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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

Transportation
Regulation - pH, temperature, water content of cells
Protection - blood clots in response to injury, white blood cells

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2
Q

What are the physical characteristics of blood

A

Viscosity greater than water
temperature - 38*
pH range - 7.35-7.45

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3
Q

What does Hematocrit refer to

A

percentage of red blood cells in whole blood

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4
Q

What are the formed elements in blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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5
Q

What percentage of body weight is blood

A

8%

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6
Q

what percentage of whole blood is blood plasma

A

55%
Formed elements make up 45%

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7
Q

what is the composition of blood plasma

A

91.5% water
7% proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
1.5% other solutes (nutrients, hormones, gases, electrolytes, waste products)

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8
Q

what is the composition of formed elements

A

platelets - 150000-400000
white blood cells - 5000-10000
red blood cells - 4.8-5.4 million

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9
Q

What are granular leukocytes

A

white blood cells that contain conspicuous granules visible under a light microscope after staining

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10
Q

What are agranular leukocytes

A

white blood cells that contain not= granules visible under a light microscope after staining

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11
Q

What Granular Leukocytes are present in whole blood

A

Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil

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12
Q

What agranular leukocytes are present in whole blood

A

monocytes
t lymphocytes (T cell)
b lymphocytes (B cell)
natural killer cells

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13
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

external physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes
Internal defenses such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever

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14
Q

What are the four main types of antimicrobial substances

A

interferons
complement system
iron-binding proteins
antimicrobial proteins

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15
Q

How does inflammation occur

A

upon tissue injury, vasodilation occurs that allows increased blood flow and permeability to allow phagocytes to access site

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16
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular antigen

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17
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity

A

B cells and T cells - both developing in primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow and thymus)

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18
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic t cells directly attack invading antigens

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19
Q

what is antibody mediated immunity

A

b cells transform into plasma cells then into antibodies

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20
Q

What is clonal selection

A

process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates into clones of cells that can recognize the same specific antigen
this gives rise to effector cells and memory cells

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21
Q

What is the function of effector cells

A

carry out immune responses

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of effector cell

A

Active helper T cell
Active cytotoxic T cell
Plasma cells - part of B cell clone

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23
Q

What are immunoglobulins

A

glyco-protien molecules produced as antibodies in response to infection

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24
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgG

A

80% of antibodies in blood
enhance phagocytosis
neutralizes toxins
triggers complement system
only class to cross placenta ensuring immune protection in newborns

25
Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgA
10-15% of antibodies in blood found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, gastrointestinal secretions Levels decrease during stress lowering resistance to infection provides localized protection
26
Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgM
5-10% of antibodies in blood first to be secreted by plasma cells after exposure to antigen activates complement and causes microbe agglutination and lysis anti-A and anti-B antibodies are IgM antibodies
27
What is the complement system
system that involves antibodies and leukocytes in the immune response
28
what is agglutination
clumping of particles by antibodies binding to antigens
29
Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgD
0.2% of antibodies in blood found on surfaces if b cells as antigen activates b cells
30
Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgE
Less than 0.1% of antibodies in blood located on mast cells and basophils involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions protection against parasitic worms
31
What is the process for the presentation of an antigen by an antigen presenting cell
1 - phagocytosis of antigen 2 - digestion of antigen into fragments 3 - synthesis and packaging of MHC molecules into vesicle 4 - vesicles containing MHC and antigens fuse 5 - antigen fragments bind to MHC 6 - vesicle splits and antigen-MHC complex is presented in plasma membrane
32
What is the process for activation and clonal selection of Helper T cells
1 - antigen presenting cell binds to inactive helper t cell via co-stimulation 2 - helper t cell is activated 3 - HTC undergoes clonal selection 4 - active helper t cells and memory helper t cells are produced
33
What is the process for activation and clonal selection for cytotoxic t cells (ctc)
1 - Inactive CTC comes into contact with infected body cell and HTC 2 - Co-stimulation provided by Interleukin-2 and HTC 3 - CTC activated 4 - CTC undergoes clonal selection 5 - active CTC and memory CTC produced
34
What is the action of a Cytotoxic T Cell via apoptosis (CTC)
1 - CTC recognises and attaches to infected cell 2 - granzymes are inserted into infected cell 3 - infected cell undergoes apoptosis 4 - microbes are released and destroyed by phagocyte
35
What is the action of a Cytotoxic T Cell via cytolysis (CTC)
1 - CTC recognises and attaches to infected cell 7 2 - Granulysin and perforin are inserted into infected cell 3 - Perforins results in cytolysis of infected cell 4 - Granulysin destroys microbes
36
What is the process for activation and clonal selection of B Cells
1 - Antigen binds to receptors on B cell membrane 2 - B cell recognizes unprocessed antigen 3 - B cell displays processed antigen which is recognized by helper t cell 4 - HTC releases co-stimulators (interleukin-2) 5 - B cell undergoes clonal selection producing plasma cells to secrete antibodies and memory b cells
37
what is the function of antigen presenting cells
processes and presents foreign antigens to T cells
38
what is the function of Helper t cells
releases co-stimulators which enhance activation and division of other immune cells
39
what is the function of Cytotoxic T Cells
Kills host cells to fight infection
40
what is the function of memory t cells
remain in lymphatic tissue to recognize original invading antigen
41
what is the function of b cells
differentiates into antibody producing plasma cell
42
what is the function of plasma cells
produces and secretes antibodies
43
what is the function of memory b cells
remains ready to produce more plasma cells in the event of further invasion
44
What is naturally acquired active immunity
Following exposure to a microbe once memory cells have been created
45
What is naturally acquired passive immunity
Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across placenta or IgA antibodies via breastmilk
46
What is artificially acquired active immunity
Antigens introduced via vaccination that result in memory cell production
47
What is artificially acquired passive immunity
Intravenous injection of antibodies
48
What is special about lymphatic tissue
specialized form of reticular connective tissue containing a large number of lymphocytes
49
What is lymph
Blood plasma that has filtered out into the interstitial fluid and then into lymphatic vessels
50
What are the functions of the lymphatic system
drains excess interstitial fluid transports dietary lipids carries out immune response
51
What are the two major ducts involved with lymphatic transport
Thoracic Duct - drains into left internal jugular and left subclavian veins Right Lymphatic Duct - drains into right internal jugular and right subclavian veins
52
What is the path of Lymphatic vessels
1 - lymphatic capillaries in tissues spaces 2 - capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels 3 - all vessels drain into thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
53
What are lymph nodes
masses of b cell and t cells surrounded by a capsule found at intervals along lymphatic vessels
54
Which two pumps aid the flow of lymph
respiratory pump skeletal muscle pump
55
Which organs are secondary lymphatic
lymph nodes spleen lymphatic nodules (site where more immune responses occur)
56
Which organs are primary lymphatic
red bone marrow thymus
57
What is the thymus
two lobed organ located posterior to the sternum containing large numbers of t cells and macrophages
58
What is the function of the spleen
largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body lies between the stomach and diaphragm important in immune activity
59
What are lymphatic nodules
egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissues not surrounded by a capsule found throughout the body

Biosciences 2 (11 decks)

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