Neoplasia

Question 1

What is the leading cause of death in Australia?

Answer 1

Cancer

Question 2

Most common cancers?

Answer 2

Prostate, colorectal, breast, melanoma and lung

Question 3

Do cells have to divide to become cancerous?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

What are carcinomas?

Answer 4

90 percent of cancers with epilthelial origin

Question 5

Mutations occur during what phase?

Answer 5

During cell replication

Question 6

Epithelial cells are capable of?

Answer 6

Dividing and some continuous, on the frontline requires multiple mutations to turn cancerous

Question 7

What does tumour mean?

Answer 7

Swelling?

Question 8

Where do benign tumours grown in?

Answer 8

In a capsule made of storms

Question 9

What is a malignant tom our?

Answer 9

Potentially fatal

Question 10

What is the stroma?

Answer 10

Connective tissue

Question 11

3 types of tissue?

Answer 11

Labile- continuously dividing epithelial, haempoietic stem cells

Stable (quiscent) do divide not continuous
Epithelial, smooth muscle

Permanent (non dividing) cardiac and skeletal myocytes, neuron

Question 12

What is proliferation?

Answer 12

Dividing of cells

Question 13

If you stress normal cells they can change what’s this called?

Answer 13

Metaplasia reversible process means cells can adapt

Question 14

Normals cells can adapt to

Answer 14

Metaplasia and hyperplasia

Question 15

Metaplasia can?

Answer 15

Can increase risk of mutation

Common site -cervix

Question 16

What is dysplasia?

Answer 16

Pre cancerous change

Question 17

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 17

Increase in cell number more likely for mutations

Question 18

Mutations can lead to?

Answer 18

Dysplasia- abnormal cell how they look and genes

Question 19

What is atypia and polymorphism?

Answer 19

Atypia- abnormal cells

Polymorphism- all abnormal cells are different

Question 20

What is neoplasia?

Answer 20

New growth or tumour

Question 21

Mutations can cause?

Answer 21

Permanent changes in DNA

Germ cells: transmitted to progeny-inherited diseases cancers
Somatic cells:not transmitted cancers congenital malformations

Question 22

What are mutagens?

Answer 22

Cause damage directly through increasing oxidant production or reduce anti oxidant defences

Caused by IV alcohol genetics viruses

Question 23

What is apoptosis?

Answer 23

Cell suicide programmed cell death can be triggered externally

Question 24

Goal of cancer treatment?

Answer 24

To get cancerous

cells to undergo apoptosis

Question 25

What is carcinogenesis?

Answer 25

Imitation of cancer formation

Question 26

What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes targeted by genetic damage?

Answer 26

- Growth promoting proto-oncogenes - growth inhibiting tumour suppressing genes - genes that regulate apoptosis - DNA repair genes

Question 27

Do cancer cells ignore chemical signals?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 28

Growth of new blood vessels Benign -more organised Malignant everywhere

Question 29

Cancer cells can

Answer 29

Break away base Membrane Secrete enzymes Invade connective tissues

Question 30

What is the Warburg effect?

Answer 30

Use glucose to generate energy | Proliferative tissues uses aerobic glycolysis- uses less oxidants produces more byproducts to make cell membranes

Question 31

Mutations disrupt what pathways?

Answer 31

Growth signals Apoptosis Cell cycle arrest DNA repair

Question 32

Accumulating genetic hits stages?

Answer 32

``` Normal cell -DNA damage-apoptosis -Genetic instability-daughters cells have mutation -unregulated cell Division -invasive cancers ```

Question 33

Characteristics of benign tumours?

Answer 33

``` Never metastasises Well differentiated-resemble starting cell -encapsulated -homogenous (uniformity of cells) -cytoplasmic ratio (1:4 or 1:6) -slow growing ```

Question 34

Characteristics of malignant cancers?

Answer 34

-Can potentially metastasise -well differentiated or undifferentiated -heterogenous -infiltrative growth -increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (1:1) Fast growing- area of Necrosis, many mitotic cells

Question 35

What is metastasises?

Answer 35

Cancer cells moving to another site via three routes: - blood - lymph - direct seeding-she'd cells into pleural cavity

Question 36

Most common sites metastatic growth?

Answer 36

``` Capillary bed Lungs Kidney Brain Bone ```

Question 37

Naming of tumour is after?

Answer 37

Origin of cell

Question 38

Types of connective tissue?

Answer 38

``` Fibrous tissue Muscle Cartilage Bone Fat Endothelium ```

Question 39

Premix for malignant tumours?

Answer 39

Sarc

Question 40

Most rare sarcoma?

Answer 40

Osteosarcoma

Question 41

Epithelial cells are named after their?

Answer 41

Growth pattern/characteristics

Question 42

Glandular eptithelium?

Answer 42

Cells that secrete Endocrine-into blood Exocrine-into a duct

Question 43

What is the mesothelial cells?

Answer 43

Not epithelial cells produce melanocytes