thorax

Question 1

what is superior to the thoracic cage

Answer 1

neck

Question 2

what is inferior to the thoracic cage

Answer 2

abdomen closed by diaphragm

Question 3

what is lateral to the thoracic cage

Answer 3

upper limbs

Question 4

what is anterior to the thoracic cage

Answer 4

breast

Question 5

what is the contents of the thoracic cage

Answer 5

Thoracic cavity containing pleural cavities

Question 6

what are the functions of the thoracic cage

Answer 6

respiration
protection
conduit

Question 7

what are the bones of the thoracic cage

Answer 7

t1-t12 vertebrae
12 ribs
manubrium
body of sternum
xiphoid process

Question 8

what are teh soft tissues in the thoracic cage

Answer 8

3 intercostal muscles

Question 9

where is the sternal angle

Answer 9

between t4/t5
2nd rib costal cartilage joint

Question 10

what features come out of the sternal angle

Answer 10

• where the
  
  • bifurcation of trachea
  • azygous vein drains into superior vena cava
  • boundary of superior and inferior mediastinum
  • origin and end arch of the aorta
  • SVC pierces pericardium
  • pulmonary trunk are

Question 11

what does the superior opening of the thoracic cage allow

Answer 11

transit of neurovascular and organ structures from neck to thorax to leave

Question 12

where is the jugular notch

Answer 12

superior aspect of the manubrium

Question 13

what are on either sides of the juglar notch

Answer 13

sternoclavicar joints
large fossa lined with cartilage which articulate with. themedial ends of the clavicles

Question 14

what are features of the body of sternum

Answer 14

flat and elongated

Question 15

what is the name of the joint that joins the manubrium and the sternum

Answer 15

manubriosternal joint

Question 16

what is the name of the joint that joins the xiphoid process and the body of sternum

Answer 16

xiphisternal joint

Question 17

what ribs connect to the body of sternum

Answer 17

ribs 2-7

Question 18

what level is the tip of the xiphoid process at

Answer 18

t10

Question 19

what are the basic features of a typical rib

Answer 19

a wedge shaped head with two articular facets
neck
shaft is flat and curved with a groove

Question 20

what are the aytipical ribs

Answer 20

1,2,10,11,12

Question 21

what is the structure of rib 1

Answer 21

shorter and wider
one facet
2 groves on the superior (top) or rib

Question 22

what is the structure of rib 2

Answer 22

thinner
2 articular facets
rough on upper surface

Question 23

what are features of rib 10

Answer 23

one facet

Question 24

what are features of rib 11 and 12

Answer 24

no neck
one facet
rib 11 is longer

Question 25

which ribs are true ribs

Answer 25

ribs 1-7

Question 26

which ribs are false ribs

Answer 26

ribs 8-10

Question 27

which ribs are floating ribs

Answer 27

11-12

Question 28

what are feature of T1

Answer 28

only vertebrae to articulate with the 1st rib

Question 29

what are the features of t11-12

Answer 29

single pair of costal facets

Question 30

what are the features of T10

Answer 30

single pair of whole facets whch articulate with the 10th rib

Question 31

what is the joint type between vertebral bodies in the vertebral column

Answer 31

symphysis which is cartilaginous

Question 32

what is the type of joint between vertebral arches in the vertebral column

Answer 32

synovial type joint called

Question 33

what do costoverterbral joints join

Answer 33

head of rib with superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra inferor costal facet of the superior vertebra intervertebral disc separating the two vertebrae

Question 34

what do costotransverse joints join

Answer 34

thoracic vertebra with the tubercle of adjacent rib not in t11-12

Question 35

what do the external and internal intercostal muscles look like

Answer 35

Question 36

what do the external intercostal muscle attach to

Answer 36

Originate at the lower border of the rib, inserting into the superior border of the rib below.

Question 37

what do the external intercostal muscles do

Answer 37

Elevates the ribs, increasing the thoracic volume.

Question 38

how is the intercostal muscles innervated

Answer 38

intercostal nerves t1-t11

Question 39

what do the internal intercostal muscles attach to

Answer 39

Originates from the lateral edge of the costal groove and inserts into the superior surface of the rib below.

Question 40

what are the actions of the internal intercostal muscle

Answer 40

The interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage, and the interchondral part elevates the ribs.

Question 41

what are the attachments for the innermost intercostal muscle

Answer 41

Originates from the medial edge of the costal groove and inserts into the superior surface of the rib below.

Question 42

what are the actions of the innermost intercostal muscle

Answer 42

The interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage, and the interchondral part elevates the ribs.

Question 43

what does the transversus throacis attach to

Answer 43

From the posterior surface of the inferior sternum to the internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6.

Question 44

what do the subcostals atttach to

Answer 44

 These originate from the inferior surface of the lower ribs, near the angle of the rib. They then attach to the superior border of the rib 2 or 3 below

Question 45

what is the mediastinum

Answer 45

the mediastinum is divided into two parts by an imaginary line that runs from the sternal angle to the t4 vertebrae

Question 46

where is the superior mediastinum

Answer 46

extends upwards, terminating at the superior thoracic aperture

Question 47

where is the inferior mediastinum

Answer 47

extends downwards, terminating at the diaphragm. It is further subdivided into the anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum and posterior mediastinum.

Question 48

what is the lateral borders of the anterior mediastinum

Answer 48

mediastinal pleura

Question 49

what is the anterior border of the anterior mediastinum

Answer 49

Body of the sternum and the transversus thoracis muscles

Question 50

what is the posterior border of the antieror mediastinum

Answer 50

pericardium

Question 51

what is the roof of the anterior mediastinum

Answer 51

Continuous with the superior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle

Question 52

what is the floor of the anterior mediastinum

Answer 52

diaphragm

Question 53

what is the contents of the anterior mediastinum

Answer 53

no major structures

Question 54

what are the borders of the mediastinum: inferior superior anterior posterior and lateral

Answer 54

- Superior – Thoracic inlet. - Inferior – Continuous with the inferior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle. - Anterior – Manubrium of the sternum. - Posterior – Vertebral bodies of T1-4. - Lateral – Pleurae of the lungs.

Question 55

what are the contents of the superior mediastinum

Answer 55

contains neural, vascular and respiratory structures passing from the adjacent regions of the neck and abdomen

Question 56

what are features of the trachea

Answer 56

The trachea bifurcates into the primary bronchi posterior to the ascending aorta at the level of the sternal angle.

Question 57

where is the oesophagus

Answer 57

The oesophagus ascends towards the pharynx, which it joins at the level of C6.

Question 58

what are the layers of the thoracic wall

Answer 58

- skin - superficial fascia and fat - deep fascia- pectoralis fascia - muscles- pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior and intercostal muscles - endothoracic fascia - parietal pleura - pleural space - visceral pleura and lungs - intercostal nerves, prosterior and anterior intercostal arteries from T1-T11 - subcostal nerve at T12 - lateral and anterious cutaneous branches - collateral branches

Question 59

where is the neurovascular bundle found

Answer 59

between nternal and innermost intercostal muscle

Question 60

what type of nerve is at t12

Answer 60

subcostal nerve