Neck

Question 1

borders of the neck region

Answer 1

anteriorly: lower border of mandible
manubrium

posteriorly: superior nuchal line on occipital to intervertebral disk between C2 and T1

Question 2

what muscles are contained within the anterior triangle?

Answer 2

supra and infrahyoid muscles

[Toss my gravy spoon darling]

Question 3

what does the posterior triangle contain?

Answer 3

important nerves and vessels

Question 4

what muscle is contained in the superficial fascia alongside the skin and subcutaneous fat?
what innervates it?

Answer 4

platysma

innervated by cervical branch of CN VII (facial)

Question 5

what are the 3 main compartments of the neck?

Answer 5

vertebral
visceral
vascular

Question 6

what is contained in the vertebral compartment?

Answer 6

vertebrae and musculature

Question 7

what is contained in the visceral compartment?

Answer 7

trachea
oesphagus
thyroid

Question 8

what is contained in the vascular compartment?

Answer 8

internal jugular
carotids
CN X (vagus)

Question 9

C1 level of the neck

Answer 9

open mouth

Question 10

C2 level of the neck

Answer 10

superior cervical ganglion

Question 11

C3 level of the neck

Answer 11

body of hyoid

Question 12

C4 level of the neck

Answer 12

upper border if thyroid cartilage

bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Question 13

C6 level of the neck

Answer 13

cricoid cartilage
middle cervical ganglion
larynx and pharynx end

Question 14

C7 level of the neck

Answer 14

inferior cervical ganglion

Question 15

what are the borders of the anterior triangle?

Answer 15

anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
midline
inferior border of the mandible

Question 16

what is contained in the anterior triangle?

Answer 16

muscles
hyoid bone
carotids and internal jugular vein

Question 17

what is the hyoid bone?

Answer 17

relates to all the anterior neck muscles and is suspended in space by an array of muscles and ligaments

Question 18

which 4 muscles make up the supra hyoid group of the anterior triangle?

Answer 18

mylohyoid
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
digastric

Question 19

what 4 muscles make up the infra hyoid aka strap muscles of the anterior triangle?

Answer 19

sternohyoid
omohyoid
thryohoid
sternothyroid

Question 20

what is the anterior innervation to the supra hyoid muscles?

Answer 20

innervation by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

to the mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric

Question 21

what is the posterior innervation to the supra hyoid muscles?

Answer 21

innervation by trigeminal nerve

to the stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric

Question 22

what is the innveration to the geniohyoid of the suprahoid?

Answer 22

C1 fibres via hypoglossal nerve

Question 23

mylohyoid attachment and innervation

Answer 23

Attachments:
Body of mandible (mylohyoid line)
Body of hyoid
Innervation: V3

Question 24

function of mylohyoid

Answer 24

support floor of oral cavity

elevate the hyoid

Question 25

geniohyoid attachments and innervation

Answer 25

Attachments: Internal aspect of mandible (inferior glenoid tubercles*) Body of hyoid Innervation: C1 fibres, via hypoglossal

Question 26

function of geniohyoid

Answer 26

protracts hyoid | depresses the mandible

Question 27

styloid attachments and innervation

Answer 27

Attachments: Styloid process Body of hyoid bone Innervation:VII

Question 28

function of stylohyoid

Answer 28

retracts and elevates the hyoid

Question 29

anterior belly of digastric attachments and innervation

Answer 29

``` Anterior Belly Attachments: Internal aspect of mandible (digastric fossa*) Tendon (attached to hyoid) Innervation:V3 ```

Question 30

function of anterior belly of digastric

Answer 30

depresses mandible | elevates and protracts the hyoid

Question 31

posterior belly of digastric attachments and innervation?

Answer 31

Attachments: Mastoid process Tendon (attached to body of hyoid) Innervation: VII

Question 32

function of the posterior belly of the digastric

Answer 32

retracts and elevates the hyoid

Question 33

thyrohyoid attachments and innervation

Answer 33

Attachments: Thyroid cartilage (oblique line*) Greater horn* of hyoid Innervation: C1 via hypoglossal

Question 34

function of thyrohyoid

Answer 34

Depresses the hyoid | Elevates the larynx

Question 35

omohyoid attachments and innervation

Answer 35

Attachments: Sup. border of scapula Body of hyoid Anchored to the clavicle by fibrous tissue Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (anterior rami of C1 to C3)

Question 36

function of omohyoid

Answer 36

depresses hyoid

Question 37

sternothryoid attachments and innervation

Answer 37

Attachments: Posterior surface of manubrium Thyroid cartilage (oblique line*) Innervation: Ansa cervicalis

Question 38

function of sternothryoid

Answer 38

depresses the larynx

Question 39

sternohyoid attachments and innervation

Answer 39

Attachments: Posterior aspect of manubrium Body of hyoid Innervation: Ansa cervicalis

Question 40

function of sternohyoid

Answer 40

depresses hyoid after swallowing

Question 41

innervation summary

Answer 41

The anterior suprahyoid muscles are innervated by V3 The posterior suprahyoid muscles are innervated by the VII The infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis Exceptions: Geniohyoid &Thyrohyoid, are both innervated by C1 fibres via the hypoglossal nerve

Question 42

what are the borders of the posterior triangle?

Answer 42

Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid Anterior border of trapezius Middle 1/3 clavicle

Question 43

contents of the posterior triangle

Answer 43

``` 3 vessels and 4 nerves: External jugular vein Subclavian artery & vein Trunks of brachial plexus Spinal accessory Phrenic nerve Vagus nerve ```

Question 44

jugular veins

Answer 44

external is anterior to sternocleidomastoid while the internal lies underneath

Question 45

where in the cranium base does the spinal accessory nerve exit?

Answer 45

jugular foramen | superficially on the posterior triangle therefore liable to injury

Question 46

what does the spinal accessory innervate?

Answer 46

sternocleidomastoid | trapezius

Question 47

testing the spinal accessory nerve

Answer 47

raised shoulders

Question 48

where does the vagus leave the cranial base?

Answer 48

jugular foramen | travels in the carotid sheet

Question 49

what does the vagus nerve innervate?

Answer 49

larynx heart lungs GIT

Question 50

how would you test the vagus nerve?

Answer 50

gag reflex

Question 51

where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

Answer 51

C3,4,5 to keep the diaphragm alive lies anterior to scalenus anterior

Question 52

motor and sensory function the phrenic

Answer 52

motor to diaphragm | sensory to peritoneum and pleura around diaphragm

Question 53

through which structures does it enter the thorax?

Answer 53

between the subclavian artery and vein

Question 54

which arteries supply the thyroid?

Answer 54

superior and inferior thyroid arteries superior is first branch of the external carotid inferior arises from the first part of subclavian artery

Question 55

what else does the inferior thyroid artery supply apart from the thyroid?

Answer 55

superior oesophagus | trachea

Question 56

drainage of blood from thyroid

Answer 56

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins superior and middle drain into internal jugular vein inferior drains into brachiocephalic trunk

Question 57

what is the brachial plexus?

Answer 57

innervates the upper limbs formed from anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 Trunks pass between Scalenus Anterior and Scalenus Medius and proceed into the upper limb via the axilla its cords are named in ration to the axially artery

Question 58

when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

Answer 58

at the lateral margin of the 1st rib

Question 59

where do all the lymph nodes drain?

Answer 59

deep cervical node from a superficial region

Question 60

where do the deep cervical nodes lie?

Answer 60

along the internal jugular vein | these then converge to become the right and left lymphatic trunks

Question 61

where does the right jugular lymphatic trunk empty?

Answer 61

into right lymphatic duct

Question 62

where does the left jugular lymphatic duct empty?

Answer 62

into the thoracic duct

Question 63

two main causes of lymphoedema?

Answer 63

infection (reactive, local or generalised) cancer (lymphoma, metastases)