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Science For Medicine > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what are the sub divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS - brain, spinal chord
PNS

autonomic
somatic - conscious
enteric - Gut

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2
Q

numer of nerves in each spinal area including crainaium

A 
12 -cranial 
8 - cervical 
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar
5 - sacral 
1 - coccygeal
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3
Q

number of nerves in each spinal area including cranium

A 
12 -cranial 
8 - cervical 
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar
5 - sacral 
1 - coccygeal
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4
Q

what dose the cell body contain

A

nucleus - makes/ transcribes proteins

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5
Q

what are the dendrites

A

receiving information

leading to the cell body

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6
Q

what’s the initial segment of the axon called

A

the action hillock

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7
Q

what dose the action hillock do

A

the location at where an action potential is fired

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8
Q

what are the axon terminals

A

release neuro transmitter across synapse to the dendrites

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9
Q

what are afferent neurons

A

sensory receptor to CNS

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10
Q

what are efferent neurones

A

CNS to muscle, gland or other neurone (EXIT)

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11
Q

what are interneurons

A

neurones in between afferent and efferent neurones

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12
Q

what are interneurons

A

neurones in between afferent and efferent neurones

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13
Q

what are the glia

A

the connective tissue of the nervous system

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14
Q

what are the 4 types of glia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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15
Q

what do the astrocytes do

A

LOOKS LIKE A STAR

maintain the correct environment for neurones - by insulating the capillaries to stop ion transfer creating the BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

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16
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

in charge of myelination of the CNS

don’t wrap themselves around instead just wrap their feet around nerves

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17
Q

what do microglia do

A

part of the immune system

waiting to be activated by pathogen - destroy by phagocytosis

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18
Q

what do the ependymal cells do

A

form the barrier between the spinal chord and the CSF

produce the CSF

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19
Q

what dose the dorsal route ganglion contain

A

the afferent cell bodies

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20
Q

what are meninges

A

the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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21
Q

what is a sulcus

A

a grove on the brain

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22
Q

what is the cerebrum

what are the 4 lobes

A

frontal lobes
parietal lobes
temporal lobes
occipital lobes

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23
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, which coordinates and regulates muscular activity.

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24
Q

what is a gyrus

A

a ridge on the brain

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25
Q

what dose the thalamus do

A

it is the last relay of sensory info

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26
Q

what dose he hypothalamus do

A

hormones
appetite
sexual behaviour

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27
Q

what is the diencephalon contain

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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28
Q

what dose the brain stem do

A

maintain basic human life functions

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29
Q

what dose the brain stem do

A

maintain basic human life functions

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30
Q

what do action potentials do

A

transmit signals over long distances

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31
Q

what do graded potential do

A

decide when an action potential should be fired

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32
Q

what is the resting membrane potential

A

the battery that keeps the cell ready to respond

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33
Q

how much more negative is the inside of a cell to extracellular (neurones )

A
  • 70mV difference from outside to in
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34
Q

how is a resting membrane potential created

A

leaky potassium

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35
Q

what is the equilibrium potential for potassium

A

-90mV

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36
Q

why do neurons have a RMP of -70mV

3 reasons

A

there is a few leaky Na+, Cl-

some proteins traped inside the cell are negative

Na/K pump

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37
Q

where are post synaptic potentials

A

at synapses

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38
Q

where are end plate potentials

A

at the neuromuscular junction

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39
Q

where are pacemaker potentials

A

in pace maker tissue

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40
Q

what are graded potentials good for

A

short distances

being ‘graded’ (ie press hard get bigger response than pressing soft)

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41
Q

graded potentials can change the voltage in a cell by

A

hyperpolarising

depolarising

42
Q

what is the threshold for firing an action potential and opening voltage gated sodium channels

A

-55mV

43
Q

a EPSP dose what

A

depolarises the neurone

44
Q

a IPSP dose what

A

hyperpolarise the neurone

45
Q

what do EPSP and IPSP stand for

A

EPSP - excitatory pre synaptic potential

IPSP - inhibitory pre synaptic potential

46
Q

what is GABBA

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

47
Q

what are the two types of IPSP that you can get

A

FAST
and
SLOW

48
Q

what are the two types of EPSP that you can get

A

FAST
and
SLOW

49
Q

how are post synaptic potentials produced

A

by a neurotransmitter opening or closing LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNELS

50
Q

how are action potentials produced

A

by depolarisation of the membrane potential causing the opening of VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS

51
Q

what is summation

A

the addition of graded potential (synaptic integration) leading to a breach of threshold - action potential

52
Q

why dose the location of a synapse matter

A

as the closer to a action hillock the less ‘‘signal’’ will be lost

53
Q

what is temporal summation

synaptic integration

A

the repeat stimulation by one nerve leading to 2 quick EPSPs

54
Q

what is spatial

synaptic integration

A

the stimulation of two responses from two different neurones

55
Q

where are IPSP located

2

A

often closer to the action hillock meaning they shut down the cell

axoaxonic synapse between the axons of a IPSP onto a EPSP leading to the shut down of the EPSP signal `

56
Q

what causes the quick depolarisation of a action potential

A

the opening of the sodium channels

57
Q

how is a nerve cell repolarised

A

the opening of potassium channels

58
Q

action potentials are…

A

…all or none

59
Q

how is the size of a stimuls transferred to an action potential

A

stimulis measured in size (amplitude) and conveys to the FREQUENCY OF ACTION POTENTIALS

60
Q

how is the speed of a singal sped up along an axon

A

by increasing the size of an axon or by myelination of the axon

61
Q

how dose a large axon increase the speed of a action potential

A

makes it easier for a current to flow down the axon meaning the voltage gated Na can be spread out further

62
Q

what are the Gaps between myelination called

A

nodes of Ranvier

63
Q

what myelinates the nerves in the CNS

the PNS

A 
CNS = oligodendrocytes 
PNS = schwann cells
64
Q

what dose myelination do

A

insulate the axon

which makes it easier for current to pass through

65
Q

where on myelinated nerves are the voltage gated channels

A

in the nodes of Ranvier

66
Q

what dose multiple sclerosis do

A

damage the myelin sheath meaning the action potential cant reach the voltage gated Na channels

67
Q

what is a nerve trunk made of

A

lots of different nerve fibres

68
Q

what is a compound action potential

A

its the measuring of the difference in times that action potentials arrive due to the difference of size and myelination

69
Q

what is the fastest nerve fibre

A

large and myelinated

70
Q

what is the slowest neurone

A

thin and un myelinated

71
Q

what are A-alpha

A

motoneurons 70-120m/s

72
Q

what are A-beta

A

touch and pressure

73
Q

what are A-gamma

A

motoneurons of MUSCLE SPINDLES

74
Q

what are A-deltas

A

touch, cold and FAST pain

12-30m/s

75
Q

B

A

preganglionic autonomic fibres

76
Q

C

A

heat, SLOW pain 0.5-2m/s

77
Q

what are the most and what are the least sensitive nerve fibres to local anaesthetics

A

least sensitive are A-alpha

most sensitive are C

78
Q

what is the Sarcolemma

A

the muscle membrane on the opposite side on the synapse to the axon terminal

79
Q

what are the junctional folds important for

A

separating the acetylcholine receptors to the crests and the sodium channels to the troughs to enhance the effect of depolarisation

80
Q

how the acetylcholine vesicles realised into the NMJ

A

via calcium dependent exocytosis

81
Q

what are the receptors on the NMJ

what do the open

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

ligan gated Na/k channels

82
Q

what is the ligand gated channels evoke

what dose it do

A

the voltage gated (Na) non specific monovalent cation channel

let SHIT TONNES of Na in and not let K out

83
Q

what is the job of these peripheral NMJ channels

A

to generate a Graded potential and get the muscle cell to threshold to fire action potential

84
Q

every time acetylcholine binds to these receptors there is..

A

…ALWAYS A ACTION POTENTIAL

85
Q

how is ACh removed

A

by acetylcholinesterase
it is broken down to acetate
and choline

86
Q

what dose choline do after being broken down

A

head back in to the axon terminal to make new ACh

87
Q

what dose tetrodotoxin do

A

block Na gated voltage channels

88
Q

what dose joro spider toxin do

A

block voltage gated calcium channels

89
Q

botulinum toxin

A

breaks the cork screw like proteins that pull the vesicles towards the membrane

90
Q

curare

A

binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

competitive antagonistic

91
Q

novichok

A

is a anticholinesterases

92
Q

what are the neurotransmitters used in the PNS

A

only ACh

this is the NMJ

93
Q

what are the neurotransmitters used in the CNS

ALL HAVE SEVERAL RECEPTORS

A 
ACh
noradrenaline
dopamine
serotonin 
histamine 
glutamate 
GABA
glycine
94
Q

what is different between ACh and all other neurotransmitters

A

ACh is the only one that is broken down the rest are taken back up into the axon terminal

95
Q

what are the two most important neurotransmitters in the CNS

A

glutamate - dose almost all fast excitatory activity in brain

GABA - dose all the fast inhibitory activity in the brain (opening the chlorine channels)

glycine - dose what GABA dose but just in the spina chord

96
Q

what do ionotropic postsynaptic potentials lead to

A

Fast EPSPs

97
Q

what do metabotropic postsynaptic potentials do

A

release slow EPSPs

98
Q

what is the effect of axo-somatic attached neurones

A

have a big effect on the post synaptic neurone

99
Q

what are the 3 types of synaptic connectivity

A

convergence
1111111111
1

divergence
1
1111111111111

feed back inhibition caused
by a inhibitory interneurone that was attached to the axon collateral

meaning that it has inhibited its self

monosynaptic pathway
polysynaptic pathway

100
Q

what is monosynaptic pathways

A

have only one synapse involved between sensory input and motor output

101
Q

what is polysynaptic pathway

A

have multiple synapses in between sensory input and motor out put

meaning the out put can be changed by putting an inhibitor inter neurone in and leading to hyperpolarisation

102
Q

why is lots of synaptic integration needed for the CNS

A

due to the really small graded potentials

Science For Medicine (17 decks)

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