Nerves and Blood supply of hindlimb

Question 1

What makes up the pes region?

Answer 1

Metatarsus and phalanges

Question 2

Palmer aspect of pes diff to forelimb

Answer 2

No stopper/ carpal pad
Dew claw variable in dog, less common than in fore.
Always absent in cat

Question 3

When is the hock in extension?

Answer 3

1. when the animal is standing

Question 4

What muscles cause flexion in the hock

Answer 4

Muscles that run cranial/ dorsal to limb
Peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
1. Cranial tibial muscle

Question 5

Cranial tibial muscle

Answer 5

O = lateral tibia
I = Metatarsal bones

Question 6

What muscles cause flexion in the hock

Answer 6

Muscles that run cranial/ dorsal to limb
Peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
1. Cranial tibial muscle
2. Peroneus longus/ long fibular muscle
3. Peroneus brevis/ short fibular muscle
(4. Peroneus tertius/ third fibular = not present in dog and cat)

Question 7

Cranial tibial muscle

Answer 7

Cranial lateral aspect
O = lateral tibia
I = proximal Metatarsal bones
Crosses tarsal joint at cranial/ dorsal aspect :. flexor of tarsus

Question 8

Peroneus Longus/ long fibular muscle and Peroneus brevis/ short fibular msucle

Answer 8

PL/ LFM = 
O = lateral tibia and fibula
I = plantar aspect tarsus
PB/ SFB
O = tibia and fibula
I = 5th metatarsal bone
INNNNNN = peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)

Question 9

Hock flexor/ digital extensor msucles

Answer 9

1. Long digital extensor muscle equiv to common dig extensor in forelimb
   O = Extensor fossa (femur)
   Tendon of origin = stifle joint capsule, provides lateral collateral support to stifle
   I = all digits = 4 branches
2. LATERAL digital extensor
   O = lateral aspect tibia
   I = fuse with lateral branches of long digital extensor. Few digits only 4th, 5th and possible 3rd digit

Question 10

Hock flexor/ digital extensor msucles

Answer 10

1. Long digital extensor muscle equiv to common dig extensor in forelimb
   O = Extensor fossa (femur)
   Tendon of origin = stifle joint capsule, provides lateral collateral support to stifle
   I = all digits = 4 branches
2. LATERAL digital extensor
   O = lateral aspect tibia
   I = fuse with lateral branches of long digital extensor. Middle phalanx Few digits only 4th, 5th and possible 3rd digit

Question 11

Which tendond of which muscles contribute to the common calcanean tendon?

Answer 11

1. biceps femoris
2. semitendinosus
3. Gracilis

Question 12

Where will the hock extensor muscles be passing?

Answer 12

will pass at planter aspect

1. Gastrocnemius
2. superficial digital flexor
3. common tendons of bicep femoris, semitendinosus and gracilis

Question 13

Bicep femoris

Answer 13

1. extensive msucle
2. crosses hip and stifle joint and insterts onto tarsus through common calcanean tendon
3. so is extensor of hip, flexor of stifle and extensor of hock
   (semitendinosis and gracilis also cross multiple joints)

Question 14

Hock extensor/ digital flexor muscle

Answer 14

1. Superficial digital flexor muscle

Question 15

Superficial digital flexor muscle

Answer 15

Hock extensor/ digital flexor muscle
O = on top of lateral condyle of femur lateral popliteal fossa femur
I = tuber calcaneus (common calcanean tendon)
I = Branches to all digits, inserts onto middle phalanx
INNERVATION = Tibial nerve (branch of sciatic

Question 16

What are all the cranio lateral muscles innervated by?

what about caudal plantar medial aspect

Answer 16

1. fibula nerve

2. Tibial

Question 17

Hock extensor msucle:

Answer 17

1. Deep digital flexor muscle (2 heads), fore = 3!
   O = tibia
2. Lateral head
3. Medial head
   The tendon of these 2 heads merges to for 1 tendon, then as pass tarsal joint divides into 4 branches
   INNN = tibial nerve

Question 18

Hind limb nerve supply

Answer 18

1. Spinal nerves: L5, L6, L7, S1, S2
2. Dorsal branches
3. ventral branches form the lumbosacral plexus
4. Emerging peripheral nerves to the hindlimb msucles =
5. Gluteal nerve (cranial and caudal)
6. Obturator nerve
7. Femoral nerve
8. Sciatic nerve whcih branches into tibial and fibular nerve

Question 19

Gluteal nerve

Answer 19

1. motor only
2. runs over dorsal surface if body or ilium
3. Has a cranial and caudal branch
4. innervates only Gluteal muscles
5. Emerges right on top of greater sciatic notch of ilium
6. all abductor msucles insert onto greater trocanter of femur = supplies hindlimb abductors

Question 20

Obturator nerve

Answer 20

1. motor only
2. Passes through obturator foramen (hole in ventral aspect of pelvis)
3. short route to medial thigh
4. Innervated ADDUCTORS: GAPE
   Gracilis
   Adductor
   Pectineus
   External Obturator

Question 21

Femoral nerve

Answer 21

1. mixed motor and sensory
2. motor: cranial thigh muscles = hip flexors and stifle extensors
   ILLIOPSOAS
   SARTORIUS - hip flexor + protractor
   QUADRICEPS (all heads) = stifle extensor

Question 22

If the femoral nerve is damages what would be clinical signs?

Answer 22

1. cannot extend stifle - cannot weight bear, no compensation
2. Loss of patellar reflex

Question 23

Sciatic nerve

Answer 23

1. mixed motor and sensory
2. runs over dorsal surface body of ilium, over lesser sciatic notch
3. passes caudal to hip
4. Runs deep to biceps femoris
5. motor. innervates all extensors of hip but as well it crosses caudally so innervates flexors of stifle and extensors of hock
   - caudal thigh muscle: hip extensors/ limb retractors
   stifle felxors:
   a) biceps femoris
   b) semitendinosus
   c) semimembranosus
   (hamstring muscles)

Question 24

How does the sciatic nerve divide?

Answer 24

1. into 2
2. deeper caudal = tibial branch
3. cranial lateral muscles whihc are flexors of hock and some are extensors of digits are innervated by fibular/ peroneal nerve

Question 25

Tibial nerve

Answer 25

1. deeper caudal branch of sciatic nerve 2. Innervates all caudal group muscles 3. Caudal crural muscles: a) hock extensors = gastrocnemius b) Digital felxors: SUPERFICIAL digital flexor and DEEP digital flexor 4. SEnsory innervation = caudal/ plantar aspect limb

Question 26

Fibular/ peroneal

Answer 26

1. branch of sciatic 2. motor = cranial crural muscles: hock flexors a) cranial tibial b) peroneau group Digital extensors a) long digital extensor b) lateral digital extenosr 3. Sensory = cranial/ dorsal aspect limb Lateral thigh

Question 27

Clinical signs of sciatic nerve damage:

Answer 27

1. depends on where damage occurs 2. fibular/ peroneal nerve damage = flexors of hock and extensors of digit 3. Tibial = compromise extensors of hock and flexors of digit 4. thigh region = affect tibial and fibular as well as flexors of stifle and extensors of hip

Question 28

Sciatic nerve damage what can still occur

Answer 28

1. abduction (gluteals 2. Adduction (obturator nerve 3. protract/ flex hip (femoral nerve) = extend stifle

Question 29

Blood supply of hind limb

Answer 29

1. Major aorta on dorsal aspect, ventral to vertebral column = External iliac artery in pelvis region. 2. as soon as this enters thigh (femoral region) = femoral artery 3. Femoral artery has a saphenous branch that goes to superficial blood supple to 4. pes region = popliteal artery, 5. then crus region = cranial tibial artery which provides a deeper supply to the paw

Question 30

Femoral triangle

Answer 30

Borders formed by 3 muscles: adductor sartoreus and pecteneus muscle 1. femoral artery: pulse 2. femoral vein: intravascular catheters 3. femoral nerve: saphenous branch

Question 31

Blood supply in pes region

Answer 31

2 dorsal blood supplies: superficial and deep 1. Superficial: comes from sephaneous artery = cranial branch of tibialcommon digital arteries (dorsal and plantar) 2. Deep: tibial artery = metatarsal arteries (dorsal adn plantar 3. these join togetehr adn then divide axial and abaxial

Question 32

Venous drainage

Answer 32

1. superficial and deep supply 2. external iliac, femoral, cranial and caudal tibial 3. superficial vein on lateral aspect = lateral saphenous vein

Question 33

Lymphatic drainage

Answer 33

1. popliteal lymph node (caudal to stifle 2. Enlarged in response to infection 3. Can use to differentiate between localised/ generalised disease 4. important for meat inspection in food producing animals