Urinary

Question 1

What are the components of the urinary system

Answer 1

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 2

What are the functions of the kidneys

Answer 2

regulation of ion levels in blood
regulation of blood volume + BP
regulation of blood pH
production of hormones
excretion of wastes

Question 3

What is the path of urine drainage

Answer 3

collecting duct
papillary duct
minor calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder

Question 4

What are the main two sections of the kidney

Answer 4

Renal cortex (outer)
Renal Medulla (inner)

Question 5

what is the primary functional unit of the kidney

Answer 5

nephron

Question 6

what are the main structure associated with the nephron

Answer 6

bowmans capsule
glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle (descending and ascending)
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

Question 7

what are the functions of the nephron

Answer 7

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

Question 8

Where is the primary site for water reabsorption

Answer 8

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 9

where is the primary site for sodium reabsorption

Answer 9

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 10

where is the primary site for glucose reabsorption

Answer 10

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

what is the constitution of the ureter walls

Answer 11

transitional epithelium (mucosa)
smooth muscle
areolar connective tissue

Question 12

what is the correct term for releasing urine

Answer 12

micturition

Question 13

Physical characteristics of normal urine - volume

Answer 13

one to two liters in 24 hours but can vary

Question 14

Physical characteristics of normal urine - color

Answer 14

yellow or amber but varies depending on diet and concentration

Question 15

Physical characteristics of normal urine - turbidity

Answer 15

transparent when freshly passed

Question 16

Physical characteristics of normal urine - odor

Answer 16

mildly aromatic but becomes ammonia like after time

Question 17

Physical characteristics of normal urine - pH

Answer 17

ranges between 4.6 and 8.0 varying with diet

Question 18

Physical characteristics of normal urine - density

Answer 18

ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 depending on concentration of solutes

Question 19

Abnormal constituents - albumin (albuminuria)

Answer 19

found in blood plasma
indicates increase in permeability of filtering membranes
due to injury, disease, increase BP, damage to kidney cells

Question 20

Abnormal constituents - Glucose (glucosuria)

Answer 20

usually indicates diabetes mellitus

Question 21

Abnormal constituents - Red blood cells (hematuria)

Answer 21

caused by acute inflammation of urinary organs - kidney stones, tumors, trauma, kidney disease

Question 22

Abnormal constituents - white blood cells (pyuria)

Answer 22

infection in kidneys or other urinary organs

Question 23

Abnormal constituents - ketone bodies (ketonuria)

Answer 23

means body is using fat rather than glucose for energy
may indicate diabetes, anorexia, starvation or too little carbohydrate in diet

Question 24

Abnormal constituents - bilirubin (bilirubinuria)

Answer 24

comes from the breakdown of red blood cells
caused by issues in the liver

Question 25

Abnormal constituents - urobilinogen (urobilinogenuria)

Answer 25

elevated levels may be due to anemia, infectious hepatitis, obstruction of bile ducts, jaundice, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, infectious mononucleosis

Question 26

Abnormal constituents - casts

Answer 26

tiny hardened masses in the shape of a tubule flushed out by glomerular filtrate

Question 27

Abnormal constituents - Microbes

Answer 27

number and type of microbe can vary can be indicative of bacterial or fungal infection in urinary tract

Question 28

What is the neutralization reaction between acids and bases

Answer 28

Acid + Base --> Salt + Water

Question 29

what is a buffer

Answer 29

substance that acts quickly to temporarily bind H+ to reduce acidity

Question 30

How does exhaling CO2 affect pH

Answer 30

increased CO2 results in higher H+ concentration and therefore lower pH decreased CO2 results in lower H+ and higher pH

Question 31

How do the kidneys affect pH

Answer 31

kidneys secrete H+ via urine this is the slowest but also primary method for acid elimination

Question 32

define acidosis

Answer 32

systemic arterial blood pH below 7.35 causes depression of central nervous system

Question 33

define alkalosis

Answer 33

systemic arterial blood pH above 7.45 causes overexcitability of central nervous system

Question 34

what are buffer systems

Answer 34

convert strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases to prevent drastic changes in body pH

Question 35

Buffers - Proteins

Answer 35

most abundant buffer found in body cells and blood eg: hemoglobin + albumin

Question 36

Buffers - carbonic acid bicarbonate

Answer 36

most abundant in extracellular fluid regulators of blood pH

Question 37

Buffers - phosphates

Answer 37

most abundant in intracellular fluid and urine

Question 38

Buffers - exhalation of CO2

Answer 38

increased CO2 levels = higher H+ and lower pH decreased CO2 levels = lover H+ and higher pH