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Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

What elements make up the Central Nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord

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2
Q

what elements make up the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves
ganglia
enteric plexuses
sensory receptors
SNS, ANS, ENS

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3
Q

What is the somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

skeletal muscles
sensory neurons that conduct impulses from somatic and special receptors to the CNS and motor neurons

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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to muscle tissue and glands
separated into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

gastrointestinal tract
neurons in enteric plexuses in the gastrointestinal tract
operates separately from the ANS AND CNS

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6
Q

what are neurons

A

specialized cells for nerve impulse conduction

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7
Q

what are neuroglia

A

structures that support nourish and protect neurons

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8
Q

what are afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

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9
Q

what are efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

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10
Q

what are interneurons

A

connecting neurons between sensory and motor neurons

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11
Q

what are the major parts of a neuron

A

dendrite
cell body + neuron
axon
myelin sheath
axon terminal + synaptic end

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12
Q

What is the difference between multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons

A

the cell body is in different places
multipolar - in dendrite
bipolar - above axon
unipolar- alongside axon

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13
Q

What is the function of astrocytes (CNS)

A

supports neurons, protect from harmful substance, maintain proper chemical environment, form blood brain barrier

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14
Q

what is the function of Microglial cells (CNS)

A

protect CNS cells from disease by engulfing invading microbes

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15
Q

what is the function of Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

produce and maintain myelin sheath

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16
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells (CNS)

A

line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

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17
Q

what is the function of Schwann cells (PNS)

A

produce and maintain myelin sheath

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18
Q

what is the function of satellite cells (PNS)

A

support neurons in PNS ganglia regulate exchange of materials between neurons and interstitial fluid

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19
Q

what is white matter

A

primarily myelinated axons

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20
Q

what is grey matter

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia
forms H shaped inner core in spinal cord
provides thin superficial shell to cerebellum and cerebrum in brain

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21
Q

what is a ganglion

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

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22
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundle of axons located in PNS

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23
Q

define polarized

A

a cell that exhibits a membrane potential

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24
Q

what is a resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

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25
What is the process for achieving an action potential in continuous conduction
1 - Na+ channels open resulting in depolarization 2 - K+ channels open resulting in repolarization and recovery to resting impulse generated is always constant size
26
what is saltatory conduction
a nerve impulse leaps from one node of ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon
27
How does synaptic transmission occur
at the synapse and neurotransmitter is released from a presynpatic neuron to a post synaptic neuron
28
what is an excitatory neurotransmitter
depolarizes the postsynaptic neurons membrane increases the chance of once or more action potentials
29
what is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
hyperpolarizes the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron inhibiting action potential generation
30
name some important neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, neuropeptides, nitric oxide
31
what are the three layers of the meninges
protects brain and spinal cord dura mater - outer arachnoid mater - middle pia mater - inner
32
What is the name of the roots of the spinal nerves
cauda equina
33
Where does the spinal cord branch
cervical enlargement - supplies upper limbs lumbar enlargement - supplies lower limbs
34
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
35
what is the structure of spinal nerves
axons wrapped in endoneurium endoneurium arranged in bundles called fascicles fascicles wrapped in perineurium perineurium wrapped in epineurium
36
what is a reflex arc
pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
37
what is the reflex arc pathway
1 - stretch stimulates sensory receptor 2 - sensory neuron carries signal to brain 3 - integrating center in grey matter activates motor neuron 4 - motor neuron carries signal to effector 5 - effector contracts and relieves the stretching
38
how many neurons in the brain
85 billion
39
what are the four major parts of the brain
brain stem diencephalon cerebrum cerebellum
40
what is Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
clear colorless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals to neurons and neuroglia and removes waste
41
what is the site of CSF production
choroid plexus
42
where does CSF circulate
through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord and through cavities called ventricles
43
what are the three sections of the brainstem
medulla oblongata pons midbrain
44
what is the role of the midbrain
connects pons to diencephalon help coordinate muscular movements
45
what are the major regions of the diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus pineal gland
46
what is function of the thalamus
major relay station for most sensory impulses
47
what is the function of the hypothalamus
controls and intergrates activities of the autonomic nervous system controls pituitary gland + hormones regulates emotions regulates eating and drinking controls body temp regulation of circadian rhythms and consciousness
48
what is the function of the pineal gland
secretes melatonin
49
what is the function of the cerebellum
compare intended movements with what is actually happening proprioception
50
what are the folds in the cerebral cortex known as
gyri
51
what are the grooves between the folds known as
sulci
52
what fissure separates the cerebrum into right and left
longitudinal fissure
53
what is the limbic system
emotional brain
54
what is the role of the left brain
spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills and reasoning
55
what is the role of the right brain
spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content
56
what is the function of the cerebrum
perception of sensory information voluntary movements memory, personality traits, intelligence
57
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there
12
58
what is the function of the olfactory nerve (I)
sensory: smell
59
what is the function of the optic nerve (II)
sensory: vision
60
what is the function of the oculomotor nerve (III)
motor: movement of the upper eyelid and eyeball
61
what is the function of the trochlear nerve (IV)
motor: movement of the eyeball
62
what is the function of the trigeminal nerve (V)
sensory: touch, pain, temperature, proprioception motor: chewing
63
what is the function of the abducens nerve (VI)
motor: movement of eyeball
64
what is the function of the facial nerve (VII)
sensory: taste, proprioception, touch, pain, temperature motor: facial expressions, tears and saliva
65
what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
sensory vestibular: equilibrium sensory cochlear: hearing
66
what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
sensory: taste and somatic sensations, monitoring BP, O2, CO2 for breathing regulation motor: swallowing, speech, saliva
67
what is the function of the vagus nerve (X)
sensory: taste and somatic sensations from pharynx and epiglottis, monitoring of BP, O2, CO2, sensation in GI tract motor: swallowing, coughing, voice production, smooth muscle contraction, relaxation in GI tract, slowing HR, secretion of digestive fluids
68
what is the function of the accessory nerve (XI)
motor: movement of head and shoulders
69
what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)
motor: movement of tongue during speech and swallowing
70
what is the autonomic nervous system regulated by
hypothalamus and brain stem
71
what is the different between effectors in the SNS AND ANS
SNS - skeletal muscles ANS - cardiac, smooth muscle and glands
72
what is the different between type of control in the SNS AND ANS
SNS - mainly voluntary ANS - mainly involuntary
73
what is the different between neural pathway in the SNS AND ANS
SNS - one motor neuron from CNS to skeletal muscle fiber ANS - motor neuron extends from CNS to another motor neuron with a ganglion which then synapses with an effector
74
what is the different between neurotransmitters in the SNS AND ANS
SNS - acetylcholine ANS - acetylcholine or norepinephrine
75
what is a preganglionic neuron
cell bodies in CNS and axons that terminate in peripheral ganglions
76
what is a ganglion
collection of neuronal bodies found in the PNS
77
what is a postganglionic neuron
cell bodies in CNS that end in a visceral effector
78
what are the four paths a preganglionic neuron transmission can take after synapsing with a sympathetic trunk ganglion (STG)
1 - synapse with postganglionic neurons in initial STG 2 - ascend or descend to another STG before synapsing with postganglionic neurons 3 - continue without synapsing through STG to synapse with postganglionic neurons at that end 4 - terminate in adrenal medulla
79
where do nerve impulses to the parasympathetic division come from
cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments of the spinal cord
80
where do the nerve impulses to the sympathetic division come from
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
81
what are the neurotransmitters released by the ANS
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
82
what ANS neurons release acetylcholine
all preganglionic neurons all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons a few sympathetic postganglionic neurons
83
what neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons
norepinephrine
84
what is activation of the sympathetic division also known as
fight or flight
85
what is the activation of the parasympathetic division also known as
rest and digest

Biosciences 2 (11 decks)

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