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BIO 2010 QUIZ 7 > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons examples:

A

*Cell body
* Dendrites
* Axon
*Myelin sheath
* Nodes of Ranvier
—gaps between
myelin sheath on the axon fiber

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2
Q

*Cell body

A

contains nucleus and other
organelles

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

fan out to receive signals
from sensory receptors or other
neurons

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4
Q

Axon

A

fibers longer than dendrites,
conducts impulses away from cell body

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

formed from
membranes of tightly spiraled cells,
helps impulses travel faster on long
axons, makes nerves look white

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6
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between
myelin sheath on the axon fiber

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7
Q

The nerve impulse is dependent on ____ _____

A

concentration gradients

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8
Q

concentration gradients are maintained by ___-____ _____

A

sodium-potassium pump

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9
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

Actively transports sodium ions (Na+) outside axon and
actively transports potassium ions (K+) inside
* This creates: the charge difference!

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10
Q
  • Charge difference
A

inside of axon negative compared to
outside
* Due to unequal distribution of sodium and potassium
cause the inside to have an overall – charge where the
outside has an overall positive charge.

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11
Q

Action potential

A

or a nerve impulse uses this charge
difference to trigger quick responses throughout the body

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12
Q

Communication between cells

A

Dendrites receive the signal –> Signal travels to cell body
and is integrated –> Axons carry the signal out of cell body
–> Signal travels down axon to axon terminal where
neurotransmitters are released across synapse to
dendrites of another neural cell

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13
Q

Synapse

A

region where axon meets its target cell

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messages allowing neurons
to communicate

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15
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

transmits the signal carrying the
message

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16
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

– receives signal from presynaptic cell

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17
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

space between pre and postsynaptic cell

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18
Q

Nervous system is divided into two parts:

A

central nervous system (CNS) and
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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19
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord
* White and gray matter organization
* Cerebrum and spinal cord structure

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20
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

autonomic and somatic divisions

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21
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS) – autonomic

A

controls smooth & cardiac muscles, glands, functions
“automatically”

22
Q

PNS somatic divisions

A
  • Controls voluntary motor movements of skeletal muscles
23
Q

PNS autonomic –> Sympathetic

A

Activates the fight-or-flight response. Works reciprocally with the
parasympathetic system to maintain homeostasis

24
Q

PNS autonomic –> Parasympathetic

A

devoted to resting and digesting

25
Q

The Cerebrum (Telencephalon) is the most developed area of the brain
and is responsible for ______

A

higher mental capabilities.

26
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

controls motor functions and permits voluntary muscle control; is
responsible for abilities to think, problem solve, speak, and smell

27
Q

Parietal lobe

A

receives information from sensory receptor located in the skin and
the taste receptors in the mouth (somatosensory cortex)

28
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Interprets visual input and combines visual images with other
sensory experiences. The optic nerves split.

29
Q

Temporal lobe

A

has sensory areas for hearing and smelling. Processes auditory
information and language comprehension

30
Q

Ventricles:

A

The
interconnecting spaces that
produce and serve as a
reservoir for cerebrospinal
fluid, which cushions the
brain

31
Q

Cerebrum

A

Communicates with, and coordinates the activities of, the other parts of the
brain.

32
Q

Two halves (hemispheres), each half has a
number of lobes
* Most of the ____ is white matter (long axons of
interneurons taking impulses to and from
_____)

A

cerebrum

33
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Ensures coordinated, smooth, voluntary movements

highly convoluted outer layer
of gray matter covering the cerebrum
* Contains over a billion cell bodies
* Region that interprets and initiates sensation,
voluntary movement, and higher thought processes

34
Q

Diencephalon is composed of:

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

35
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Receiving end for all sensory input except smell
  • Integrates information and sends it to appropriate place in cerebrum
36
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Integrating center that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating sleep, hunger, thirst, body
    temperature, and water balance
37
Q

Brain stem contains ___, ___,____

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

38
Q

The brain stem connects _____

A
  • Connects rest of the brain to spinal cord
    Contains tracts that ascend or descend between spinal cord and higher
    brain centers
39
Q

Midbrain contains

A

important visual and auditory reflex centers

40
Q

Pons links ___ with ____, sleep and dreaming

A

medulla with midbrain

41
Q

Medulla oblongata contains reflex centers for

A

regulating heartbeat,
breathing, and vasoconstriction

42
Q

Reflexes are triggered by a ____ and result in a ____ response.

A

stimulus, predictable

43
Q

Reflexes are ___ and ___

A

fast and invlountary

44
Q

Reflexes have four to five main components.

A

1.Receptor
2. Afferent (sensory) neuron
3. Efferent (motor) neuron
4. Effector

45
Q

Receptor

A

A receptor detects the appropriate stimulus. pain receptors in the skin

46
Q

Afferent (sensory) neuron

A

The sensory neuron conducts the signal from the receptor to the spinal cord.

47
Q

Afferent (sensory) neuron –> Interneuron

A

maybe located within the spinal cord to receive the
signal from the sensory neuron.

The presence of an interneuron indicates a
polysynaptic reflex (aka the signal entering the interneuron triggers several responses – reaction to burning is a good example/ all your hand and arm muscles respond).

48
Q

Efferent (motor) neuron:

A

The motor neuron receives a signal from either the sensory or interneuron and carries the signal to the effector.
* If the signal passes directly from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron, it is a
monosynaptic reflex (aka a single motor response - knee jerk reaction is a good example).

49
Q

Effector

A

muscle response, The effector (what gets acted on) executes the response of the reflex. In the spinal reflexes tested in this activity, the effectors are
skeletal muscles (biceps, triceps, etc).

50
Q

Several different monosynaptic reflexes:

A

biceps brachii reflex
triceps brachii reflex
patellar reflex
calcaneal reflex
plantar reflex

51
Q
A

BIO 2010 QUIZ 7 (6 decks)

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