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First year semester 2 > Proximal and Distal Hindlimb > Flashcards

Proximal and Distal Hindlimb Flashcards

1
Q

What spinal nerves supply the hindlimb?

A

L5, L6, L7, S1, S2

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2
Q

What deos the cartilagenous labrum do?

A

Further deepens joint capsule of hip

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3
Q

What ligaments are found in the hip joint?

A
  1. NO collateral ligament
  2. within joint = ligamental fovea/ round ligament/ teres ligament which attaches onto the fovea capitus on the head of the femur
  3. Transverse acetabular ligament
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4
Q

What are the movements of the hip joint?

A
  1. Main = Flexion and extension

2. but as ball and socket it can move in any direction

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5
Q

What are the ligaments in the stifle joint?

A
  1. Lateral collateral ligament
  2. medial collateral ligament
  3. patellar ligament
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6
Q

What ligaments are found in the hip joint?

A
  1. NO collateral ligaments
  2. Ligament of the femoral head/ teres ligament/ round ligament = stability = fovea to acetabular fossa
  3. Transverse acetabular ligament
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7
Q

What makes up the hip joint stability?

A
  1. Round ligament/ teres ligament

2. surrounding muscle mass

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8
Q

What can you palpate in the hip joint Dorsally?

A
  1. Ilium
    - Dorsal iliac crest/ wing of I
    - Tuber sacrale medial point
    - Tuber coxae ventral of crest
    - Tuber ischium
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9
Q

What can you palpate of the hip joint?

A
  1. Tuber ischium (near bottom)

2. Greater trochanter of femur (next)

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10
Q

With the palpation of pelvis and femur what should you be able to draw?

A
  1. a triangle

2. should be symmetrical, if not then dislocation

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11
Q

What do extrinsic muscles allow for the hindlimb?

A
  1. attaches onto axial appendicular skeleton

2. Movement of the limb relative to joint

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12
Q

BROADLY what are the extrinsic muscles of the hindlimb and type of movement?

A
  1. any muscle that attaches onto illeum
  2. Protraction = hip flexion = muscles located CRANIALLY to hip
  3. Retraction = hip extension = located caudally to hip
  4. Abduction = located dorsally to hip
  5. Adduction = located ventrally to hip
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13
Q

Which muscles are the extrinsic abductors?

A
  • located dorsal to hip
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14
Q

Which muscles are the extrinsic abductors?

A
  • located dorsal to hip
    1. Gluteal muscle: 3 heads
  • superficial
  • Middle
  • Deep (periformus msucle on top)
    O = sacrum and pelvis, gluteal surface, on lateral aspect of illeum
    I = greater trochanter on femur
    Innervated = Gluteal nerve
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15
Q

What are the Extrinsic Adductors of the hindlimb?

A 
- located ventrally to hip joint
O = ventral surface pelvis
I = medial aspect limb
GAPE MUSCLES
1. Gracilis = 
2. Adductor
3. Pectineus
4. External Obturator
Innervated = Obturator nerve
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16
Q

What are the Extrinsic Adductors of the hindlimb?

A 
- located ventrally to hip joint
O = ventral surface pelvis
I = proximal medial aspect of femur
GAPE MUSCLES
1. Gracilis = O pelvis, I tibia. Tendonous extension that inserts onto tarsus 
2. Adductor = 
3. Pectineus = tiny
4. External Obturator = I trochanteric fossa
Innervated = Obturator nerve
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17
Q

What are the extrinsic limb protractors/ hip flexors?

A 
1. Tensor fascia latae: 2 heads
O = Ilium
I = Fascia latae
INNNN = gluteal nerve
2. Iliopsoas muscle
O = lumbar vertebrae adn ilium
I = Lesser trochanter (femur)
INNNN = Femoral nerve
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18
Q

What are the extrinsic limb protractors/ hip flexors?

A
  1. Tensor fascia latae: 2 heads
    2 heads make up a small muscular bit and then rest of insertion = extensive on cranio lateral aspect of stifle joint, lateral fascia
    O = Ilium
    I = Fascia latae proximal cranio lateral of stifle joint
    INNNN = gluteal nerve
  2. Iliopsoas muscle
    2 heads too
    O = lumbar vertebrae adn ilium (short head)
    I = medial aspect of proximal femur = Lesser trochanter (femur)
    INNNN = Femoral nerve
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19
Q

What are all the cranio lateral muscles of the hip innervated by?

A

Gluteal nerve

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20
Q

What extrinsic muscles are the limb PROtractors/ hip flexors?

A
  1. Sartorius

2. Rectus Femoris

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21
Q

What extrinsic muscles are the limb PROtractors/ hip flexors?

A
  1. Sartorius

2. QUADRACEP

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22
Q

Sartorius
What type of movement
O, I, Inn

A
  1. Limb protraction/ hip flexion
  2. 2 heads
    O = cranial crest of Ilium and thorocolumbar fascia
    O = caudal = cranial ventral iliac spine and adjacent ventral border of ilium
    I = Cranial = patella in common with rectus femoris of quad
    I = caudal = cranial border of tibia in common with gracilis
    ONLY 1 HEAD in cats and horses
    A = Flex hip, cranial part extends stifle, caudal flexes stifle
    INNNNNERVATION = femoral nerve
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23
Q

Quadrecep
What type of movement
O, I, Inn

A
  1. Limb protraction/ hip flexion
  2. 4 heads
  3. Long head = rectus femoris = O proximally, crosses hip joint from ileum ventral aspect of body of ileum = FLEXOR (like long head of tricep)
    Others:
    O = ilium
    I = tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
    INNNNNNNNERVATION = Femoral nerve
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24
Q

What extrinsic muscle is a limb retractor/ hip extensor?

A 
Caudal group muscles
1. Biceps Femoris 
2. Semitendinosus
3. Semimembranosus: 2 heads
O = ischium
I = femur and tibia
INNNNN = sciatic nerve
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25
Q

What si the femoral triangle?

A
  1. very medial aspect of thigh region
  2. Muscle boundaries are formed caudally: Pectineus, cranially = sartorius
  3. can palpate femoral artery as femoral neurovascular bundle (pulse)
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26
Q

What are the paired bones in the hind limb?

What type of bones ?

A
  1. tibia and fibula
  2. Long bones
  3. tibia = main weight bearing. Medial aspect
  4. Fibula = lateral aspect, hardly any weight bearing
  5. arrangement: NO rotation unlike in ulna and radius. = these lie parallel
  6. Interosseous space = 1/2 length
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27
Q

Centres of ossification of tibia and fibula

A 
TIBIA = 4
1. Proximal end
2. Tibial tiberosity
3. Body
4. Distal end
Fibula = 3
1. Proximal end
2. Body
3. Distal end
28
Q

Palpation of tibia and fibula

A
  1. Tibial crest
  2. Medial malleolus ( tibia)
  3. Lateral malleolus (fibula)
29
Q

How in the menisci stabilised

A
  1. menisco tibial ligaments = attachment of end of C shape to tibia
  2. Transverse ligament at cranial aspect which holds 2 menisci in place
  3. Menisco femoral ligament = lateral meniscus to intercondylar fossa of femur = hold femur onto menisci
30
Q

What supports the stifle joint?

A
  1. medial colateral ligament (medial condyle to medial condyle of femur to tibia)
  2. lateral collateral ligament (medial condyle of femur to fibula and tibia
  3. Tendon of ORIGIN of the long digital extensor muscle
  4. Cranial cruciate ligament from intercondyle eminence to emdial aspect lateral condyle
  5. Caudal cruciate ligament from intercondylar eminence to intercondyle fossa
31
Q

What is the function of joint support in the stifle?

A
  1. hold bone together
  2. Resist rotation
  3. Limit movement to flexion and extension
32
Q

What supports the stifle joint?

A
  1. medial colateral ligament (medial condyle to medial condyle of femur to tibia)
  2. lateral collateral ligament (medial condyle of femur to fibula and tibia
  3. Tendon of ORIGIN of the long digital extensor muscle
  4. Cranial cruciate ligament from intercondyle eminence to medial aspect lateral condyle of femur
  5. Caudal cruciate ligament from intercondylar eminence to intercondyle fossa, medial aspect of medial condyle of femur
33
Q

What are the functions of the cruciate ligaments?

A
  1. Help in maintain femur attachment on top of menisci
  2. so when stifle joint moving = only fibula between condyle of femur and menisci
  3. Resists rotation
34
Q

How do you test if the criciate ligaments are damaged?

A
  1. cranial draw sign

2. when intact = no movement

35
Q

What creates stability of patella?
What is this component called?
What happens is patella not working

A
  1. Femoro-patellar components
  2. Patellar ligament insertion of quadriceps on tibial tuberosity
  3. Femoro patellar ligament - One on lateral one medial aspect of stifle joint. Attaches onto femur but also extends to fabellae.
    If patella not movement the stifle joint won’t work at all = hops
36
Q

How does the patella move in extension and felxion?

A
  1. Extension = proximally

2. Flexion = distally

37
Q

Where is the patella located and what creates stability of patella?
What is this component called?
What happens is patella not working

A

Located proximal stifle joint, held in trochlear groove.
1. Femoro-patellar component
2. Patellar ligament insertion of quadriceps on tibial tuberosity
3. Medial and lateral femoro patellar ligament - Attaches onto femur but also extends to fabellae.
4. Retinaculum fascia covers joint
If patella not movement the stifle joint won’t work at all = hops

38
Q

How does the patella move in extension and flexion?

A
  1. Extension = proximally

2. Flexion = distally

39
Q

Stifle joint: Femoral - tibial components:

A
  1. medial and lateral menisci
  2. Meniscal ligament
  3. Collateral ligaments X2
  4. Long digital extensor tendon originates
  5. Cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments
  6. femoral tibial ligament
  7. transverse ligament
  8. menisco tibial and femoral tibial ligaments
40
Q

Stifle joint: Femoro-patella components

A
  1. Medial and lateral trochlear ridges
  2. Medial and lateral femoro-patellar ligaments
  3. Retinaculum connective tissue fascia
41
Q

What type of joint is the stifle?

What are the components?

A
  1. synovial joint which extends from femur condyle to tibia condyle. 1 joint capsule jsut diff componetns
  2. Femoro-patellar
  3. Medial femoro tibial = incorporates fabella
  4. Lateral femoro tibia = incorporates fabella AND incorporates tendon of long digital extensor
  5. Retropatellar/ infrapatellar fat pad
42
Q

What is different about the cat stifle joint?

A
  1. Pointed patella
  2. Medial fabella often not mineralised, doesn’t calcify as much so can’t see
  3. lateral fabella and politeal seasmoid visible
43
Q

What can you palpate?

A
  1. patella
  2. trochlear ridges of distal end of femur
  3. lateral condyles femur
  4. Head of fibula
  5. patella ligament at cranial aspect
  6. tibial tuberosity/ crest
44
Q

What muscles extend the stifle joint? and innervation

A
  1. Sartorius
  2. Quadracep
    Both = femoral nerve
45
Q

What muscles flex the stifle joint?

A
  1. Biceps femoris
  2. Semitendinosus
  3. Semimembranosus
  4. Gastrocnemius
46
Q

Sartorius

A

2 heads
Cranial = long head
O = crest of ilium
I = via tendon on top of patella ligament together with rectus femoris
Caudal =
O = Cranial ventral iliac spine of ilium
I = Tibial tuberosity/ cranial border of tibia

47
Q

Quadracep

A

4 heads
1. Rectus Femoris o = ilium. Also hip flexor as crosses hip joint
2. Vastus lateralis O = proximal lateral femur
3. Vastus Medialis P = medial femur
4. Vastus intermedius O = cranial femur
all insert = via patella ligament onto tibial tuberosity
FEMORAL NERVE

48
Q

Broadly how to identify muscle extensor and felxors?

A
  1. cranial to stifle = extensor

2. crossing stifle caudally = felxors

49
Q

Bicep femoris

A

Extensor of hip proximally
Flexor of stifle distally (caudal aspect of stifle) however as the insertion is so big it also is extensor. Also contributes to common achilies tendon
O = Sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity
I = Fascia latae
I = calcaneus via common calcanean tendon
SCIATIC NERVE

50
Q

Semitendinosus

A 
Flexor of stifle (caudal)
O = ishium
I = Tibia
I = calcaneus via common calcanean tendon
SCIATIC NERVE
51
Q

Semimembranosus

A 
1. Stifle flexor (hip extensor)
2 heads, short and long
O = ischium
I = Femur and tibia
SCIATIC NERVE
52
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Stifle flexor
2 heads
O = Caudal aspect of femur: proximal popliteal surface at caudal aspect of condyle. One head lateral condyle, one head medial
I = Calcaneus via common calcanean tendon. Fabellae lateral and medial embedded within
Caudal aspect = SCIATIC divides into 2 so innervation = TIBIAL NERVE

53
Q

What muscles of the hind are innervated by the sciatic nerve?

A
  1. biceps femoris
  2. semitendinosus
  3. semimembranosus
54
Q

What muscles fo the hind are innervated by the femoral nerve

A
  1. Quadriceps = Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
  2. Satorius
55
Q

What msucles of the hind are innervated by the tibial branch of sciatic nerve?

A

Gastrocnemius

56
Q

Tarsus

A 
1. composes of tarsus bones
2, short bones
3. 3 rows
4. Proximal row = talus : distal end of tibia and calcaneus
5. Middle row = central adn IV tarsal
6. Distal row  = I, II, III and IV
7. 4th tarsal extends into middle row
In dog and pig allll bones are present
57
Q

Calcaneus bone

A
  1. Plantro lateral laster of tarsus
  2. tubercalcanei = small tuber expansion on calcaneus bone = both of attachment of common calcaeun tendom
  3. smqll depression on medial aspect called sustentaculum tali = where DDFT passes through
58
Q

Talus

A
  1. Distal end of tibia sits on top of talus trochlea
59
Q

Palpation of tarsal region

A
  1. Calcanean tuberosity
  2. MEdial malleolus (tibia)
  3. Lateral malleolus (tibia)
60
Q

Centres of ossification

A
  1. all have 1 centre and calcaneus has 2, one for body and one for tuber calcanei
61
Q

What are the different movements are the tarsus joint?

A
  1. Tarsus crural joint
  2. proximal intertarsal joint
  3. Distal intertarsal joint
  4. Tarso metatarsal joint
62
Q

Support in the tarsus joint

A
  1. Collateral ligaments: lateral ad medial. Extends from tibia to 5th (lateral and 2nd on medial
  2. Short = intertarsal tiny ligaments = bridge bones
  3. plantar ligament = calcaneus bone to metatarsal bone. Contracts pull on calcaneun tuberosity
  4. Fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of joint capsule
  5. Retinaculum = dorsal aspect
63
Q

Bicep femoris OIAI

A
  1. extrinsic muscle, limb retractor/ hip extensor
  2. Biceps Femoris = 2 heads
    O = Large cranial head arises from sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity. Small caudal = ischiatic tuberosity
    I = By a tendinous sheet onto the fascia lata and cural fascia. Also contributes to calcaneal tendon which inserts onto calcaneal tuberosity
    A = Extend hip, stifle, tarsal joint. Flex stifle
    Innnnervation = sciatic nerve
64
Q

Semitendinosus

A
  1. extrinsic muscle, limb retractor/ hip extensor
    O = ischiatic tuberosity
    I = tibia: disto-cranial border of the tibia. The medial surface of the body of the tibia and the tuber calcanei by means of the crural fascia.
    Yellow tendon extension that inserts onto hock
    A = extend hip, flex stifle, extend hock
    Innervation = sciatic nerve
65
Q

Semimembranosus

A
  1. extrinsic muscle, limb retractor/ hip extensor
  2. 2 heads
  3. O = ischiatic tuberosity
    I = distal medial lip of caudal rough surface of femur and the medial condyle of the tibia
    A = Extend hip:
    part attached to femur extends stifle, part that attached to fibia flexes or extedns stifle, depending on limb position
    INNNNN = sciatic nerve

First year semester 2 (50 decks)

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