NERVES 😈🔪🩸🩸🤕 Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
Function of nervous system (1)
A
Monitor changes inside and outside the body
2
Q
Examples of changes Inside the body
A
Hungry, heart attack
3
Q
Examples of monitor changes outside the body
A
Cold, Stubbed toe
4
Q
Step 1 to monitor changes inside and outside of the body
A
Receptors received the stimulus
5
Q
Types of stimulus’s
A
cutaneous and special
6
Q
What is cutaneous
A
Touch, Cold, Heat, Pain, Pressure
7
Q
What is special
A
Vision, Hearing, Taste, Smell
8
Q
Step 2 of monitor changes inside and outside body
A
Receptors convert the stimulus to an impulse so the nerve can carry it
9
Q
Monitor changes inside and outside the body step 3
A
The impulse is sent to the brain by neurons
10
Q
What happens after monitor changes
A
Integration Happens in the brain
11
Q
Steps of the integration in the brain
A
Step one processes the info or identify the stimulus
Step 2 makes the Decision about what to do
12
Q
What happens after integration
A
Effect a response
13
Q
What happens when the body affects a response
A
Activate the effectors
14
Q
What are the effectors
A
Muscles and glands
15
Q
Structural classifications of the nervous system
A
CNS And PNS
16
Q
What is the CNS
A
Central nervous system, Center of the body , Brain and spinal cord
17
Q
What is the PNS
A
Perrifrial nervous system
18
Q
What does ANS Stand for
A
Automatic nervous system
19
Q
What does SNS stand for
A
Somatic nervous system
20
Q
What does ANS do
A
Can’t control
21
Q
ANS examples
A
Cardiac muscle, Gland, Viceral muscle
22
Q
What does SNS do
A
Can control
23
Q
SNS example
A
Skeletal muscle
24
Q
Organs in the nervous system
A
Brain, Spinal cord, Nerve
25
What is nerve tissue composed of
Nerve cells
26
What are the nerve cells
Neurons and neuroglia
27
Epinerium Location
Around the entire nerve cell
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Perineum location
Around the fassicle
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Endonerium location
Around each fiber like axon's ykyk
30
What do spinal nerves connect to
Spinal cord
31
How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have
31 pairs
32
What are 2 branches called
roots
33
What direction do impulses travel through sensory Nerves
Impulses in
34
What directions do Impulses travel through motor nerves
Impulses out
35
How many cranial nerves do humans have
12 pairs
36
Are neurons amitotic or mitotic
Amitotic
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Are neroglia mitotic or amitoic
Mitotic
38
Neuron function
Carrie's impulse
39
Neuroglia function
Helps the neuron in some way
40
Abundance of neurons versus Neroglia
Many more neuroglia than neurons
41
Size difference between neurons and neuroglia
Neuroglia is extremely small compared to neurons
42
Where are nerves and Neuroglia found
All nerves and neuruglia are found everywhere including brain and the spine
43
If neurons are amitotic then how can there be brain tumors?
Neuroglia is mitotic
44
What do the stages in cancer resemble
The stages of cancer are determined by how or where they found the cancer also spread
45
What are the neuroglia types
Astrocyte, microglia, ependimal, oligendrocyte, Schwann cell or neurolemma cell.
46
Astrocyte function
Part of it connects to the capillary and the other parts connect to the neuron and by doing that it keeps the neuron close enough to the blood supply
47
Microglia Function
Phatocytosis
48
Define photosytosis
Eat stuff such as pathogens
49
Ependimal cell function
Has projections called Cillia, And this allows things to go in-and-out and also it covers or lines part of the brain
50
Oligendrocyte function
Connect To the neuron and covers the neuron Axon
51
Schwan Cell or neurolema function
Is covers the neuron axon
52
What do all of the neuroglia just mentioned Have common
They are all in the cns
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What are the 3 parts of the nerve cell
Cell body, Dendrite, And axon
54
What does the cell body contain
A nucleus and chromotophilic substance and mitochondria
55
What does a nucleus do
Control center
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What is the chromotoPhilip substance
It's like a rough ER and it provides structural support
57
What does a mirochondria do
Provides energy
58
What do Dedrights do
Receives impulses and takes the impulse to the cell body
59
Describe the dendrites
Multiple,short processes
60
Axon function
Take simples from cell body to Synapse
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Parts of a axon
Axon hillock, Axon terminals, Axon collaterals
62
What is unipolar neuron
Very rare, in the eye+Nose(olfactory) : one branch
63
Bipolar neuron
2 branches
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Multipolar neuron
Most common, multiple branches
65
What are the polars (unipolar,mutli etc,)?
They are dendrites and axon
66
What are sensory neurons
All sensory neurons are unipolar, transmits impulse to the spinal cord
67
What is a internueron
Goes up and down the spinal cord, completely in the spinal cord
68
What is motor neuron
Takes impulse from spinal cord to the effector, all mutipolar
69
Neurolema function
Speeds up impulse
70
Why does the neurolemma speed up a impulse?
Be ause it is made of adipose, so the axon is insulated which makes ot go faster
71
What is the fat called on the axon
Myelin sheath
72
What is a neuron that has myelin called
Mylinated axon
73
Why do older people take longer to process things and people who drink
This is because They have a greater synapse
74
Define polarized
Resting
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In order to start things for the neurons what needs to happen
Depolarization
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How do you create Depolarization
Need to create electricity so you use positive ion's called cation. The movement of ion's across the membrane creates the impulse
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How You create electricity for depolarization
Sodium moves Into the neuron and potassium moves out of the neuron
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If you have the same number of catIon inside and outside The membrane what does that mean
Polarization
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What does the sodiopatasium pump do
Pushes 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in
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Why does sodium try to move back in after the sodium potassium pump
The body tries to maintain homeostasis so Sodium moves back in and the potassium moves out
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What needs to be in place for the sodium to move back in
Ion Channels
82
What do the ion channels require
Energy
83
True or false
Diffusion needs energy
False
84
What is graded potential
It depends on strength
Needs to be strong enough to be converted or received to be converted into a impulse
85
What is it called when the Graded potential is strong enough to be converted into an impulse
Threshold stimulus
86
What is it called when the graded potential is not strong enough to be converted into a impulse
Subthreshold stimulus
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What is it called when the threshold stimulus is carried by a neuron
Action potential
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How does action potential travel through a neuron
1st through the dendrites then to the cell body then to the axon then to the axon terminals
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Why is action potential called electrical charge
Because the ions are moving
90
Explain what self propagating means
As a neuron depolarizes it continues down into the neuron which creates a domino effect
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What is repoliarization used for
Repolorization is used when you want to stop a impulse
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If potassium moves in is that polarization or Depolarization
That is depolarization, Sodium doesn't move out until a pump pushes it out so that means it would be polarization if it moves out
93
Define gross anatomy
Structures that you can see
94
Spinal cord location
Spinal cavity
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Use directional terms in relation to spine to the spinal nerve
The spine is medial to the spinal nerves
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Are spinal nerves in the PNS or in the CNS
PNS
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conas magellarius
Ending area of the spinal cord
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cauda aquania
Spinal nerves In the vertebra foramen
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Cervical enlargement
In the neck
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Lumbar enlargement
Lower back
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Why are there enlargements?
They receive more impulses from arm or leg
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What is the epidural space
On the very putside; contains adipose
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List the meningies in order
Dura mater, vascular arachnid, pia mater
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Describe the dura mater
Very durable, Good protection
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Describe the vascular arachnid
Blood vessels; has projections
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What is the size of the spinal chord
About the diameter of a thumb
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Where does the spinal chord start
Add the Freeman magnum
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Where does the spinal chord end
Lumbar vertebra
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Aquadrapolygic
Paralyzed from the neckdown
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paraplegic
Paralyzed from leg down
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What does the suburacnoid space contain
Contains cerebral spinal fluid
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What is a cerebral spinal fluid made of
Materials from the blood
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What is the most delicate Membrane or meningi
Piamada
114
What is the best protection for the spinal cord
Vertebra
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What is the spinal tap
Removal of CSF From the subracknoid space
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Where is the Csf taken from from this spinal cord
Between lumbar 3 and 4 so below the caunas equana
117
What is a epidural
Adding anesthesia to the Spinal cord
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Who uses epiderls
Pregnant woman
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Where do spinal Nerves enter through
Vertebral foramen
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Where does the spinal nerve connect to
Spinal chord
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How many Pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
122
How are spinal nerves named
Based on the Vertebra they passed through
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What's another name for the sensory root
Posterior roots
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Other name for the motor roots
Anterior Root
125
Does the posterior or the anterior root have the ganglion?
Posterior or sensory root
126
A group of cell bodies is...
Ganglion
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Why doesn't the anterior root have a swelling
Doesn't need one
The celll body is inside the spinal cord
128
Internuornons: Gray matter consists of...
Dendrites +cell bodies
129
Internuerons: White matter consists of...
Mylinateted axons
130
Gray commisure
Cross over an area that allows impulses from one side to the other side of the body
131
What do the posterior root connect to ( or receive)
Sensory neuron
132
Where are lateral horns visible?
Thoracic vertebra
133
What does the central canal contain
Cerebrospinal fluid
134
Where is brain located
Central nervous system
135
Cells in the brain
Neuroglia + interneuron
136
Best protection of the brain
Crainium
137
Menigies of the brain
Dura mater , vascular arachnid, pia mater
138
What is different about the brain than the spinal cord (protection wise)
No epidural space
139
What space does the brain have (protection)
Subarachnoid space
140
Ventricles
Places in brain where CSF circulates
141
What circulates CSF inside the spinal cord
Central canal
142
What neuroglia lines the Ventricles
Ependimal cells
143
What is between lateral ventricle
Interventrical foramen
144
Where does CSF go after going through the 3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqua duct
145
Born location in cavity
Cranial cavity
146
Use directional terms to locate the brain
Superior to the spinal cord
147
Brain size
Varies between men and woman
Male brain is a bit larger than a female brain
A male brain is 3 and a 1/2 pounds while a female brain is 3 pounds
148
Location of Gray matter and white matter inside the brain
Gray matter forms the outside while white matter forms the inside
149
What are the wrinkles on the brain called
Convolutions
150
What is a gyrus/gyri
The top ridges of the convolutions
151
What is the sulcus/sulki
When the convolutions go in
152
What is a fissure
When the convolutions go very deep inside
153
Why is it that when you're born you have not many convolutions
As you get older you make more connections and have more than Dendroids and that's why you become smarter
154
What are the brain region
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diacaphalon, brain stem
155
What is the largest section of the brain
Cerebrum
156
What section of the brain coordinates activities
Cerebelum
157
Where is the Desafalon
Inner brain
158
Parts of the brainstem
Mid brain, Pons , medulla ablagata
159
What is the most superior part of the brainstem
Mid brain
160
Most inferior parts of the brain stem
Medulla Abdagada
161
What happens if you damage the brainstem
You die
162
What is the largest and most superior part of the brain
Cerebrum
163
True or false
There are receptors in the brain
False
164
What are the 2 fissures in the brain
Longitudinal and transverse
165
What does the longitudinal fissure do
Separates the brain into 2 halfs called hemispheres
166
What does the transverse Fissure do
Separates cerebellum from the brain
167
What are the lobes that you can see on the outside
Frontal, Pariatal, Occipital
168
What is the lobe that you cannot see on the outside
Insula
169
What does the central sulcus do
Separate frontal and parietal lobe
170
What does the lateral sulcus separate
Frontal and partial from temprol
171
Parietal-occipital sulcus separates what
Parietal from occipital lobe
172
Precentral gyrus located
Part of the frontal lobe
173
Post central gyrus location
Part of parietal lobe
174
Tracks
Group of axons
175
Asciatn tracks
Moves impulses from impulse to impulse
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Projection tracks
From cerebrum to other parts of the brain
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Commissarl tracks
Sends impulse from one side to the other
178
Another name for post central gyrus
Primary sensory area
179
Where does all sensory info go to
Post central gyrus( in the parietal lobe)
180
Where are the most receptors located
In the face, lips, fingertips
181
Least receptors
Back, elbows
182
What do the precentral gyrus control
Motor impulses
183
Fill in the blank
Cerebrum selects which _____
Cerebellum controls ______
Cerebrum selects which _muscle used for the activity__
Cerebellum controls _controls coordination__
184
True or false
The cerebrum doesn't always puck right muscle, but it can learn
True
185
Frontal lobe functions
Problem solving
brooka's area
Judgment
Impulse control
Smell
186
When does problem solving reach maturity
Not until mid twenties
187
What is Broca's area
Motor speech so using muscles to make sound and it is in charge of selecting mouth muscles
188
What happened if your impulse control is not developed
You are a violent person
189
Parial lobe functions
Cutaneous senses
Taste
Eye hand coordination
190
Can eye hand coordination develop
Can develop but needs practice
191
Occipitl lobe function
Vision
192
Temporal lobe functions
Hearing
Understanding music
Language
Wreknickes area
Facial recognition
193
What is werknickes area
Sensory speech , Understanding words heard
Being able to use words you want to use
194
Madula oblangada location
Superior to spinal cord
Inferior to pons
195
Vital functions of medulla ablangada
Breathing, Heart rate, Blood flow
196
Non Vital function of medulla ablangada
Hiccups, Sneezing
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Scientific word for hiccups
Sinqultus
198
Scientific word for sneezing
Sternutatition
199
What does pons do for cerebral and cerebellum
Creates a bridge between the 2 so if cerebrum makes a good selection it can notify cerebelum and Creates a bridge between the 2 so if cerebrum makes a good selection it can notify cerebelum
200
Describe pOns
Pregnant woman
201
Use directional terms to describe where the location of pons is
Inferior to the mid brain
Superior to the medulla oblingada
202
Mid brain location using directional terms
Inferior to dasaffron
Is superior to pons
203
Describe the appearance of mid brain
Has a separation through its middle called cerebral aqueduct
204
Cerebral pedungles
Consists of mylinated axons
205
What kind of tracks does cerebral pedungels have
Ascending and descending tracks so it can carry impulses that are doing ascending and descending
206
Use directional terms to locate corpora quadra Gemini
Superior to cerebral aquaduct
207
What does the corporaGemini on top do
Vision reflexes
208
Corporal quadrimina Example of on top
Looking around whenever the lights go off
209
Corporal quadrama On bottom function
Hearing reflexes
210
Location of Diansaffron
Located between the brainstem and cerebrum
211
What is the diosafalon composed of
Thalumus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
212
What type of tracks does corpus colossum have
Commissiral tracks
213
Is corpus colossum location in ventrical
3rd venturical
214
Location of diasaffron in directional terms
Inferior to the cerebral or corpus colossum
Superior to the brain stem
215
Thalumus, hypothalamus, epithalamus location to one another
Thalumus-in center
Hypothalamus- under it
Epithalamus- above them
216
What is the hypothelamas connected to
Petuitary gland by the Infandivium
217
What is the master gland of the body, And why is it called master
Petuitary gland
Controls all glands, part of the endocrine system
218
What is the poetry gland connected to
Mammalari body
219
Mamelary body in humans versus animals
Large in animals but small in human beings
220
Mammalary body function
Olfactory sense
221
Hypothalamus function
Automatic control center and override the medulla if needed
222
What does hypothalamus control
Heart rate and force, Blood pressure, Respiratory force: Used from the result of a fear or maybe racing
223
What is the center for emotional responses
Hypothalamus
224
What are the emotional responses that the hypothalamus control
Pain, pleasure , sexual emotion
225
What are the emotional responses that the hypothalamus control
Pain, pleasure , sexual emotion
226
What does hypothalness regulate
Is temperature, Hungry, Thirst, Endocrine system
227
What does a thalamus do
It's a gateway to the cerebrum so the impulses that go up are sent to the proper lobe
228
What does hallucigenic drugs do
Makes impulses go to the wrong area of the brain
229
What is senthesia
Things that are connected together that have no relation and it is genetic
230
Synthesia ex
Associating purple with the number 14
231
Is location of the cerebellum Using directional terms
Posterrier to the brain stem
Inferior to the cerebrum
232
Arbor vitae appearance
Tree of life
233
Location of cerebellar cortex
Outside of the cereebellum
234
Vermis
The alongeated parts between the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
235
Orientation of matter in brain stem
Like spinal cord, outside white inside gray
