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DVM 2 - 2 > Nervous/Endocrine define > Flashcards

Nervous/Endocrine define Flashcards

1
Q

Dysraphia

A

= an abnormal seam
= a general term used for abnormalities arising from defective closure of the neural tube or its subsequent separation from overlying ectoderm

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2
Q

Anencephaly

A

absence of the brain

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3
Q

Prosencephalic agenesis

A

failure of neural tube closure rostrally -> absence of the forebrain (prosencephalon) and structures derived from it (e.g. cerebral hemispheres and eyes)

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4
Q

exencephaly

A

the meninges, dorsal skull bones, skeletal muscles and skin fail to develop over the missing forebrain, so that the undifferentiated neuroectodermal tissue lies exposed or protrudes from the skull

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5
Q

meningocoele

A

dorsal midline defect in the skull through which protrude fluid-filled meninges sac

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6
Q

meningoencephalocoele

A

dorsal midline defect in the skull through which protrude brain within meninges sac

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7
Q

meningomyelocoele

A

dorsal protrusion of a skin-covered sac containing spinal cord within meninges through the defect

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8
Q

spina bifida

A

any abnormality of dorsal vertebral arch formation

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9
Q

myelodysplasia

A

malformation of the spinal cord

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10
Q

syringomyelia

A

a tubular fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) in the spinal cord

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11
Q

hydromyelia

A

dilation of the central spinal canal with excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

arthrogryposis

A

crooked joint

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13
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral deviation of the vertebral column

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14
Q

kyphosis

A

dorsal deviation of the vertebral column (hump-backed)

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15
Q

lordosis

A

ventral deviation of the vertebral column

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16
Q

torticollis

A

twisting of the cervical vertebral column across its long axis

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17
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

a spectrum of forebrain (prosencephalon) malformations which typically include agenesis or severe hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs and tracts

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18
Q

cyclopia

A

there is a single large midline eye within a single orbit

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19
Q

microencephaly

A

an abnormally small (hypoplastic) brain

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20
Q

pachygyria

A

abnormally broad cerebrocortical gyri

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21
Q

microgyria

A

abnormally small and numerous cerebrocortical gyri

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22
Q

agyria/lissencephaly

A

lissencephaly = absence of cerebrocortical gyri

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23
Q

Hydranencephaly

A

lysis of brain tissue and subsequent phagocytosis -> a variable degree of cavitation of the cerebral hemispheres

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24
Q

Porencephaly

A

s a less severe form of cerebral lysis than hydranencephaly

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25
Hydroencephalus
accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranial cavity - common
26
cerebellar hypoplasia
- incomplete development of the cerebellum is a common congenital (or early post-natal) malformation in domestic animals
27
cerebellar abiotrophy
premature or accelerated atrophy of a normally formed cerebellum
28
Lysosomal Storage Disorders
lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are conditions in which substrates derived from normal cell catabolism accumulate within lysosomes rather than being degraded by lysosomal enzymes
29
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
30
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
31
encephalomyelitis
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
32
ependymitis
inflammation of the ependyma
33
choroiditis
inflammation of the choroid plexus of the ventricles
34
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
35
leptomeningitis
inflammation of the leptomeninges
36
pachymeningitis
inflammation of the pachymeninges
37
Mydriasis
dilated pupil
38
Anisocoria
uneven pupil size as seen with unilateral lesions
39
enophthalmos
○ narrowing of the palpebral fissure due to loss of smooth muscle tone in the eyelids.
40
Ptosis
rotrusion of the third eyelid - due to lack of smooth muscle tone causing its retraction
41
Miosis
narrowing of the pupil due to failure of contraction of the pupillary dilator
42
anhydrosis
lack of sweating in most animals
43
nociception
- refers to the system that carries signals of damage; it is the physiological event that accompanies pain - “Nociception is born in the dorsal horn, but we don’t call it pain till it reaches the brain”
44
Allodynia
centralised pain sensation following a normal non-painful stimulus
45
hyperalgesia
enhanced perception of pain
46
cerebral concussion
a clinical condition characterised by (usually) temporary loss of consciousness and reflex activity following sudden head injury
47
cerebral contusion
haemorrhage into the meninges and/or about superficial or deep cerebral blood vessels as a result of head trauma
48
cerebral laceration
physical tearing of brain tissue due to trauma
49
what is acute brain swelling (congestive brain swelling)
the swelling is due to increased blood volume within the blood vessels of the brain rather than the accumulation of extra-cellular or intra- cellular oedema fluid
50
excitotoxicity
hypoxia results in decrease ATP in neurons -> release glutamate -> excess release results in increase calcium into neurons -> further destruction of metabolism ->activation of catabolic enzymes -> neuronal death
51
stroke/ cerebrovascular accident
characterised by cerebral haemorrhage (from vascular tears) or infarction (focal ischaemic injury caused by vascular occlusion and reduced blood flow)
52
paresis
deficit of motor function
53
paraparesis
bilateral motor dysfunction of the pelvic limbs
54
paraplegia
loss of motor function to the pelvic limb
55
paralysis
complete loss of voluntary movement
56
hyperaesthesia
increased sensitivity of the skin
57
Nociception
perception of pain
58
ataxia
lack of coordination
59
mentation
degree of mental alertness
60
analgesia
abscence of the sense of pain
61
hypalgesia
decreased sense of pain
62
Hyperalgesia
increase sense of pain
63
nystagmus
when eyes move rapidly and uncontrollably
64
epilepsy
symptomatic, reactive, primaru (idopathic)
65
seizures
generalised - whole body affected
66
Chemosis
oedema swelling of the conjunctiva
67
hyphema
pooling of blood inside the anterior chamber of the eye
68
plegia
paralysis or absence of motor function due to neurological damage
69
paresis
weakness in muscle due to neurological damage
70
caudal fossa
the region of the brain behind the tentorium
71
Cranial fossa
the region of the brain in front of the tentorium
72
Tetraparesis/tetraplegia
- All four limbs weak or paralysed
73
Hemiparesis/Hemiplegia
- 2 limbs are weak or paralysed
74
General anaesthesia
a state of unconsciousness , produced by drugs, with absence of pain sensation over the entire body
75
Obtundation
depressed response to stimuli (intracranial disease
76
Dysphoria
inappropriate reaction to surrounding environment which may include hyperexcitability, vocalising inappropriately
77
Stupour
lack of response to all but noxious stimuli

DVM 2 - 2 (27 decks)

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