NEMATODES: Metastongyloidea spp.

Question 1

What general systems of the body are affected by final hosts in metastrongyliodea infections?

Answer 1

Respiratory, vascular, and nervous systems

Question 2

While most metastrongyloidea spp. have _______ life cycles, some will not including some metastrongylus sp., f. osleri, and f. hirthi.

Answer 2

Indirect

Question 3

What diagnostic stage is associated with the identification of metastrongyloidea in Baerman tests?

Answer 3

L1

Question 4

What shapes can the tails of metastrongyloidea be seen in?

Answer 4

Kinked or Straight

Question 5

What is the common name of the Muellerius spp.?

Answer 5

Lung worm

Question 6

Who are the intermediate and final hosts of Muellerius sp. infections?

Answer 6

IH = molluscs

FH = Sheep and goats

Question 7

Where would you expect to find adult Muellerius spp. parasites?

Answer 7

Lung tissues

Question 8

What is the PPP and life cycle of Muellerius spp.

Answer 8

PPP = 6 - 10 weeks

L1’s are passed in the feces, cutaneously migrate through feet into IH, where they develop into L3’s

The IH is ingested by the FH, and the L3’s are now free to migrate to the lungs and lymph nodes where they develop into adults

Question 9

Which final host is more affected by severe infections of Muellerius spp.?

Answer 9

Goats; clinical signs of pneumonia in sheep are rare

Question 10

At necrospy, thickened nodules can be seen along the lungs, what metastronglyoidea spp. would you expect was the parasitic cause?

Answer 10

Muellerius spp.

Question 11

If an intermediate host for a parasite is an earthworm or mollusc, will control be difficult?

Answer 11

Yes, due to the long life spans of these IH’s

Question 12

True or False: Strong antihelminthic resistance is associated with Muellerius spp.

Answer 12

False, several antihelminthics have been reported as effective

Question 13

What is the common name for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

Answer 13

Meningeal worm

Question 14

Who are the IH’s and FH’s of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, or the meningeal worm?

Answer 14

IH = mollusc

FH = White-tailed deer

Question 15

What abherrant hosts are associated with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections?

Answer 15

Equids, Caprini, and Camelids

Question 16

Are clinical signs displayed in FH’s or AH’s in Parelaphostrongylus tenius, or meningeal worm, infections?

Answer 16

AH’s, as they display neurological signs due to larval migration tracts and inflammation which can be fatal.

Question 17

How would one go about diagnosing meningeal worm infections in a camelid?

Answer 17

Observing clinical signs and the presence of white-tailed deer

Question 18

What is the the life cycle of the meningeal worm?

Answer 18

Adults normally reside in the venous sinuses and subdural sinuses of the brain in white-tailed deer.

Eggs are laid into the blood vessels and move to the lungs for hatching. Occasionally, eggs hatch in the brain, after which the larvae migrate through the blood vessels into the lungs.

First-stage larvae are coughed up, passed in feces, and infect the feet of small terrestrial slugs and snails,

Larvae within the gastropods mature over 3 to 4 weeks to their third stage and are released into the gut of their gastropod host, or possibly its slime trail.

Infective material may then be accidentally ingested by a ruminant, cervid, camelid, or, occasionally, horse.

Larvae penetrate the gut and migrate through the abdomen to the spinal cord, through which they migrate to the brain to complete their life cycle.

Question 19

What is the PPP of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in white-tailed deer?

Answer 19

around 3 months

Question 20

What is the common name for Metastrongylus sp.?

Answer 20

Lungworm of Pigs

Question 21

Who are the IH’s and FH’s for Metastrongylus sp. infections?

Answer 21

IH = Earthworm

FH = Pig

Question 22

True or False: In Metastrongylus infections of swine, L1’s are within eggs at the time of elimination via the excretion of feces.

Answer 22

False, they can be found either in the eggs or free in the feces

Question 23

What typical life cycle do Metastronglyus sp. have?

Answer 23

Indirect predominantly, but some direct life cycles have been reported

Question 24

What is the PPP associated with Metastrongylus sp.?

Answer 24

1 month

Question 25

What areas within the lungs would you expect to find *Metastronglyus* adults? A) Bronchi B) Bronchioles C) Both A and B D) None of the above

Answer 25

C) Both A and B

Question 26

What conditions are associated with *Metastronglyus* infections?

Answer 26

Lung migrations of tissues leading to inflammation and lesions, coughing, and secondary infections

Question 27

How would a *Metastrongylus* infection be diagnosed in a fecal examination?

Answer 27

The identification of the L1

Question 28

Even though there are several antihelminthics, why are young piglets often the most severely affected?

Answer 28

Due to a long exposure, as a result of the IH

Question 29

What is the common name of *Aelurostrongylus abstrustus?*

Answer 29

Cat lungworm

Question 30

Who are the IH's and FH's of the cat lungworm, or *Alerostrongylus abstrusus*?

Answer 30

IH = Snails, slugs FH = Cats

Question 31

How might a cat become infected with *Aelurostrongylus abstrusus*?

Answer 31

Consumption of the IH (snail or slug), or of the PH's (birds, rodents, frogs)

Question 32

What tail shape does a L1 *Aelurostrongylus abstrusus* have?

Answer 32

Kinked

Question 33

Why are birds, frogs, snakes, lizards, and rodents, considered paratenic, or transport, hosts for *Aleulrostrongylus abstusus?*

Answer 33

They transport a deceased IH, where the L3 larvae have already developed into and been freed from. The freed L3 does not continue its life cycle until the FH has consumed the transport/ paratenic host.

Question 34

What is the life cycle of the cat lungworm (*Aelurostrongylus abstrusus)*?

Answer 34

L3 migration to the lungs leads to further maturation and development into adults, when reproduction can begin. Eggs are laid into the parenchyma, and develop into L1's which are then coughed up, swallowed, and defecated out. L1's are ingested by an IH and develop into L3's. The IH at this time can be eaten by a PH and then the FH, or immediately by the FH. FH ingestion leads to the L3 larvae being liberated in the intestine, penetrating the mucosa, and migrating to the lungs.

Question 35

True or False: Infection of *Aleurostrongylus abstrusus* is confirmed by the demonstration of the first-stage larvae in fresh feces, via a fecal flotation or a Baermann, which can also be performed on sputum.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

4 - What is the PPP of *Aleurostrongylus abstrusus?*

Answer 36

4 - 6 weeks

Question 37

What areas of the lung are affected by cat lungworm infections?

Answer 37

*Aleurostrongylus abstrusus* infections are seen in the lung parenchyma and bronchioles, resulting a chronic mild cough

Question 38

Who are the FH's of *Filaroides* and *Angiostrongylus*?

Answer 38

Dogs and wild carnivores (foxes, etc.)

Question 39

Which of the following does not have present with an L1 with a kinked tail? A) *Angiostronglyus vasorum* B) *Filareoides hirthi* C) *Crenosoma vulpis* D) *Filoraoides osleri*

Answer 39

C) *Crenosoma vulpis*

Question 40

What is the common name of *Angiostrongylus vasorum*?

Answer 40

French Heartworm

Question 41

Do *F. osleri and F. hirthi* have indirect life cycles, or is it *A. vasorum* and *C. vulpis*?

Answer 41

*Angiostrongylus vasorum* and *Crenosoma vulpis,* their IH's are snails

Question 42

What age group of dogs do both *Filaroides osleri* and *Filaroides hirthi* affect?

Answer 42

Young dogs

Question 43

What age group of dogs do both *Angiostrongylus vasorum* and *Crenosoma vulpis* affect?

Answer 43

Older dogs, but also foxes!

Question 44

What predilection site does *Filaroidea osleri* have in young dogs?

Answer 44

The trachea and bronchi

Question 45

What predilection site does *Filaroides hirthi* have in young dogs?

Answer 45

The lungs

Question 46

What predilection site does *Angiostrongylus vasorum* (French heartworm) have in older dogs and foxes?

Answer 46

The pulomary arteries

Question 47

What predilection site does *Crenosoma vulpis* have in older dogs and foxes?

Answer 47

The bronchi

Question 48

Upon necropsy, you obsere severe, nodulated bronchii and trachea. Given that the patient presented for respiratory distress, what lungworm would you expect was the cause?

Answer 48

*Filaroides osleri*

Question 49

A referred, 8yr MN Labrador Retriever patient is en route for additional cardiac diagnostics, but arrests and dies upon arrival. Given that the patient has been on several medications due to previously diagnosed heart failure, respiratory dysfunction, and a positive fecal test, what parastic agent do you suspect?

Answer 49

*Angiostrongylus vasorum*

Question 50

What is the common name for *Crenosoma vulpis*?

Answer 50

Fox bronchial worm

Question 51

What is the common name for *Filaroides osleriI*?

Answer 51

Canine tracheal and bronchial nodular worm

Question 52

What is the common name for *Filaroides hirthi*?

Answer 52

Canine lungworm

Question 53

Which of the following would be most likely responsible for a dry, nonproductive and persistent cough? A) *C. vulpis* and *F. olseri* B) *A. vasorum* and *F. hirthi* C) *F. osleri* and *A. vasorum* D) *F. hirthi* and *C. vulpis*

Answer 53

D) *F. hirthi* and *C. vulpis*

Question 54

Which of the following have the longest prepatent period? A) *C. vulpis* B) *F. osleri* C) *F. hirthi* D) *A. vasorum*

Answer 54

B) *F. osleri* (6 to 7 months) ## Footnote * C. vulpis* = 19 days * F. hirthi* = 5 weeks * A. vasorum* = 1 - 3.5 months

Question 55

What is the life cycle of the canine tracheal and broncheal nodular worm?

Answer 55

The adults live in nodules in the trachea and bronchi, usually at bifurcations, where they reproduce and females lay their eggs. Since it requires ***no intermediate host***, the first stage larvae are passed in the feces (L1s are coughed up, swallowed and excreted) or through the saliva (being infective to another dog as L1s can be coughed up and expelled in the sputum).

Question 56

A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, can be used to observe the bronchii when there is a suspected case of *Filaroides osleri* infection in a dog.

Answer 56

Bronchoscope

Question 57

A Baermann can be completed on what samples collected from a dog with a suspected *Filaroides osleri* infeciton?

Answer 57

Fresh feces and sputum

Question 58

True or False, *Crenosoma vulpis* has the least antihelminthic resistance, as it can be treated with Fenbendazole, Milbemycin oxime, and Moxidectin.

Answer 58

False, *C. vulpis* can not be treated with Fembendazole

Question 59

Which of the following medicaitons would be considered a more broad specturm antihelminthic drug? A) Milbemycin oxime B) Moxidectin C) Praziqunatel D) Fendebdazole

Answer 59

D) Fendebdazole ## Footnote Treats for *A. vasorum, E. aerophilius* (haven't learned yet), *F. osleri, F. hirthi,* and *P. kellicotti* (haven't learned yet)