Vertebral Column

Question 1

cervical vertebrae and nerves

Answer 1

7 vertebrae

8 nerves

Question 2

vertebral body of cervical vert.

Answer 2

short and small

Question 3

vert foramen of cervical vert.

Answer 3

triangular and wide

Question 4

transverse process feature of cervical vert.

Answer 4

has foramen transversarium for vertebral arteries

Question 5

spinous process of cervical vert

Answer 5

bifid

Question 6

vertebral body of thoracic vert

Answer 6

heart shaped

Question 7

vert foramen of thoracic vert

Answer 7

circular

Question 8

transverse process features of thoracic vert

Answer 8

articulation with the ribs

Question 9

vertebral body of lumbar vert

Answer 9

large

Question 10

vert foramen of lumbar vert

Answer 10

triangular

Question 11

transverse process features of lumbar vert

Answer 11

long and thin

Question 12

what collagen types make up the annulus fibrosus?

what is the purpose of having these types?

Answer 12

type I and II

limits rotations

Question 13

what is the function of the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 13

distribute pressure evenly across the disc

absorbs compression forces

Question 14

what leads to protrusion of the disk? what also happens?

Answer 14

degenerative changes to the annulus fibrosus

also herniates the nucleus pulposus

Question 15

what type of herniation impinges directly on the spinal cord?

Answer 15

central disk herniation

Question 16

what does a posterolateral herniation impinge?

Answer 16

roots of spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen

Question 17

at which disk level do disk herniations most commonly occur?

Answer 17

L5/S1

Question 18

what is the result of a L5/S1 herniation?

Answer 18

compression of the sciatic nerve roots

Question 19

pain in sciatica

Answer 19

starts in lower back/buttock and radiates to the foot

Question 20

which ligament is between the tips of the spinous processes?

Answer 20

supraspinous ligament

Question 21

which ligament is between adjacent spinous processes?

Answer 21

interspinous ligaments

Question 22

ligamenta flava

Answer 22

between vertebral arches

Question 23

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Answer 23

cover and connect the vertebral bodies

Question 24

which ligament is injured in whiplash?

Answer 24

hyper extension of the neck injures the anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 25

what is the degeneration of the spine?

Answer 25

spondylosis

Question 26

what is the inflammation of vertebrae?

Answer 26

spondylitis

Question 27

what is the result of stress fractures of the pars interarticularis?

Answer 27

spondylolysis

Question 28

what is the result of forward displacement of vertebra?

Answer 28

spondylolisthesis

Question 29

what is the deepest muscle group in the back?

Answer 29

erector spinae

Question 30

what is the function of the erector spinae?

Answer 30

extension of vert column

Question 31

how is the erector spinae divided?

Answer 31

3 columns: - medial= spinalis - intermediate= longissimus - lateral= iliocostalis

Question 32

which C vert is axis?

Answer 32

C2

Question 33

which C vert is atlas?

Answer 33

C1

Question 34

to what part of the cranium does the atlas join to?

Answer 34

occipital condyles

Question 35

what happens to C1 during embyronic development? what does this lead to the formation of?

Answer 35

loses its vertebral body to C2 formation of dens of axis

Question 36

unique feature of transition from C1 to C2 vertebral body?

Answer 36

no intervertebral disk

Question 37

where does the dens of the axis articulate to the atlas? what joint does this form?

Answer 37

posterior aspect of anterior arch of the atlas atlanto-axial joint

Question 38

what holds the dens of the axis in place?

Answer 38

transverse ligament of the atlas

Question 39

what connects the dens to the tubercles of the occipital condyles?

Answer 39

the alar ligaments connect the dens to the tubercles on the medial aspect of the occipital condyles

Question 40

what is the Atlanto-occiptal joint made of? what is it responsible for

Answer 40

formed by articulation between occipital condyles and the superior articular surfaces of C1 this is responsible for nodding action of the head (flexion and extension)

Question 41

what is the atlanto-axial joint made of? what is it responsible for?

Answer 41

formed by articulation of facet of anterior arch of the atlas to the dens of the axis responsbile for head shaking action (lateral rotation)

Question 42

what is a Jefferson Fracture?

Answer 42

the driving of the occipital condyles into the lateral masses of C1 due to axial loading along the axis of the cervical spine

Question 43

what muscle connect the atlas to the axis? what do they also do?

Answer 43

subocciptal muscles connect the atlas to the base of the skull

Question 44

which nerve root innervate the suboccipital muscles?

Answer 44

C1 root

Question 45

movement ability of the cervical spine?

Answer 45

everything

Question 46

movement ability of the thoracic spine?

Answer 46

limited flexion and extension | able to rotate and lateral flex

Question 47

movement ability of the lumbar spine?

Answer 47

limited rotation | able to flex/extend and laterally flex

Question 48

what causes the various limitation in the movement of the parts of the vertebrae?

Answer 48

the restrictions set by the shape of the superior and inferior articular processes.

Question 49

what is scoliosis?

Answer 49

lateral deviation of the v.column

Question 50

what is kyphosis?

Answer 50

excessive concave curvature

Question 51

what is lordosis?

Answer 51

excessive convex curvature

Question 52

what are the similarities between the spinal meninges and cranial meninges?

Answer 52

has 3 layers: dura, arachnoid, pia (subarachnoid space with CSF)

Question 53

what are the differences between the spinal meninges and cranial meninges?

Answer 53

- spinal men. only has one dura layer (cranial men. has 2) this one is continuous with the inner meningeal layer of the dura at the foramen magnum - denticulate ligaments present - epidural space present

Question 54

what are denticulate ligaments?

Answer 54

Tooth-shaped extensions of pia which stretch across the sub-arachnoid space anchoring the cord within the vertebral foramen

Question 55

what is contained in the epidural space?

Answer 55

fat | venous plexi

Question 56

what is the end of the spinal cord called? where does it end?

Answer 56

conus medullaris ends at L2 in adult

Question 57

where does the subarachnoid and arachnoid mater end?

Answer 57

S2

Question 58

in what form does the Pia extend to the coccyx?

Answer 58

filum terminale

Question 59

how does cancer reach the spinal cord?

Answer 59

The prostate plexus drains into the internal iliac vein which has connections with the internal vertebral venous plexus. Hence, prostate cancer can metastasise into the spinal cord

Question 60

what are the 2 reasons for a lumbar puncture?

Answer 60

- diagnosis | - drug administration

Question 61

where is a lumbar puncture perfomed?

Answer 61

below L2

Question 62

why is a lumbar puncture not performed when there is increased ICP?

Answer 62

may cause an uncle or tonsillar herniation

Question 63

how is spinal anaesthesia administered?

Answer 63

directly injected into he CSF via LP causing complete anaesthesia from point of insertion and below

Question 64

how is epidural anaesthesia administered?

Answer 64

local anaesthetics injected into the epidural space via LP or at sacral hiatus anaesthesia of local spinal roots caused

Question 65

how many incisors do we have?

Answer 65

8 | 2 in each quadrant (UL, LR etc)

Question 66

how many canines do we have?

Answer 66

4 | 1 in each quadrant

Question 67

how many premolars do we have?

Answer 67

8 | 2 in each quadrant

Question 68

how many molars do we have?

Answer 68

9 | 3 in each quadrant

Question 69

sets of teeth

Answer 69

deciduous set: 20 (2-3 years completed) permanent teeth (erupt at 6, completed in 20s)

Question 70

how many teeth in a permanent set?

Answer 70

2,1,2,3= 8 8x4=32