Nerves 1-3

Question 1

What are the dendrites on a nerve cell?

Answer 1

Where the nerve cell receives information

Question 2

What is the name given to the body of a nerve cell?

Answer 2

Soma

Question 3

What are the 4 different types of glial cell?

Answer 3

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

Question 4

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 4

Maintains chemical concentrations and gradients

Removes waste Repair

Important contribution in the BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

Question 5

What are the glial cells in the PNS?

Answer 5

Satellite cells and schwann cells

Question 6

What do satellite cells surround?

Answer 6

They surround the sensory and autonomic ganglia

Question 7

What is the function of satellite cells?

Answer 7

They regulate the microenvironment of the ganglia in the peripheral nervous system

Question 8

Which glial cells are responsible for providing the myelin sheath around the axons?

Answer 8

Oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Question 9

What is the function of microglial cells?

Answer 9

Immune role, Ingest cells and pathogens

Question 10

What is the function of ependymal glial cells?

Answer 10

Filters blood to make CSF

Question 11

What portion of the nervous system is responsible for gut activity?

Answer 11

The enteric system

Question 12

The cortex contains grooves, what is the name given to a groove that surrounds a gyrus?

Answer 12

A sulcus

Question 13

What is the cortex?

Answer 13

The outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of folded grey matter

Question 14

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 14

Coordinates and regulates muscular activity

Question 15

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Answer 15

It is associated with higher brain power such as thought and action

Question 16

What is the name given to the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

Answer 16

Occipital, frontal, temporal and parietal

Question 17

What does the brain stem contain?

Answer 17

Midbrain, pons and the medulla oblongata

Question 18

What does the diencephalon contain?

Answer 18

It is the posterior part of the brain and it contains the epithalamus, thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 19

Which part of a nerve cell triggers the action potential?

Answer 19

Axon hillock

Question 20

Where can you find interneurones?

Answer 20

In the CNS

Question 21

What is depolarization?

Answer 21

When the cell membrane potential becomes more positively charged

Question 22

Why is a cell normally electronegative?

Answer 22

Because of a higher portion of positive ions outside the cell

Question 23

What causes the cell to hyperpolarise?

Answer 23

The movement of potassium ions out of the cell via potassium channels

Question 24

Give examples of graded potentials

Answer 24

Generator potentials,

post synaptic potentials,

end plate potentials

Question 25

Why are graded potentials described as decremental?

Answer 25

Current leaks out the membrane as you travel away from the source

Question 26

How can you create an IPSP?

Answer 26

Opening chloride ion channels (fast) Opening more chlorine channels (slow - acts via G protein)

Question 27

How can you create an EPSP?

Answer 27

Opening more sodium channels or closing potassium channels

Question 28

Why is the sodium channel described as a mono-valent non-specific cation channel?

Answer 28

Some potassium can travel as well

Question 29

What is the summation of EPSP's?

Answer 29

EPSP can accumulate from many inputs

Question 30

What is temporal summation?

Answer 30

When you get two EPSP's from the same synapse in close succession

Question 31

What is spatial summation?

Answer 31

When there is an accumulation of EPSP's from different synapses

Question 32

Which synapses will suffer less decay?

Answer 32

Those closer to the axon hillock

Question 33

Label as many as possible (Ignore 3&10)

Answer 33

1. frontal lobe 2. corpus callosum 3. 4. parieatel lobe 5. Diencephalon 6. Occipital lobe 7. Cerebullum 8. Medulla oblongata 9. Pons 10. Midbrain

Question 34

What are meninges?

Answer 34

The folds of the brain

Question 35

How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?

Answer 35

8

Question 36

How many thoracic and lumbar nerve pairs are there

Answer 36

12 and 5

Question 37

Have many sacral and coccygeal nerve pairs are there

Answer 37

5 & 1

Question 38

What is the function of the axon?

Answer 38

Bridge between dendrites and axon terminals that allow signals to travel across

Question 39

What is the proper name for a sensory nerouns?

Answer 39

Afferent nerouns

Question 40

What is the proper name for motor neurons?

Answer 40

Efferent nerouns

Question 41

What morphology would be used to describe afferent neurons in the dorsal root ganglia?

Answer 41

pseudounipolar

Question 42

What defines an anaxonic neuron

Answer 42

Neurons where axons are undifferentiable from dendrites (e.g. in the brain)

Question 43

What morphological shape describes efferent neurons?

Answer 43

Multipolar

Question 44

What 4 types of Glia are present in the CNS?

Question 45

What 2 types of Glia are present in the PNS?

Answer 45

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Epedymal cells, Microglia

Question 46

What 2 types of Glia are present in the PNS?

Answer 46

Shwann cells and satellite cells

Question 47

Function of astrocytes?

Answer 47

Maintain water, ion concentration levels in ECF and blood brain barrier

Question 48

Function of Ependymal cells?

Answer 48

Produces Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 49

Function of Microglia?

Answer 49

phagocytes in the CNS

Question 50

Function of oligodendrites?

Answer 50

Myelinates multiple axons in CNS

Question 51

Function of Schwann cells?

Answer 51

fully wrap around PNS axons (myelination)

Question 52

Function of Satellite cells?

Answer 52

attach around neuron cell bodies supporting them

Question 53

What are the functions of Potentials in neurons

Answer 53

Allow a signal to travel the distance to/from peripheral Allow neuron to be specifically ‘activated’ Resting potential means neurons are always ready with some energy to send electrical signal

Question 54

Describe: Action, Graded & Resting potentials

Answer 54

Action - Potential used to transport signal from axon hillock to dendrites Graded - Potential needed to activate action Resting - baseline potential existing in dormant cells (not neutral)

Question 54

What is the resting potential in a typical neuron?

Answer 54

-70mV

Question 55

What is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase for membrane potential?

Answer 55

pumps 3 Pumps 3 Na+ out of cell & 2 K+ into cell (creating slightly negative charge) However, main function is to move K+ into cell (for leaky membrane proteins)

Question 56

What is the function of the leaky potassium pump on a membrane of a neuron?

Answer 56

Allows K+ ions to diffuse down concentration gradient, so more positive charges on outside of cell, creating negative charge inside

Question 57

when will K+ ions stop leaving through leaky protein channels?

Answer 57

when Force of diffusion of different K+ concentration = electrical repulsion of positive charges outside cell

Question 58

What are the typical concentration values of sodium, chlorine and potassium ions in the ICF and ECF of cells?

Answer 58

mMol/l K+ - 150 ICF 5 ECF Na+ - 15 ICF 150 ECF Cl- - 10ICF 110 ECF