1939
21
Q

What were German relations with Poland like up until 1936?

A
  • 1934 10 year non-aggression pact
  • Nazis still wanted Danzig, won a majority in town gov 1933
  • East Prussia being split was inconvenient for the Germans
  • 1935 offered to be ally’s with Poland for war with USSR
  • Poland resisted all these attempts to avoid becoming a puppet state
22
Q

What were German relations with Poland like after 1936?

A
  • Poland expected France to intervene with the Rhineland
  • Poland were open to fighting Germany
  • Britain, France and the LofN unwilling to fight
  • Hitler became more confident to attack Poland
23
Q

What are examples of opportunistic takeover from Hitler?

A
  • Events in Austria (1938)

- Events in Czechoslovakia (1939)

24
Q

What was Hitlers final call for Poland to be an ally?

A
  • Invited them to join the Anti-Comintern Pact
  • He would give them Teschen in return
  • This would set off a soviet invasion so Poland refused
25
Q

What was the significance of the Pact of Steel?

A
  • 22nd May 1939
  • Italy and Germany close economic ties and military aid
  • Ensured that Italy would support Germany in a time of invasion
  • Cleared up misconception of Italy urging for Germany to negotiate during 38 over Czechoslovakia
26
Q

What was the significance of the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

A

23rd August 1939

  • Temporary agreement
  • Secret clause to invade Poland and split it between them
27
Q

Did Hitler think the allies would respond if he invaded Poland?

A
  • Allies didn’t react with Czechoslovakia
  • He did not think the allies were rearming as rapidly
  • Clear geographical issues of supporting Poland
28
Q

What was the International Political situation when Hitler invaded Poland?

A
  • Lots of new nations with new borders, e.g Estonia and Lithuania
  • Disputes during the 20’s created a sense of instability and ideological divides
  • This can be argued to have been offset by a genuine desire for peace and to avoid war
29
Q

What were the ideological divides at the time of the invasion

A
  • Divide between communist Russia and the West, wanted to avoid the Comintern
  • ‘Whites’ were helped by the West to fight the ‘Reds’ in the civil war
  • USSR were a good ally to have for Britain but the ideological divide never allowed this
30
Q

When was the Manchuria incident?

A

16th September 1931

  • Mukden incident took place and Japan used this to invade Manchuria
  • Created the satellite state Manchukoa 1932
  • LofN did nothing but moral sanctions and Japan left the LofN in March 1933
31
Q

When did Italy invade Abyssinia?

A

3rd October 1935

  • League placed meaningless sanctions
  • Hoare-Laval Pact showed Britain and France themselves going outside of the league
32
Q

How did the LofN fare with the Spanish Civil War?

A
  • Spain supported the LofN but the civil war meant the LofN said stay out of it
  • May 1937 there was clear German and Italian intervention
33
Q

When did the LofN expel the USSR from it?

A

30th Nov 1939

  • USSR invaded Finland
  • Originally USSR joined as defence from condemnation of communism by Japan and Germany
  • Stalin became increasingly dictorial
  • Asked to leave the LofN on 14th December 1939
34
Q

When did the USSR sense weakness in the LofN?

A
  • Britain and France were independently negotiating with them during the Spanish Civil War
  • Nazi-Soviet pact complicated these relations even more
35
Q

What was Britains stance?

A
  • Avoided an alliance but wanted to carry out the policy of appeasement
  • No one wanted war, colonies, e.g South Africa and Australia didn’t want war
  • Opinion hardened after Kristallknacht and invasion of Czech
  • Appeasement policy contributed to Hitler pressing for war
36
Q

What was Frances stance?

A
  • Resentment towards Germany due to their inability to pay reparations of the TofV
  • After the failure of taking the Ruhr they turned to appeasement
  • They feared German invasion and kept the Maginot Line defences on the border to Germany
  • France felt isolated, communist Russia and Britain stepping back
37
Q

What was Frances stance? (2)

A
  • Made new alliances with Czechoslovakia
  • 1935 Pact with USSR and urged Britain to join
  • Lost a 1/4 young men during. WW1
  • Extremist parties were propping up
  • Gov changed 11 times between 1932 and 35
  • Left wing of 1936 was heavily criticised
38
Q

What was Italys stance?

A
  • Did not like the Tofu (fascist)
  • Stopped Anschluss, Hitler stopped too to encourage alliance
  • Spanish Civil War led to Rome-Berlin axis
  • Both denied aid Hitler with Abyssinia, Mussolini with Czechoslovakia
  • Until 1940 Hitler was trying to make alliance with Britain, only when Germany was in a wining position Italy joined the war
39
Q

What made a USSR alliance with Germany more likely?

A

1938 July to August

- Fighting Japan on Eastern Border

40
Q

What was the USA’s stance?

A
  • 1920’s and 30’s followed a policy of isolationism and disarmament
  • By 1938 army was smaller than Belgiums
  • USA was neutral over Abyssinia and Spanish Civil War
  • Exported arms to German and Italy towards Franco
  • Permanent Neutrality Act 1937, encouraged Hitler to go to war
41
Q

What was Japans stance?

A
  • Mistreated after WW1 like Italy was
  • After Manchuria, only Italy and Germany recognised their new state
  • Useful for Germany to have an ally on the other side of the USSR
  • Able to attack the USA from the far east

Nazi Germany (13 decks)

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