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Science For Medicine > nitrogen > Flashcards

nitrogen Flashcards

1
Q

State the main nitrogen containing molecules in the body.

A

Nitrogen is found mainly in amino acids, ammonia and urea within the body.

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2
Q

how does the very stable N2 get into our systems

A

its ‘fixed’ to ammonium where it then goes through nitrification and gets into our system via glutamate

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3
Q

how dose nitrogen get in and out the cell

A

via glutamate

it binds with alpha-ketoglutarate

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4
Q

what energy is required for ammonium and alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate

A

ATP and NADPH

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5
Q

what are glutamine and aspartate

A

amino acids

but also neurotransmitter

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6
Q

what is nitrogen assimilation

A

the process of converting nitrogen into other usable substance

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7
Q

what is transamination

what are the 2 molecules always involved

A

the movement of a amino acid(nitrogen) from one molecule to another

an amino acid and a keto acid

robbing peter to pay Paul

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8
Q

what are the transamination enzyme crucial for

A

creation of amino acids and in turn proteins

synthesis and degradation

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9
Q

is transamination reversible or not

A

its readily reversible

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10
Q

what is pyruvate

what does it become during transamination

A

an alpha-keto acid

alanine

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11
Q

what does L-GlutaMINE act as

A

temporary nitrogen

donates amino acid

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12
Q

what dose alpha-ketoglutarate typically do

A

accepts amino groups

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13
Q

what are the transamination enzymes called

what does it rely on

A

aminotransferase

pyridoxal phosphate cofactor

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14
Q

what is PLP

what’s it an example of

A

made of vitamin B6
holds on to the amino acid

ping pong reaction

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15
Q

when do amino acids undergo oxidative catabolism q

A

leftover amino acids
dietary amino acids

proteins in the body are broken down – CARBS IN SHORT SUPPLY – starvation

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16
Q

where are dietary proteins broken down in to peptides

by what

what size do they become

A

in the stomach

PEPSIN

di- or tri- peptides

17
Q

what hydrolysis occurs in the small intestine

A

peptides - smaller peptides = trypsin and chymotrypsin

small peptides – amino acids
= amino/carboxy PEPTIDASE

18
Q

how are digested amino acids transported

A

through the blood

19
Q

wherever nitrogen is coming from it can always be…

A

brokend down to ammonia and excreted as urea

20
Q

why is nitrogen secreted as urea

A

ammonia is toxic

ureay has very high solunility

21
Q

what is uric acid made from

A

purines

22
Q

how is ammonia transported around the blood even though its toxic

A

transported as Glutamine

23
Q

where is excess glutamine processed

A

liver, kidneys

24
Q

how is alanine formed

A

pyruvate and glutamate

25
Q

what happens during strenuous exercise to the muscle

A

muscle degradation
amino acid release
transamination reaction to glutamate

26
Q

when dose the glucose-alanine cycle occur

A

at the same as pyruvate is turned into lactate

27
Q

why is alanine and glutamine used for amino acid transfer

A

have no charge compared to glutamate which is negative

easier transport

28
Q

where is excess glutamate metabolised

A

in the mitochondria of hepatocytes

29
Q

what is the protein turn over per day

how much is eaten

A

250g

75g

30
Q

what is ornithine

A

the carbon skeleton made by the release of urea

nitrogen is added to make citrulline

31
Q

where is glutamate broken down

what is produced

A

mitochondria

alpha ketoglutamate
aspartate and
citruilline

32
Q

what is special about arginosuccinate

A

it has 2 notrogens fromed by

aspartates (1 nitrogen)
citrulline (1 nitrogen)

33
Q

how is urea produced

A

arginosuccinate is hydrolysed to produce Urea with the two nitrogens

AND a carbon skeleton called ORNITINE - back to mitochondria

34
Q

where do amino acids entere metabolism

A

citric acid cyle intermediates
pyruvate
alpha ketoglutamte
acytly coa

35
Q

what do the ketogenic amino acids entre metabolism

what do they become

A

acetoacetyl coa
acetyl coa

ketone bodies

36
Q

where do glucaneogenic amino acids enter metabolism

what do they become

A

citric acid cycle intermediates
pyruvate

glucose

37
Q

what enzyme forms glutamate

A

glutamate dehydrogenase

Science For Medicine (17 decks)

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