Nervous System Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Function of nervous system
A
To receive, process, transmit information within the body
2
Q
CNS
A
Central nervous system
3
Q
What is involved in the central nervous system?
A
Brain and spinal cord
4
Q
PNS
A
Peripheral nervous system
5
Q
What is involved in the peripheral nervous system?
A
Everything else
6
Q
Flow of the nervous system
A
Brain and spinal cord -> CNS <-> PNS
7
Q
Where does the flow chart go after PNS
A
Afferent (sensory) nerves -> PNS -> Efferent (motor) nerves
8
Q
Where does the flow chart go from efferent (motor) nerves?
A
To somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) -> enteric nervous system (involuntary)
9
Q
Afferent
A
Move in
10
Q
Efferent
A
Move out
11
Q
Somatic
A
Conscious control (skeletal muscle)
12
Q
Autonomic
A
Not under conscious control (viscera)
13
Q
Viscera?
A
Soft tissues and organs
14
Q
Enteric nervous system
A
Not under conscious control
15
Q
What are the type of cells in the nervous system?
A
Glial cells and neurons
16
Q
What are the type of glial cells
A
Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells
17
Q
What are the type of neurons?
A
Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar
18
Q
What are another name for glial cells?
A
Neuroglia
19
Q
What are the function of glial cells?
A
Support, nourish, and/or insulate neurons
20
Q
Astrocytes?
A
Connection between neurons and capillaries of the nervous system. Blood brain barrier (BBB)
21
Q
Microglia
A
Remove foreign material and other antigens, macrophages of NS
22
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
Insulate neurons for protection (enhance neuron function), myelin sheath
23
Q
Name of oligodendrocytes in CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes or oligodendroglia
24
Q
Name of oligodendrocytes when wrapping around axons
A
Neurolemma cells
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Name of oligodendrocytes when in periphery
Schwann cells
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How does oligodendrocytes enhance neuron function?
They enhance the speed of transmission
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Ependymal cells
Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Unipolar
One process associated with soma (split has dendrite and axon)
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Bipolar
Two processes associated with soma (one side dendrite and on side axon)
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Multipolar
Many process associated with soma
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What makes up a neuron
Cell body, axon terminal, axon, and dendrites
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What else is the cell body refer to as?
Perikaryon, soma
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What do axons do?
Send information
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What do dendrites do?
Receive information
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What else is the axon terminals referred to as?
Terminal boutons
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What do axon terminals do?
Neurotransmitter release
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What do unipolar neurons work with?
Reflexes
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What does bipolar neurons work with?
Retina
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What does multipolar neurons work with?
Everywhere
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Examples of multipolar neurons
Cerebral cortex → "pyramidal"
Cerebellum → "purkinjecells"
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What do the nodes of ranvier help with?
Allows transmission to be faster
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Collection of axons in CNS
Tract
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Collection of axons in PNS
Nerve
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Collection of soma in CNS
Nucleus
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Collection of soma in PNS
Ganglion
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Types of transfer of information?
Electrical signals and chemical signals
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Types of electrical signals?
Graded potentials and action potentials
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What are graded potentials?
Electrical excitation proportional to the magnitude of stimulus that creates them
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Where do graded potentials occur?
Dendrites and soma (synapses)
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Types of graded potentials?
Excitatory post-synaptic potentials and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
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EPSPs
Excitatory post-synaptic potentials
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IPSPs
Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
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What are action potentials?
Electrical excitation that propagates without decrement along the entire neuron (axons)
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What are chemical signals?
Neurotransmitter release from axon terminals
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What type of neurotransmitters are released chemical signals?
Excitatory or inhibitory
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What does the dorsal root carry?
Sensory neurons
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What does the ventral root carry?
Motor neurons
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What are the 2 sources of peripheral nervous system?
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves
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Spinal nerves?
Exit via spinal cord and associated closely with vertebral column ( C1,T1,L4,S5)
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Cranial nerves?
Exit via the brain
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Types of peripheral ganglia?
Paravertebral ganglia, collateral ganglia, visceral ganglia
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Other names for paravertebral ganglion
Sympathetic chain ganglion, "vertebral chain"
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Where is paravatebral ganglion found?
Close to and parallel to the spinal cord
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Another name for collateral ganglia?
Farther from spinal cord (more lateral)
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What part of the sympathetic nervous system is the collateral ganglia in?
Sympathetic nervous system
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What are examples of collateral ganglia?
Cervical, Stellate, Celiac (digestive system)
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A way to solve Rynaud’s Phenomenon?
Treatment = vasodilators
Surgery = nerve block or ganglionectomy
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What is symptoms of Rynaud’s Phenomenon?
Always have clammy/sweaty hands, always cold, always have pain in fingers
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Where is the visceral ganglia located?
Farthest from spinal cord. At, near, or within the organ of innervation
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What nervous system is visceral ganglia apart of?
Parasympathetic nervous system
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What is the basic plan of cranial nerves?
12 pairs of cranial nerves
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Who follow this basic plan?
A few anamniotes and all amniotes
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What a animals dont follow the basic plan of cranial nerves?
Primitive animals have many more than 12 pairs.
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What is an example of an animal with more than 12 pairs of cranial nerves?
A shark has 17 pairs
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Why don’t these primitive animals follow the basic plan of cranial nerves?
They have a lateral line system, which means they have more sensory nerves
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How are cranial nerves ordered?
They are numbered using Roman numerals and from anterior to postierior
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GSS
General somatic sensory
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GVS
General visceral sensory
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GSM
General somatic motor
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GVM
General visceral motor
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SSS
Special somatic sensory
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SSM
Special somatic motor
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SVS
Special visceral sensory
84
Somatic?
Voluntary
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Visceral?
Involuntary
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Special?
Senses
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General?
Other functions
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What is voluntary/somatic?
Skin, skeletal tissue (hard tissues)
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What is involuntary/visceral?
Visceral tissues, organs (soft tissues)
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Types of cranial nerves?
Terminal nerve, olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, auditory nerve,
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What is nerve 0?
Terminal nerve
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Where are terminal nerves located?
Blood vessels of olfactory epithelium
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What are terminal nerves for?
Reproductive behavior (pheromones)
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What is nerve I?
Olfactory nerve
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What type of nerve is the olfactory nerve and what is it for?
Special nerve and smell
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What is nerve II?
Optic nerve
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Where does the optic nerve end?
Optic chiasma
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What type of nerve is optic nerve and what is it for?
Special nerve and vision
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What is nerve III?
Oculomotor nerve
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What type of nerve is the oculomotor nerve and what is it for?
Motor nerve and extrinsic eye muscles (eye movement, pupil dilation)
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What is nerve IV?
Trochlear nerve
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What type of nerve os trochlear nerve and what is it for?
Motor nerve and extrinsic eye muscles (vertical eye movement)
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What is nerve V?
Trigeminal nerve
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What type of nerve is trigeminal nerve and what is it for?
Mixed (sensory and motor functions) and it has three branches (opthamic, maxillary, and mandibular)
Facial expressions
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What is nerve VI?
Abducens nerve
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What type of nerve is abducens nerve and what is it for?
Motor nerve and extrinsic eye muscles (lateral eye movements)
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What is nerve VII?
Facial nerves
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What type of nerve is facial nerves and what is it for?
Special nerve and taste buds, facial expressions
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What is nerve VIII?
Auditory nerve
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What type of nerve is auditory nerve and what is it for?
Special nerve and hearing, balance
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What is another name for auditory nerve?
Vestibulocohlear nerve
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What is nerve VIIII?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
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What type of nerve is glossopharyngeal nerve and what is it for?
Mixed (sensory and motor functions.
Special, for taste buds and swallowing
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What is nerve X?
Vagus nerve
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What type of nerve is the vagus nerve and what is it for?
Mixed (sensory and motor)
Sensation in throat and visceral muscles (s)
Vocal cords, peristalsis (m)
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Vagus nerve
Has large number of afferents and efferent from different various visceral tissues
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What nervous system is the vagus nerve in?
Parasympathetic nervous system
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What is nerve XI?
Accessory nerve (spinal accessory nerve)
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What type of nerve is the accessory nerve and what is it for?
Motor and branchiomeric (neck) muscles (head and shoulder movement)
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What is nerve XII?
Hypoglossal nerve
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What type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve and what is it for?
Motor, tongue and hyoid
Swallowing (tongue movements)
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How are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system different?
Anatomically + physiologically opposed (antagonistic)
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What are the two divisions of autonomic nervous?
Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
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What are two neurons separated by in the autonomic nervous system?
Synapse (ganglion)
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What does the first neuron do?
Contains cell bodies in CNS
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What does the second neuron do?
Contains cell bodies within the ganglion
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What divisions do both tissues get?
Both (the two divisions innervate common tissues)
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What are the exceptions of tissues that get only sympathetic innervation?
The sweat glands, adrenal medulla, and peripheral blood vessels (arterioles)
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What is adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin tissue (specialized autonomic tissue)
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What are the characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system?
Ganglia in chains on each side of the spinal cord, preganglionic fibers are short (release ACh), postganglionic fibers are long (release norepinephrine [NE]), adrenergic, and fight or flight (diffuse systemic effects)
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What is another name for sympathetic nervous system?
Thoraco-lumbar
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Where do neurons exit the sympathetic nervous system?
T1 and L2
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Type of post-ganglion if neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) “adrenergic”
134
What does the diffuse system mean?
Many organs systems are activated at once
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What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Ganglia at or near organ of innervation (visceral ganglia), preganglionic fibers are long (release ACh), postganglionic fibers are short (release ACh), cholinergic, resting state (discrete systemic effects)
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What types of post-ganglion if neuron is in the parasympathetic neuron?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
137
What is another name for the resting state (discrete systemic effects)
“Rest and digest”
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What cells are the sympathetic ganglia associated with?
Chromaffin cells
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What ganglia is absent in elasmobranch?
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
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What happens to the sympathetic chain in mammals and reptiles?
It becomes more organized and parallel to spinal cord
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What is apart of the spinal cord?
Gray matter, white matter, and meninges
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Where is the gray matter located?
Medially
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What is found in the gray matter?
Nuclei, sensory neurons found there
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Where is the white matter located?
Laterally
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What is in the white matter?
Axons, send sensory neurons
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What meninges do fish have and what does it do?
Primitive meninx and it surrounds spinal cord and brain
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What meninges do nonmammalian tetrapods have?
Dura mater and secondary meninx
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What type of meninges do mammals have?
Dura mater, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, and pia mater
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What are the three parts of the brain?
Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
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Where is the hindbrain located in the brain?
Posterior
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What are some parts of the hindbrain?
Medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum
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What are some functions of the medulla oblongata do?
Respiratory control, cranial nerve nuclei, cardiovascular control, and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) (makes you nauseous)
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What are some functions of the pons?
Connection between cerebral cortex and cerebellum
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What are some functions of the cerebellum?
Balance, posture, equilibrium, and fine motor movements
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Where is the midbrain located?
Midial
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What are apart of the midbrain?
Tectum and tegmentum
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Where is the tectum located in the midbrain?
Dorsal, “roof” of midbrain
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What are some functions of the tectum?
Coordinates visual and auditory stimuli (superior and inferior -> colliculi)
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What are some functions of the tegmentum?
Coordinate motor function (substantial Niagara, ventral tegmentum area (VTA, “reward”)
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Where is the tegmentum loacted in the midbrain?
Ventral, “floor” of midbrain
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Where is the forebrain located?
Anterior
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What are apart of the forebrain?
Telencephalon and diencephalon
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What are apart of the telencephalon?
Cerebrum, hippocampus, olfactory bulbs, cingulate cortex (limbic system)
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What are apart of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalmus
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What does the thalamus do?
Relay info to cortex
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What does the epithalmus do?
Regulated activity of epiphysis (pineal gland)
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Pallium?
Cerebral cortex and hippocampus
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Subpallium?
Basal nuclei, caudate nucleus, amygdala
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Which pallium expands in reptiles and birds?
Lateral pallium
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What pallium expands in Mammals?
Dorsal and lateral pallium
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What do mammals brains have?
Folding
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What are the raised areas of the folding called?
Gyri (gyrus)
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What are the depressed areas of the folding called?
Sulci (sulcus)
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What does the folding in the brain do?
It provides more surface area, which makes room for more neurons
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What are some areas of the brain?
Striatum + pallidum, limbic system, hypothalamus, reticular activating system (RAS)
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What is apart of the striatum?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
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What is apart of the pallidum?
Globes pallidus
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What are the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus apart of?
Basal ganglia
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Decrease dopamine in basal ganglia
Parkinson’s Disease
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What is apart of the limbic system?
Cingulate gyrus (cortex), hippocampus, thalamus, mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, and amygdala
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What does the cingulate gyrus do?
Daydream, ordering of behavior(s), and emotional memory
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What does the hippocampus do?
Learning + memory
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What does the thalamus do?
Relay to cortex
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What does the maxillary bodies do?
Recollection and feeding (hunger)
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What does hypothalamus do?
Common output of limbic system
Cardiovascular control, respiratory control, hunger, thirst, body temp, sex drive, autonomic functions, pituitary regulations “homeostasis”
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What does the amygdala do?
Fear, aggression
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What is apart of the hypothalamus?
Posterior, paraventricular, medial preoptic, supraoptic, anterior, suprachiasmatic, ventromedial, dorsomedial, and mammillary body
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What is the posterior do?
Shivering
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What does paraventricular do?
Water balance stress
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What does the medial preoptic do?
Blood pressure
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What does the supraoptic do?
Water balance
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What does the suprachiasmatic do?
Biological clock, melatonin release
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What does the anterior do?
Body temperature
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What does the ventromedial do?
Satiety (full)
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What does the dorsomedial do?
GI tract
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What does the mammillary body do?
Feeding
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What is apart of the reticular activating systems (RAS)?
Medulla, pons
Thalamus, corpus callous, cerebral cortex
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What does the reticular activating system (RAS)?
Arousal center, consciousness
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Why does a coma happen?
Damage to RAS (reticular activating system)
