Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CDP > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

(106 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Evaluation of the kidneys for masses, scarring, and hydronephrosis is best done with this imaging type

A

Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acute kidney injury severity is classified by ..

A

Increased serum creatinine and decreased GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What would be seen on an ultrasound in chronic kidney disease?

A

Decreased kidney size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bun-to-creatinine ration increases with these two things

A

Renal failure

CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptom that is shared by SIADH and diabetes insipidus

A

Excessive thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bun-to-creatinine ration decreases with these two things

A

Starvation

Liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urinary sediment findings in these acute renal failures:
1.) Prerenal
2.) Intrarenal
3.) Postrenal

A

1.) Prerenal = Normal
2.) Intrarenal = Abnormal casts and debris
3.) Postrenal = Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is significant in identifying these three conditions

A

Osteoporosis/penia

Rickets

Liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

BUN normal range

A

8-18 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nephrolithiasis should be evaluated with this type of imaging

A

CT-KUB without contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the diagnosis of CKD, what four things would be seen in a urinalysis?

A

Proteinuria
Casts
Microalbuminuria
Electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reasons (2) for decreased eGFR levels

A

Impaired kidney function

Conditions causing decreased GFR (e.g. CHF, cirrhosis with ascites, shock, dehydration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reasons (3) for ADH to be increased

A

SIADH

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by primary renal diseases

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Three functions of ADH

A

Decrease urine output

Decrease sweating

Increase BP by retaining fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

BUN-to-creatinine ration >20:1 suggests …

A

Dehydration

(but also increases with CHF and renal failure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The key to SIADH is that the hyponatremia is a result of …

A

Excess of water (rather than a sodium deficiency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reason for ADH to be decreased

A

Neurogenic (central) diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Urine specific gravity findings in these acute renal failures:
1.) Prerenal
2.) Intrarenal
3.) Postrenal

A

1.) Prerenal = Increased
2.) Intrarenal = Normal
3.) Postrenal = Varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In ultrasound of chronic kidney disease you would see this change in size

A

Reduced size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Leading cause of cancer death in males in US (2nd worldwide)

A

Prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which, pre, intrinsic, or post renal azotemia is most common?

A

Pre-renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or false. Ultrasounds are nonspecific for solid renal masses and moderate sensitivity for stones.

A

True

Further imaging with CT usually required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reason for decreased serum osmolality

A

SIADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Microalbuminuria is an early indicator of …

A

Renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is a creatinine clearance test performed
24 hour urine collection Serum creatinine level
26
Lab test for cause of glomerulonephritis
ANA - antinuclear antibodies
27
Causes of intrinsic renal azotemia
Acute tubular necrosis
28
In diagnosis of CKD, what would be seen on a CMP?
Azotemia Increased ammonia Increased uric acid Decreased active vitamin D Hyperkalemia Hyperphosphatemia Hypermagnesemia Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Decreased GFR Increased creatinine Increased BUN
29
Is serum osmolality directly or inversely related to serum water levels?
Inversely
30
GFR normal values for men and women
MEN: 115-125 mL/min WOMEN: 90-100 mL/min
31
Serum creatinine normal ranges for men and women
MEN: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL WOMEN: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
32
Reason for increased urine osmolality
SIADH
33
Nephritic syndrome is also known as ...
Glomerulonephritis
34
Four signs of CKD
CHF HTN Edema Weight gain (chew!)
35
This test is helpful when the urine output is low and you suspect acute kidney disease
Urine sodium
36
Acute tubular necrosis is associated with what finding in the urine?
Muddy brown casts
37
For most people, transient microscopic hematuria is of little concern. What is the exception and why?
Old people Blood in urine = risk of malignancy
38
Renal stones greater than this size warrant referral to urology
10mm (if hasn't been passed in four weeks)
39
BUN/Cr >20:1 is suggestive of ...
Pre-renal azotemia
40
Renin is an enzyme (and a hormone) that is released by the ...
Kidney
41
Most common test for ADH levels
Serum ADH (blood draw)
42
Cystoscopy is contraindicated in these two kinds of patients
Febrile patients with UTIs Patients with severe coagulopathy
43
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by ...
Large protein losses in the urine
44
True or false. GFR changes with age, sex, race, and body size.
True
45
This hormone is made in the kidney and stimulates bone marrow to increase RBC production
Erythropoietin (EPO)
46
Reasons (2) for increased serum osmolality
Dehydration Diabetes insipidus
47
Contraindications (5) for CT angiography
Pregnancy Unstable vitals Kidney problems Allergies Severe diabetes
48
This view is useful in visualizing calcifications anywhere along the renal tract
KUB - kidneys, ureters/urethra, bladders
49
Nuclear testing measures this
Function!
50
BUN-to-creatinine ration
10:1 - 20:1
51
eGFR evaluates the degree of ...
Kidney function/impairment
52
CKD severity is classified by ...
eGFR
53
In ultrasound of acute kidney injury you would see this change in size
None! (not for *acute* anyway)
54
55
Normal value for eGFR
>60 mL/min/1.73m2
56
The most important noninvasive test in the initial workup of acute kidney injury
Urinalysis
57
Is ADH more likely to be released from the pituitary in a state of overhydration or dehydration?
Dehyrdration
58
BUN:Cr ratio in postrenal azotemia
Initially >20:1 then switches to <20:1
59
Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for ...
Gout
60
What might be seen on ultrasound in postrenal azotemia?
Hydronephrosis/Dilated bladder/Urinary retention
61
Uric acid in the urine is called ...
Uricosuria
62
Is it preferable to have a high or low GFR?
High GFR is better
63
Most common cause of postrenal azotemia
Any obstruction of urinary tract
64
Erythropoietin testing is used in the differential diagnosis of these two conditions
Anemia Polycythemia
65
Define azotemia
Build up of urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ammonia in the blood
66
Plasma renin assay blood test measures ...
Enzyme ability to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 and is limited by the availability of the angiotensinogen.
67
Reason for decreased urine osmolality
Diabetes insipidus
68
Nephrotic syndrome is most commonly caused by ...
Diabetes
69
Definition of chronic kidney disease
Urinary albumin excretion of 30+ mg/day OR eGFR <60 for three or more months (that's how you know it's not acute)
70
Does GFR increase or decrease with age?
Decrease
71
The examination of choice for urinary tract imaging is ...
CT
72
Kidney appearance on ultrasound in acute kidney injury
Normal renal size
73
Glucosuria in the absence of hyperglycemia is called ...
Renal glucosuria
74
At the first sign of microalbuminuria in a diabetic they must be placed on this medication
ACE inhibitor
75
Definition of acute kidney injury
Abrupt (within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function based on an elevation in serum creatinine levels
76
All patients with kidney disease (acute or chronic) should have their .... from the serum creatinine evaluated.
Glomerular filtration rate
77
True or false. Biopsy is contraindicated in pregnancy and advanced age
False
78
Normal vitamin D (D2 + D3) levels
25-80 ng/mL
79
BUN levels are directly related to ...
Metabolic function of the liver Excretory function of the kidney
80
In the diagnosis of CKD, what three things would be seen in a CBC?
Normochromic, normocytic anemia Thrombocytopenia Increased bleeding time
81
True or false. All patients with prostate cancer have increased PSA levels.
False. 1 in 4 have normal PSA levels
82
Acute kidney injury laboratory findings
Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Metabolic acidosis Hyperkalemia Elevated BUN levels Elevated plasma creatinine
83
The best measure of renal function is ...
GFR
84
Proteinuria is suggestive of this type of kidney condition
Nephrotic syndrome
85
Biopsy is contraindicated in these two conditions
Severe hypertension (>170 systolic, uncontrolled) Active renal or perineal infection
86
Cause of pre-renal azotemia
Any cause of reduced renal blood flow (CHF, dehydration, shock, sepsis)
87
88
Reason for presence of albumin in urine
Diabetes mellitus
89
How to be sure proteinuria is transient rather than persistent?
Two protein free urinalyses
90
Is serum creatinine directly or inversely related to GFR?
Inversely
91
In SIADH will serum Na/osmolality be increased or decreased? And will urine osmolality be increased or decreased?
Serum Na/osmolality = DECREASED Urine osmolality = INCREASED
92
Grading system used in evaluating the prognosis of men with prostate cancer
Gleason grading scale
93
Labs for glucosuria
Complete UA (with microscopy) Serum glucose Serum urea nitrogen Creatinine
94
USPSTF recommendations for prostate cancer screening
Age 55-69 only if patient wants it (shared decision making) Category C
95
The most important indicator of renal disease in urine is
Proteinuria
96
In the diagnosis of CKD, what would be seen on a lipid profile?
Hyperlipidemia
97
Compare and contrast neurogenic and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Neurogenic results from inadequate ADH secretion Nephrogenic results from the kidney being unresponsive to ADH stimulation
98
In DIABETES INSIPIDUS will serum Na/osmolality be increased or decreased? And will urine osmolality be increased or decreased?
Serum Na/osmolality = INCREASED Urine osmolality = DECREASED
99
The most common way to measure a person's GFR is ...
Creatinine clearance
100
BUN:Cr ratio in intrinsic renal azotemia
Less than 20:1
101
Nuclear medicine is used to evaluate for this type of disease
Metastatic
102
In DEHYDRATION will serum Na/osmolality be increased or decreased? And will urine osmolality be increased or decreased?
Serum Na/osmolality = INCREASED Urine osmolality = INCREASED
103
Persistent hematuria is mostly caused by these three cancers
Bladder Renal Prostate (least common)
104
All diabetics older than 12 should be screened annually for this ...
Microalbuminuria
105
The gold standard for imaging vascular malformations is
CTA (CT + angiography)
106
Nephritic syndrome is characterized by ...
Inflammation (of the capillary loops)

CDP (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions