nerves and vessels Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Label these major vessels
A
2
Q
How is the nervous system divided
A
3
Q
how are lymphatic vessels organised within the body
A
4
Q
what do arteries and arterioles do
A
Deliver oxygen-rich blood and nutrients from heart to organs and tissues except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood
5
Q
which is the true anaotomical end arteries
A
centeral retinal artery
6
Q
why is the central retinal artery the true anatomical end artery
A
no anastomosis
7
Q
what is anastomosis
A
connection between two blood vessels
8
Q
what are functional end arteries and why are they not true anatomical end arteries
A
coronary arteries but they have anastomosis
9
Q
what do venules and veins do
A
take deoxygenated blood back to heart except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood
10
Q
what do capillaries do
A
Exchange of gases and transfer of nutrients between blood and tissues and Link arterioles to venules
11
Q
what are the two atrioventricular valves
A
tricuspid and bicuspid valves
12
Q
what are atrioventricular valves
A
separate atria from ventricles
13
Q
what is the tricuspid valve
A
- three cusps that. tether valve to papilary muscle
- prevents blood backflow into right atrium
14
Q
what is the bicuspid valve
A
- two cusps- anterior and prosterior leaflet
- have chordae tendineae
- prevents backflow into the left atrium
15
Q
what are semilunar valves
A
where major arteries leave ventricles
16
Q
what are the 2 semilunar valves
A
pulmonary and aortic
17
Q
what is the pulmonary valve
A
- three half mooon shaped cusps
- prevents blood backlfow into right ventricle
18
Q
what is the aortic valve
A
three cusps
prevent backflow into the left ventricle
19
Q
how does blood flow through the body
A
- Deoxygenated blood enters right side of heart via superior, inferior vena cava (veins) → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → alveoli
- Oxygenated blood travels through pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid/mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → organs, tissues
- Deoxygenated blood returns to heart
20
Q
what is is pressure like in systemic circulation
A
low
21
Q
what happens in systemic circulation
A
right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary circulation to collect oxygen
22
Q
what is the flow of blood in systemic circulation
A
right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs
23
Q
what is the pressure like in pulmonary circulation
A
high
24
Q
what happens during pulmonary circulation
A
left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to systemic circulation
25
what is the flow of blood during pulmonary circulation
pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body
26
label this neurone
27
what is the role of a neurone
responsible for transmitting signals as electrical or chemical signals
28
what is the function of the cell body of a neurone
Holds nucleus. It is the site of protein synthesis, which occurs on small granules of rough endoplasmic reticulum
29
what happens when neuronal cell bodies group together in the CNS
its called a nucleus
30
what is a ganglion
when many neuronal cell bodies group together in the PNS
31
what are dendrites
elongated portions of the cell body. They extend outwards, receiving input from the environment and from other neurones. these processes originate from the soma and extend outwards
32
what are the functions of dendrites
They transmit signals received from other neurones to the soma.
33
what is an axon
The axon is a long, thin structure down which action potentials (the nerve impulse) are conducted. Whilst neurones have many dendrites, most cells only have one axon.
34
what is the mylein sheath made out of in the CNS
oligodendorcytes
35
t is the myelin sheath made out of in the PNS
schwann cells
36
what are nodes of ranvier
gaps in between the mylein sheath
37
what are features of axon terminals
where neurone sens chemical signals
many mitochondria
38
what are the layers of connective tissues within the axon
- **Endoneurium** – Surrounds the axon of an individual neurone.
- **Perineurium** – Surrounds a fascicle, which is a collection of neurones.
- **Epineurium** – Surrounds the entire nerve, which is formed by a collection of fascicles.
39
what is a unipolar neurone
the cell body is at one end of a single unbranched axon, and there are no dendrites.
40
the pseudounipolar neurone
They have one axon which is divided into two branches by the presence of the cell body. Sensory neurones are all pseudounipolar.
41
wat are bipolar neuroes
These neurones have two processes arising from a central cell body – typically one axon and one dendrite.
42
what are multipolar neurones
They have one axon and many dendrites, with a cell body displaced to one side of the axon. Motor neurones are a prime example of this.
43
what are the 3 functional classifications of nerves
sensory
motor
relay
44
what are sensory nerves
found in the PNS
small axons
psuedounipolar
45
what are motor nerves
large axons
multipolar
found in the pNS
46
what are relay nerves
central cell body
many dendrites
found in. theCNS
47
what are the 3 types of glial cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
48
what are astrocystes
star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal chord
49
what is the functions of astrocytes
metabolic support- store glycogen
regulation of ionic environment- remove excess K+
neurotransmitter uptake
modulation of synaptic transmission- release ATP
promotion of myelination
50
what is the function of oligodendrocytes
insulate axons in the CNS
51
what do microglia do
These cells form the resident immune system of the brain. They are activated in response to tissue damage and have the capability to recognise foreign antigens and initiate phagocytosis to remove foreign material.
52
what is a synapse
a gap that is present between two neurones
53
what is neurotransmission
Neurotransmission starts with the release of a readily available neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neurone, followed by its diffusion and binding to the postsynaptic receptors. Then the postsynaptic cell responds appropriately, whereas neurotransmitter is removed or deactivated to allow the entire cycle to occur again.
54
what does the somatic nervous system of the PNS do
is responsible for voluntary, conscious control of skeletal muscles (effector organ).
55
what does the autonomic nervous system of PNS do
The autonomic (visceral) nervous system control the visceral functions of the body and acts largely unconsciously.
The efferent arm of this system can be further subdivided into the parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic (SNS) components, which control numerous smooth muscles and glands
56
what is the spinal cord
The spinal cord is a tubular bundle of nervous tissue and supporting cells that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar vertebrae
57
what is a dermatome
An individual area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve [primary ramus]; this being the area of skin responsible for sensory input to the dorsal root.
58
what is a myotome
An individual set of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve [primary ramus]
59
Outline the basic mechanism of referred pain
The referred pain occurs because of multiple primary sensory neurons converging on a single ascending tract. When the painful stimuli arise in visceral receptors the brain is unable to distinguish visceral signals from the more common signals that arise from somatic receptors.
60
what is the role of the lymphatic system
It protects the body from invaders, maintains the fluid level in the body, and absorbs dietary fat from the intestine
It collects fluid lost from capillary beds and returns it back to the venous system
pathogens are trapped in lymphatic system
61
what are features of the lymphatic system
it is not a closed system
no pump like the heart
thin walls and low pressure
larger lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent backflow
62
what are the components of the lymphatic system
- lymph
- lymphocytes
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- red bone marrow
- thymus gland
- spleen
- lymph nodules
- tonsils
- lymphatic fluid
63
what are lymphatic vessels
they are porous blind ended capillaries that converge to become larger vessels. they then drain into large veins at the root of the neck at the venous angle.
lymph vessels pass through lymph nodes which act as a filter
64
what are lymphatic capillaries
are endothelial tubes with small valves. there are more valves compared to veins however are thinner than veins. the larger lymphatic vessels have three layers: tunica intima, media and adventitia
65
what are lymph nodes
- secondary lymphatic organ
- all lymph passes through
- afferent to node
- efferent away
- filters that trap phagocytose matter
- detect and defend from foreign antigens
66
what is red bone marrow
- primary lymphatic organ
- site of T and B cell differentiation and B cell maturation
- active tissue that creates RBC (hemopoiesis)
- contains specialised blood vessels (sinusoids) where new cells are released
- yellow bone marrow: no hemopoiesis, consists of mainly fat cells
67
what is the thymus gland
primary lymphatic organ in the thorax
site of t cell maturation
68
what is the spleen
- secondary lymphatic organ
- largest lymphatic organ
- the white pulp is the lymphatic tissue
- the red pulp is erythrocytes, macrophages and immune cells
- it filters blood, reacts to blood borne antigens, removes old and defective erythrocytes and recycles iron from degraded haemoglobin
69
what is lymphatic fluid
- mostly clear
- comes from tissue in capillary bed
- contains WBC
- high protein conc
70
what is chyle
- special type of lymphatic fluid
- contains fats from intestinal absorption
- found in small intestine
- fluid is milky and opaque due to large chain fatty acids coated with protein and surrounded by cholesterol (called chylomicrons)
- lymph capillaries here are called lacteals
71
what is the cisterna chyli
- the pouch in the abdomen
- drains the abdominal organs, walls, pelvis, perineum and lower limbs
- cisterna chyli → thoracic duct → left subclavian vein
72
what is the thoracic duct
- largest lymphatic channel
- drains to left subclavian
- originates from cisterna chyli
- ascends from aortic hiatus in diaghram
- many valves- beaded appearance
73
where is the left/right bronchomedisastinal trunk
- lung
- bronchi
- mediastinal structures
- thoracic wall
74
where is the left/right subclivain trunk
upper limb
superficial regions of thoracic and abdominal wall
75
where is the left and right jugular trunk
head and neck
76
what are lymph node chains
- stay in clusters, connected by chains of lymph vessels
- primary nodes are the first node or group within a chain
- terminal nodes are the last nodes
- sentinel nodes are the first lymph node draining a cancer
77
what is the strucutre of a lymph node
- hilum which has blood vessels. efferent lymphatic
- afferent lymphatic penetrate the convex side and drain into the subcapsular and medullary sinus
78
what is a lymphoid follicle
- contain germinal centre
- separated by trabecular sinus
- contain: b cells, macrophages, t cells and plasma cells
79
what are features of superficial lymphatic vessels
- more numerous than veins in the subcutaneous tissue
- converge towards and follow venous drainage
- eventually drain into deep lymphatic vessels
80
what are features of superficial lymphatic nodes
- superficial to deep fascia
- associated with superficial veins
- drain to deep nodes
81
what are features of deep lymphatic vessels
accompany arteries
receive damage from internal organs
82
what are features of deep lymphatic nodes
- closely located to vasculature and organs
- name taken from neighboring structures
83
what are lymphatic nodules
- masses of lymphocytes and macrophages
- guard against pathogenic substances
- site for initial immune response
- Congregate in response to pathogens or are permanent
84
what is lymphoedema
- blockage or damage causes swelling in limbs
- caused from: trauma, coincidental surgical injury, deliberate surgical removal e.g. cancer, infection, radiation therapy.
85
what is lymphadenopathy
- swelling of lymph nodes
- caused by infection, skin wounds, metastases, primary malignancy
- infection of nodes: lymphadenitis
- infection of vessels: lymphangitis
86
what are the 3 major branches of the aortic arch
- **Brachiocephalic artery** – supplying the right side of the head & neck and the right upper limb.
- **Left Common carotid artery** – to the left side of the head & neck.
- **Left Subclavian artery** – to the left upper limb.
87
what are 4 structures in the superior vena cava
brachiocephalic veins
left superior intercotal vein
supreme intercostal vein
azygous vein
88
what does the brachiocephalic vein do
drain blood from the upper body
89
what does the left superior intercostal vein do
collects blood from the left 2nd and 3rd intercostal vein. It drains into the left brachiocephalic vein.
90
what does the supreme intercostal vein do
drains the vein from first intercostal space directly into the brachiocephalic veins.
91
what does the azygos vein do
receiving blood from the right posterior intercostal veins. The left intercostal veins drain first into the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins before joining the azygos vein around T7-T9.
92
where is the vagus nerve
superior mediastinum
93
where is the vagus nerve
superior mediastinum
94
what are the two paths of the vagus neves
right and left
95
where is the right vagus nerve
runs parallel to the trachea and passes posteriorly to the superior vena cava and the right primary bronchus.
96
where is the left vagus nerve
enters the superior mediastinum between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. It descends anteriorly to the aortic arch, before travelling posterior to the left bronchus.
97
what are features of cardiac nevres
originate from the superior, middle and inferior cardiac ganglion and form the superficial and deep cardiac plexuses in the superior mediastinum. The superior plexus sits between the aortic arch and right pulmonary artery. The deep plexus lies on the surface of the trachea at the point of bifurcation.
98
what are hemiazygos veins
It enters the mediastinum through the left crus of the diaphragm, ascending on the left side. At the level of T8, it turns to the right and combines with the azygos vein
