Neoplasia Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
What does neoplasia mean?
A
New Growth
2
Q
What does tumor mean?
A
Swelling, formation of masses
3
Q
What does cancer mean?
A
Tissue invasion appearance like crawling crab
4
Q
What does oncology mean?
A
Study of Swelling
5
Q
What does carcinoma in situ mean?
A
Means “in its place” but is a tumor that has not penetrated the basement membrane
6
Q
Are all tumors a neoplasia?
A
Yes
7
Q
Is a neoplasia always a tumor?
A
No, sometimes there’s no distinct mass as in leukemia or malignant disease of bone marrow
8
Q
What are the 3 types of reversible plasias?
A
1) Hyperplasia
2) Metaplsia
3) Dysplasia
9
Q
What are the 3 types of irreversible plasias?
A
1) anaplasia
2) neoplasia
3) desmoplasia
10
Q
What is anaplasia?
A
Irreversible Abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms
11
Q
What is desmoplasia?
A
Irreversible Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
12
Q
What are the two classifications of tumors?
A
Benign
Malignant
13
Q
How are tumors classified?
A
Histologically
14
Q
How do the growths of benign and malignant tumors differ?
A
Benign tumors are slow and expansive and malignant tumors are fast and invasive
15
Q
Are both benign and malignant tumors metastatic?
A
No, Benign tumors are not metastatic
16
Q
How do the external surface features of benign and malignant tumors differ?
A
Benign = smooth Malignant = irregular
17
Q
Do both benign and malignant tumors have capsules?
A
No, only benign tumors have capsules
18
Q
Are both benign and malignant tumors capable of necrosis?
A
No, only malignant tumors are capable of necrosis
19
Q
Are both benign and malignant tumors capable of hemorrhage?
A
No, only malignant tumors are capable of hemorrhage
20
Q
How does the architechture of benign and malignant tumors differ?
A
Benign = resembles normal tissue of origin Malignant = Does not resemble normal tissue of origin
21
Q
How does the cells of benign and malignant tumors differ?
A
Benign = well differentiated Malignant = Poorly differentiated
22
Q
How do the nuclei of benign and malignant tumors differ?
A
Benign = normal size and shape; uniform Malignant = pleomorphic (variable in shape)
23
Q
How does the mitosis of benign and malignant tumors differ?
A
Benign = few in mitosis Malignant = many and irregular
24
Q
What is a regular nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
A
1:6
25
What does a nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of 1:2 or 1:3 signify?
It means they are neoplastic
26
What does metastasis mean?
Change in position
27
What are the main pathways of metastasis?
1) lymphatics
2) blood (hematogenous spread)
3) Seeding surface of body cavities (transcoelomic spread)
28
What are some other pathways of metastasis?
Intraepithelial
29
What are the steps of hematogenous metastatic cascade?
1) primary tumor
2) metastatic clone evolves
3) proliferation of the clone and invasion of vessel
4) transport by circulation
5) emobilization
6) invasion
7) new tumor formation at the site of metastasis
30
What is transcoelomic spreading?
Direct seeding of a cavity by neoplastic cells within that cavity therefore there is no plane of resistance to spreading
31
What is intraepithelial spread?
1) Tumor cells infiltrate between the cells of normal epithelium without invading the underlying stroma
32
What is the best example of intraepithelial spread?
Paget's disease of the nipple where cells of ductal carcinoma in situ grow into nipple skin and resemble eczema
33
What is tumor-induced angiogenesis?
The biologic role of tumors to overcome limitation of nutrient and oxygen delivery
34
What do mesenchymal tumors with the -oma ending mean?
It stands for a mesenchymal benign tumor
35
What do mesenchymal tumors with the -sarcoma ending mean?
It means that it is a mesenchymal malignant tumor
36
What do epithelial tumors with the adenoma ending mean?
It is a benign epithelial tumor
37
What do epithelial tumors with the carcinoma ending mean?
It is a malignant epithelial tumor
38
What are the three exceptions to the "oma" being benign rule? Why?
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Glioma
Because they only exist via blood cells, lymph system and glial cells
39
What is common between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma?
They both are surrounded by non-neoplastic stroma
40
What are some tumors of blood cells and lymphocytes?
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Multiple Myeloma
41
What are some tumors of neural cells?
Ganglioneuroma
| Neuroblastoma
42
What are some tumors of glial and nueral suporting cells?
Glioma and meningioma
43
What are some germ cell tumors?
Teratoma, embryonal carcinoma and seminom/dysgerminoma
44
What are blastomas?
Blastomas are malignant tumors composed of embryonic cells originating from embryonic primordia
45
What is a teratoma?
Teratomas are derived from germ cells and contain tissues that are formed from all three germ layers: etoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
46
What are eponymic tumors?
These tumors carry the name of physicians who have described them first
47
What does Hodgkin's disease affect?
lymph nodes
48
What does Ewing's sarcoma affect?
Bones
49
What does Kaposi's sarcoma affect?
Skin
50
What is tumor staging based on?
Clinical assessment during gross examination, surgery, x-ray examinations
51
What is the grading of tumors based on?
Based on histologic examination
52
What does the TNM system of staging take account for?
```
T = size of tumor
N = presence of lymph node metastases
M = Distant metastases
```
53
What is the grading scale of the TNM system?
0-4 in each category TNM
54
What grading of M signifies metastases?
a 1 represents metastasis
55
What do the roman numeral stages of tumor range from?
0 to IV
56
What is a stage 0 tumor?
A carcinoma that is in situ
57
What is a stage I cancer?
Cancer that is localized to one part of the body
58
What is a stage II cancer?
A locally advanced (same as stage III but specific criteria differ according to diagnosis)
59
In Hodgkin's disease what is the difference between stage II and stage III?
Stage II: lymph nodes on only one side of the diaphragm
| Stage III: lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm
60
What is a stage IV cancer?
Canvers that have metastasized or spread to other organs or throughout the body
61
what is the Ann Arbor staging for? and what stages are there?
For lymphomas ranging from stage I - IV
62
What is a stage I in the Ann arbor staging?
Cancer is located in a single region, usually one lymph node and the surrounding area. Stage I often will not have outward symptoms
63
What is a stage II in the Ann arbor staging?
Cancer is located in two separate regions, an affected lymph node or organ within the lymphatic system and a second affected area, and that both affected areas a confined to one side of the diaphragm (ie: both are above the diaphragm or both are below the diaphragm)
64
What is a stage III in the Ann arbor staging?
Cancer has spread to both sides of the diaphragm, including one organ or area near the lymph nodes or the spleen
65
What is a stage IV in the Ann arbor staging?
Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, including any involvement of the liver, bone marrow, or nodular involvement of the lungs
66
What does the tumor grades range from?
Grade I - III
67
What is tumor grading based on?
Histologic examination
68
What is a grade I tumor?
well differentiated
69
What is a grade II tumor?
Moderately well differentiated
70
What is a grade III tumor?
undifferentiated
71
Overall, which has more predictive value, grading or staging of tumors?
Staging
72
Is the difference between normal and malignant cells qualitative or quantitative?
Quantitative
73
Are cancer cells more or less adapted to survive unfavorable conditions and are they more or less differentiated than normal cells?
Cancer cells are less differentiated and more adapted to survive under unfavorable conditions as they require less oxygen to survive
74
What do tumors secrete?
Autocrine growth factors
75
In terms of mitochondria, RER and specialized enzymes how do cancer cells differ and why?
Cancer cells contain fewer mitochondria, less RER and few er specialized enzymes because they prefer anaerobic conditions like lactic acid and don't need to be functional, and loses the ability to perform function
76
Can the tumor cells acquire embryonic/fetal features?
Yes it can have due to tumor cell regression
77
Where is alpha fetal protein produced?
Liver cancer cells produce AFP, a product of fetal hepatocytes
78
Where is carcinoembryonic antigen produced?
CEA is produced by cells of large intestinal adenocarcinoma and normal fetal intestines
79
What are growth properties of cancer cells in vitro?
1) lack of contact inhibition
2) Can be passaged from one flask to another indefinitely
3) Growth in soft agar and roller bottles (anchorage -independent growth
4) Do not require growth factors, but are rather dependent on autocrine stimulation
80
What are some exogenous causes of cancer?
1) Chemical
2) Physical
3) biological
81
What are some endogenous causes of cancer?
1) oncogenes
| 2) Tumor suppressor genes
82
HOw are human carcinogens identified?
1) clinical studies
2) epidemiological studies
3) experimental
83
What are some examples of chemical carcinogens?
1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2) aromatic amines
3) nitrosamines
4) steroid hormones
5) metals and inorganic compounds
84
What is the compound that is part of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?
3, 4 benzpyrene
85
What is the source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?
Tobacco tar
86
What is the mode of action to for polycyclcic aromatic?
Inhalation
Skin Contact
Metabolic
87
What tumor is induced by tobacco tar?
Inhalation = carcinoma of lung
Skin Contact = skin cancer
Metabolic = liver cancer
88
What is the compound that is part of the aromatic amines?
Beta-naphthylamine
89
What is the source of aromatic amines?
Dye and rubber industry
90
What is the mode of action to for aromatic amines?
Excretion in urine
91
What tumor is induced by dye and rubber industry?
Bladder cancer
92
What is the compound that is part of the nitrosamines?
Nitrates
93
What is the source of nitrosamines?
Food additive (ie: smoked foods)
94
What is the mode of action to for nitrosamines?
Bacterial conversion in the gut
95
What tumor is induced by food additives?
Intestinal cancer
96
What is the compound that is part of the steroid hormones?
Estrogens
97
What is the source of steroid hormones?
Ovary/adrenal, IM/PO, xeno
98
What is the mode of action to for steroid hormones?
Stimulation of endometrium
99
What tumor is induced by Estrogens?
Endometrial carcinoma
100
What is the compound that is part of the metals and inorganic compounds?
Arsenic sulfate and nickel sulfate
101
What is the source of metals and inorganic compounds?
Pesticides
| Ore
102
What is the mode of action to for metals and inorganic compounds?
Skin Contact
| Inhalation
103
What tumor is induced by pesticides and ore?
Pesticides -> skin contact = skin cancer
| Ore -> inhalation = nasal cancer
104
What is the source of aflatoxins?
aspergillus
105
What is the mode of action to for aspergillus?
Ingestion, metabolism
106
What tumor is induced by ingestion of aspergillus?
Liver (hepatocellular carninoma)
107
What is the source of asbestos?
Industrial
108
What is the mode of action to for asbestos?
Inhalation
109
What tumor is induced by inhalation of asbestos?
Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)
110
What is the source of CCl4?
Dry cleaning solvent, fire extinguisher, refrigerant and in lava lamps
111
What is the mode of action for CCl4?
Contact and metabolism
112
What tumor is induced by contact and metabolism of CCl4?
LIver (centrilobar necrosis, fatty change)
113
What is the source of Vinyl chloride
Many
114
What is the mode of action for vinyl chloride?
Inhalation
115
What tumor is induced by inhalation of vinyl chloride??
Liver (angiosarcoma)
116
What is the action of chemical carcinogens?
1) local action (ie: skin or mouth)
2) Occurs at site of digestion and absorption in the intestine
3) at the site of metabolic activation in the liver
4) at the side of excretion in urine
117
What is 3rd hand smoke?
Area which has had smoke contact in the past surroundings.
118
What is the stage of a carcinogen prior to being an active carcinogen?
The carcinogen is absorbed preformed or in the form of a procarcinogen and the transformed into the active carcinogen
119
What are the carcinogens stepwise?
1) initiation
2) promotion
3) conversion
4) progression
5) clonal expansion
120
What is the initiation phase of carcinogenesis?
Irreversible genetic changes
121
What is the promotion phase of carcinogenesis?
Stimulation to proliferate (by promoters)
| - carcinogens or not
122
What is the conversion phase of carcinogenesis?
New cell type able to self proliferate
123
What is the progression phase of carcinogenesis?
Acquisition of new genetic feature (not stopped by carcinogen/promoter removal)
124
What is the clonal expansion phase of carcinogenesis?
Identical & divergent
125
What are some physical carcinogens?
- Ultraviolet light
- X-rays
- Radioactive isotopes
- Atomic bomb
126
What happens to unrepaired DNA that is damaged by UV light?
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
127
What are some natural biologic carcinogens?
1) Aflatoxin
2) Schistosoma haematobium
3) Opisthorchis sinensis
4) Human viral carcinogens
128
What is aflatoxin derived from and what does it act on?
The fungus aspergillus flavus and acts as a liver carcinogen
129
What is schistosoma haematobium derived from and what does it act on?
Parasite and acts as a urinary bladder carcinogen
130
What is Opisthorchis sinensis derived from and what does it act on?
Chinese liver fluke and acts as a carcinogen for bile duct of the liver
131
What are the 3 different ways viral carcinogens invade cells?
1) Integration of DNA virus
2) Transduction
3) Insertion
132
How does transduction of viral carcinogens do to cells?
Acute transforming RNA viruses form cellular oncogenes
133
How does the insertion part of viral carcinogens?
Slow transforming oncogenic RNA viruses, insert into the genome and activate a latent cellular oncogene, which is then capable of transforming the normal cell into a malignant cell
134
What are the different types of human carcinogenic viruses?
DNA viruses and RNA viruses
135
What are some examples of human carcinogenic DNA viruses?
- Human Papilloma virus
- Epstein-Barr virus
- Hepatitis B and C virus
- Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
136
What are the types of HPV that can cause cervical, penile/anal carcinoma?
16 and 18
137
What can epstein-barr virus cause?
Burkitt's lymphoma (B cell neoplasia)
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
138
What can Hepatitis B and C virus cause?
Liver cancer
139
What can Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cause?
Kaposi's sarcoma, a type of skin cancer
140
What is a type of RNA virus and what can it cause?
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus and it can cause adult T cell leukemia (HIV group)
141
What are human oncogenes?
Homologous to viral oncogenes and thus called cellular oncogenes
142
What do human oncogenes represent?
Represent activated normal genes (proto-oncogenes)
143
How does an oncogene function?
An oncogene has gained function and becomes a cancer-inducing agent
144
How many damaged allele does it require to activate an oncogene?
Only 1 damaged allele
145
What are different ways of transformation of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?
1) point mutation
2) gene amplification
3) chromosomal rearrangement
4) insertion of viral oncogene
146
What happens in Burkitt's lymphoma?
Activation of MYC oncogene via chromosome translation causing the IG gene that causes constant immunoglobulin production
147
What tumor is associated with the gene abl?
Chronic myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia (CML)
148
What tumor is associated with the gene c-myc?
Burkitt's lymphoma
149
What tumor is associated with the gene bcl-2?
Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)
150
What tumor is associated with the gene erb-B2?
Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas
151
What tumor is associated with the gene ras?
Colon carcinoma
152
What tumor is associated with the gene L-myc?
Lung tumor
153
What tumor is associated with the gene N-myc?
Neuroblastoma
154
What tumor is associated with the gene met?
Hereditary papillary renal cancer
155
What tumor is associated with the gene ret?
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III
156
What tumor is associated with the gene c-kit?
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
157
What do tumor suppressor genes do?
Protect the cells against activated or newly acuired oncogenes
158
What happens to a tumor suppressor gene that has lost function?
It is no longer a cancer-inhibiting agent
159
How many tumor suppressor gene alleles out of the two need to be lost in order for expression of disease?
Both alleles
160
What are the best known tumor suppressor genes?
Retinoblastoma gene (Rb-1)
161
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene Rb-1?
Retinoblastoma (eye)
162
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene p53?
Numerous Cancers (ie: breast and colon cancer)
163
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene NF-1?
Neurofibromatosis 1 (peripheral nerves)
164
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene NF-2?
Neurofibromatosis 2
165
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene WT-1?
Wilms tumor (kidney) *found in children
166
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene APC?
Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (large intestine)
167
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene BRCA1?
Breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma
168
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene BRCA 2?
Breast carcinoma
169
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene p16?
Melanoma
170
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene DPC?
pancreatic cancer
171
What is the related tumor of the suppressor gene DCC?
Colon cancer
172
What are different types of Hereditary cancer?
1) Neurofibromatosis type 1
2) familial adenomatous polyposis coli
3) Wilms' tumor
4) Skin tumors in xeroderma pigmentosum
5) chromosomal fragility syndromes (Bloom's syndrome, Fanconi's syndrome)
173
What are some cells that pose an immune response to tumors?
1) Natural Killer Cell
2) Macrophage
3) Neutrophil
4) B lymphocyte
5) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
174
What is the immunotherapy of Cancer?
1) some tumors involute spontaneously under the influence of immune factors
2) BcG (attenuated tuberculosis bacillus of calmette and Guerin) is used for treatment of bladder cancer
3) Tumor vaccines are used for treatment of melanoma and renal cell carcinoma
175
Should tumor markers be used as a primary tool for cancer diagnosis?
No
176
What should tumor markers be used for?
Confirming a diagnosis, to monitor for tumor recurrence and to monitor response to therapy
177
What is the PSA tumor marker detect?
Prostate-specific antigen, used to screen for prostate carcinoma
178
What is the prostatic acid phosphatase tumor marker detect?
Prostate carcinoma
179
What is the alpha fetoprotein tumor marker detect?
Normally made by fetus. Hepatocellular carcinomas. Nonseminatous germ cell tumors of the testis
180
What is the Beta-hCG tumor marker detect?
Hydatidiform moles, Choriocarcinomas, and gestational trophoblastic tumors
181
What is the CA-125 tumor marker detect?
Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
182
What is the S-100 tumor marker detect?
melanoma, neural tumors astrocytomas
183
What is the Alkaline phosphatase tumor marker detect?
Metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of bone
184
What is the Bombesin tumor marker detect?
Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
185
What is the TRAP tumor marker detect?
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Hairy cell leukemia - a B-cell neoplasm
186
What is the CA-19-9 tumor marker detect?
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
187
What is the Tg tumor marker detect?
Thyroglobulin. Thyroid cancers
188
What are some local clinical manifestations of neoplasia?
Site specific:
- physiological effects
- anatomical effects
189
What are some systemic clinical manifestations of neoplasia?
- Cachexia
- Anorexia
- Paraneoplastic syndromes
190
what is the cancer type for Cushing's syndrome?
small-cell carcinoma of the lung
191
What is the cause of cushing's syndrome?
ACTH
192
what is the cancer type causing SIADH?
Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms
193
What is the cause of SIADH?
ADH
194
What are the cancer type causing hypercalcemia?
1) squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
2) Breast carcinoma
3) Renal cell carcinoma
195
What is the cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung induced hypercalcemia?
PTH-like polypeptide
196
What is the cause of breast carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma induced hypercalcemia?
TGF-alpha
197
What is the cancer type causing venous thrombosis?
Pancreatic carcinoma
198
What is the cause of venous thrombosis?
Thromboplastin
199
What is the cancer type causing polycythemia?
Renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma
200
What is the cause of polycythemia?
Erythropoietin
201
What is the cancer type causing Myasthenia gravis?
Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma
202
What is the cause of Myasthenia gravis?
antibody to acetylcholine receptor at NMJ
203
What is the cancer type causing Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)?
Small-cell carcinoma of the lung
204
What is the cause of Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)?
Antibody to pre-synaptic calcium channels in nerve axons
205
What is the cancer type causing Gout, urate nephropathy?
leukemias and lymphomas
206
What is the cause of Gout, urate nephropathy?
Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (or cytotoxic therapy)
207
What are the seven warning signals of Cancer?
Caution
1) change in bowel or bladder habits
2) A sore that doesn't heal
3) Unusual bleeding or discharge
4) Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
5) Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
6) Obvious change in wart or mole
7) Nagging cough or hoarseness
208
What are some of the factors that determine clinical features of tumors?
1) Type of tumor
2) location
3) Histologic grade
4) Clinical Stage
5) Immune status of the host
6) Sensitivity of the tumor to therapy
209
What are psammoma bodies?
Greek word psammos means sand and it is a microscopic feature seen in several cancers
210
What cancers are psammoma bodies found in?
1) Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
2) Seous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
3) Meningioma
4) Malignant mesothelioma
211
How do psammoma bodies appear?
Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules
212
What is the etiology of psammoma bodies?
Thought to arise from:
1) the infarction and calcification of papillae tips
2) calcification of intralymphatic tumor or thrombi
213
In which gender has deaths from lung cancer plateaued? and which is continuing to rise?
```
Males = plateau
Females = rise
```
214
Is cancer the leading cause of death in the US?
No it is number 2, heart disease is 1st
215
Define Incidence
The number of new cases that have been registered over a specific time in a defined population
216
Define prevalence
The number of all cases, new and old, within a defined population at a defined time
217
Define Mortality
The number of deaths attributed to cancer during a specified period in a defined population
218
Define morbidity
number suffering from a disease that has been registered over a specific time in a defined population
219
What is the most important risk factor and most common initial symptom for lung cancer?
Smoking -> Cough
220
What is the most important risk factor and most common initial symptom for breast cancer?
Family history of cancer -> lump
221
What is the most important risk factor and most common initial symptom for colon cancer?
Family history of colonic polyps -> blood in stool
222
What is the most important risk factor and most common initial symptom for cervix cancer?
Promiscuity (early intercourse or multiple partners)
| -> vaginal bleeding (spotting)
223
What is the most important risk factor and most common initial symptom for uterus cancer?
Hormonal: imbalance and treatment -> vaginal bleeding
224
What is the most important risk factor and most common initial symptom for skin cancer?
Sun exposure -> sun lesion
225
What is the most important risk factor and most common initial symptom for prostate cancer?
Old age -> dysuria
226
What cancer has the highest incidence in men?
Prostate
227
What cancer is the second highest incidence in men and women?
Lung & bronchus
228
What cancer is the third highest incidence in men and women?
Colon & rectum
229
What cancer has the highest incidence in women?
Breast
230
What cancer has the highest mortality in men and women?
Lung & bronchus
231
What cancer has the third highest mortality in men and women?
Colon & rectum
232
What cancer has the second highest mortality in men?
Prostate
233
What cancer has the second highest mortality in women?
Breast
234
Where does metastatic cancers usually travel to?
Liver
Lung
Brain
Bone
235
What does metastatic cancer usually indicate?
A poor pronosis
236
What are some signs for cancer metastasis to the brain?
Headaches
Seizures
Vertigo
237
What are some signs for cancer metastasis to the lymph nodes?
lymphadenopathy (swollen and tender lymph nodes)
238
What are some signs for cancer metastasis to the respiratory system?
Cough
Hempotysis
Dyspnea
239
What are some signs for cancer metastasis to the liver?
Hepatomegaly
| Jaundice
240
What are some signs for cancer metastasis to the skeletal system?
Pain
| Fractures
241
What areas are the most common sites of metastasis to?
Primarily to the liver and lung after regional lymph nodes
242
After the primary tumors have metastasized to the liver, list the other sites from most often to least.
Colon > Stomach > pancreas > breast > lung
243
What cancer has the highest mortality of all cancers?
Lung cancer
244
What other cancers can cause primary tumors that metastasize to the lungs?
1) Breast cancer
2) GI
3) Kidney
4) Melanoma
5) Sarcomas
6) Lymphomas and Leukemias
7) Germ cell tumors
8) Ovarian (rarely)
245
Overall how many brain tumors are due to metastases?
50%
246
How do tumors in the brain appear?
Typically multiple well circumscribed tumors at gray-white border
247
What other areas can metastasis caused by primary tumors that metastasize to the brain travel from?
1) Lung
2) Breast
3) Skin (melanoma)
4) Kidney ( renal cell carcinoma)
5) GI
248
Are metastatic or primary bone tumors more common?
Metastatic bone tumors are far more common
249
From which common areas does metastases of the bone come from?
Breast and prostate
250
What other areas can metastasis caused by primary tumors that metastasize to the bone travel from?
Prostate, Thyroid, Testes, Breast, Lung and Kidney
