Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of nervous system

A

To receive, process, transmit information within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is involved in the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is involved in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Everything else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Flow of the nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord -> CNS <-> PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the flow chart go after PNS

A

Afferent (sensory) nerves -> PNS -> Efferent (motor) nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the flow chart go from efferent (motor) nerves?

A

To somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) -> enteric nervous system (involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Afferent

A

Move in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Efferent

A

Move out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Somatic

A

Conscious control (skeletal muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Autonomic

A

Not under conscious control (viscera)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Viscera?

A

Soft tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Not under conscious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the type of cells in the nervous system?

A

Glial cells and neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the type of glial cells

A

Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the type of neurons?

A

Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are another name for glial cells?

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the function of glial cells?

A

Support, nourish, and/or insulate neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Astrocytes?

A

Connection between neurons and capillaries of the nervous system. Blood brain barrier (BBB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Microglia

A

Remove foreign material and other antigens, macrophages of NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Insulate neurons for protection (enhance neuron function), myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name of oligodendrocytes in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes or oligodendroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name of oligodendrocytes when wrapping around axons

A

Neurolemma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name of oligodendrocytes when in periphery

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does oligodendrocytes enhance neuron function?

A

They enhance the speed of transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Unipolar

A

One process associated with soma (split has dendrite and axon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bipolar

A

Two processes associated with soma (one side dendrite and on side axon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Multipolar

A

Many process associated with soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What makes up a neuron

A

Cell body, axon terminal, axon, and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What else is the cell body refer to as?

A

Perikaryon, soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do axons do?

A

Send information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Receive information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What else is the axon terminals referred to as?

A

Terminal boutons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do axon terminals do?

A

Neurotransmitter release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do unipolar neurons work with?

A

Reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does bipolar neurons work with?

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does multipolar neurons work with?

A

Everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Examples of multipolar neurons

A

Cerebral cortex → “pyramidal”
Cerebellum → “purkinjecells”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do the nodes of ranvier help with?

A

Allows transmission to be faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Collection of axons in CNS

A

Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Collection of axons in PNS

A

Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Collection of soma in CNS

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Collection of soma in PNS

A

Ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Types of transfer of information?

A

Electrical signals and chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Types of electrical signals?

A

Graded potentials and action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Electrical excitation proportional to the magnitude of stimulus that creates them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where do graded potentials occur?

A

Dendrites and soma (synapses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Types of graded potentials?

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

EPSPs

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

IPSPs

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Electrical excitation that propagates without decrement along the entire neuron (axons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are chemical signals?

A

Neurotransmitter release from axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are released chemical signals?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does the dorsal root carry?

A

Sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does the ventral root carry?

A

Motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the 2 sources of peripheral nervous system?

A

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Spinal nerves?

A

Exit via spinal cord and associated closely with vertebral column ( C1,T1,L4,S5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Cranial nerves?

A

Exit via the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Types of peripheral ganglia?

A

Paravertebral ganglia, collateral ganglia, visceral ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Other names for paravertebral ganglion

A

Sympathetic chain ganglion, “vertebral chain”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Where is paravatebral ganglion found?

A

Close to and parallel to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Another name for collateral ganglia?

A

Farther from spinal cord (more lateral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What part of the sympathetic nervous system is the collateral ganglia in?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are examples of collateral ganglia?

A

Cervical, Stellate, Celiac (digestive system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

A way to solve Rynaud’s Phenomenon?

A

Treatment = vasodilators
Surgery = nerve block or ganglionectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is symptoms of Rynaud’s Phenomenon?

A

Always have clammy/sweaty hands, always cold, always have pain in fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where is the visceral ganglia located?

A

Farthest from spinal cord. At, near, or within the organ of innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What nervous system is visceral ganglia apart of?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the basic plan of cranial nerves?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Who follow this basic plan?

A

A few anamniotes and all amniotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What a animals dont follow the basic plan of cranial nerves?

A

Primitive animals have many more than 12 pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is an example of an animal with more than 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

A

A shark has 17 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Why don’t these primitive animals follow the basic plan of cranial nerves?

A

They have a lateral line system, which means they have more sensory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

How are cranial nerves ordered?

A

They are numbered using Roman numerals and from anterior to postierior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

GSS

A

General somatic sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

GVS

A

General visceral sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

GSM

A

General somatic motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

GVM

A

General visceral motor

81
Q

SSS

A

Special somatic sensory

82
Q

SSM

A

Special somatic motor

83
Q

SVS

A

Special visceral sensory

84
Q

Somatic?

A

Voluntary

85
Q

Visceral?

A

Involuntary

86
Q

Special?

A

Senses

87
Q

General?

A

Other functions

88
Q

What is voluntary/somatic?

A

Skin, skeletal tissue (hard tissues)

89
Q

What is involuntary/visceral?

A

Visceral tissues, organs (soft tissues)

90
Q

Types of cranial nerves?

A

Terminal nerve, olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, auditory nerve,

91
Q

What is nerve 0?

A

Terminal nerve

92
Q

Where are terminal nerves located?

A

Blood vessels of olfactory epithelium

93
Q

What are terminal nerves for?

A

Reproductive behavior (pheromones)

94
Q

What is nerve I?

A

Olfactory nerve

95
Q

What type of nerve is the olfactory nerve and what is it for?

A

Special nerve and smell

96
Q

What is nerve II?

A

Optic nerve

97
Q

Where does the optic nerve end?

A

Optic chiasma

98
Q

What type of nerve is optic nerve and what is it for?

A

Special nerve and vision

99
Q

What is nerve III?

A

Oculomotor nerve

100
Q

What type of nerve is the oculomotor nerve and what is it for?

A

Motor nerve and extrinsic eye muscles (eye movement, pupil dilation)

101
Q

What is nerve IV?

A

Trochlear nerve

102
Q

What type of nerve os trochlear nerve and what is it for?

A

Motor nerve and extrinsic eye muscles (vertical eye movement)

103
Q

What is nerve V?

A

Trigeminal nerve

104
Q

What type of nerve is trigeminal nerve and what is it for?

A

Mixed (sensory and motor functions) and it has three branches (opthamic, maxillary, and mandibular)
Facial expressions

105
Q

What is nerve VI?

A

Abducens nerve

106
Q

What type of nerve is abducens nerve and what is it for?

A

Motor nerve and extrinsic eye muscles (lateral eye movements)

107
Q

What is nerve VII?

A

Facial nerves

108
Q

What type of nerve is facial nerves and what is it for?

A

Special nerve and taste buds, facial expressions

109
Q

What is nerve VIII?

A

Auditory nerve

110
Q

What type of nerve is auditory nerve and what is it for?

A

Special nerve and hearing, balance

111
Q

What is another name for auditory nerve?

A

Vestibulocohlear nerve

112
Q

What is nerve VIIII?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

113
Q

What type of nerve is glossopharyngeal nerve and what is it for?

A

Mixed (sensory and motor functions.
Special, for taste buds and swallowing

114
Q

What is nerve X?

A

Vagus nerve

115
Q

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve and what is it for?

A

Mixed (sensory and motor)
Sensation in throat and visceral muscles (s)
Vocal cords, peristalsis (m)

116
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Has large number of afferents and efferent from different various visceral tissues

117
Q

What nervous system is the vagus nerve in?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

118
Q

What is nerve XI?

A

Accessory nerve (spinal accessory nerve)

119
Q

What type of nerve is the accessory nerve and what is it for?

A

Motor and branchiomeric (neck) muscles (head and shoulder movement)

120
Q

What is nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

121
Q

What type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve and what is it for?

A

Motor, tongue and hyoid
Swallowing (tongue movements)

122
Q

How are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system different?

A

Anatomically + physiologically opposed (antagonistic)

123
Q

What are the two divisions of autonomic nervous?

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

124
Q

What are two neurons separated by in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Synapse (ganglion)

125
Q

What does the first neuron do?

A

Contains cell bodies in CNS

126
Q

What does the second neuron do?

A

Contains cell bodies within the ganglion

127
Q

What divisions do both tissues get?

A

Both (the two divisions innervate common tissues)

128
Q

What are the exceptions of tissues that get only sympathetic innervation?

A

The sweat glands, adrenal medulla, and peripheral blood vessels (arterioles)

129
Q

What is adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin tissue (specialized autonomic tissue)

130
Q

What are the characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Ganglia in chains on each side of the spinal cord, preganglionic fibers are short (release ACh), postganglionic fibers are long (release norepinephrine [NE]), adrenergic, and fight or flight (diffuse systemic effects)

131
Q

What is another name for sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoraco-lumbar

132
Q

Where do neurons exit the sympathetic nervous system?

A

T1 and L2

133
Q

Type of post-ganglion if neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) “adrenergic”

134
Q

What does the diffuse system mean?

A

Many organs systems are activated at once

135
Q

What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Ganglia at or near organ of innervation (visceral ganglia), preganglionic fibers are long (release ACh), postganglionic fibers are short (release ACh), cholinergic, resting state (discrete systemic effects)

136
Q

What types of post-ganglion if neuron is in the parasympathetic neuron?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

137
Q

What is another name for the resting state (discrete systemic effects)

A

“Rest and digest”

138
Q

What cells are the sympathetic ganglia associated with?

A

Chromaffin cells

139
Q

What ganglia is absent in elasmobranch?

A

Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

140
Q

What happens to the sympathetic chain in mammals and reptiles?

A

It becomes more organized and parallel to spinal cord

141
Q

What is apart of the spinal cord?

A

Gray matter, white matter, and meninges

142
Q

Where is the gray matter located?

A

Medially

143
Q

What is found in the gray matter?

A

Nuclei, sensory neurons found there

144
Q

Where is the white matter located?

A

Laterally

145
Q

What is in the white matter?

A

Axons, send sensory neurons

146
Q

What meninges do fish have and what does it do?

A

Primitive meninx and it surrounds spinal cord and brain

147
Q

What meninges do nonmammalian tetrapods have?

A

Dura mater and secondary meninx

148
Q

What type of meninges do mammals have?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, and pia mater

149
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

150
Q

Where is the hindbrain located in the brain?

A

Posterior

151
Q

What are some parts of the hindbrain?

A

Medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum

152
Q

What are some functions of the medulla oblongata do?

A

Respiratory control, cranial nerve nuclei, cardiovascular control, and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) (makes you nauseous)

153
Q

What are some functions of the pons?

A

Connection between cerebral cortex and cerebellum

154
Q

What are some functions of the cerebellum?

A

Balance, posture, equilibrium, and fine motor movements

155
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

Midial

156
Q

What are apart of the midbrain?

A

Tectum and tegmentum

157
Q

Where is the tectum located in the midbrain?

A

Dorsal, “roof” of midbrain

158
Q

What are some functions of the tectum?

A

Coordinates visual and auditory stimuli (superior and inferior -> colliculi)

159
Q

What are some functions of the tegmentum?

A

Coordinate motor function (substantial Niagara, ventral tegmentum area (VTA, “reward”)

160
Q

Where is the tegmentum loacted in the midbrain?

A

Ventral, “floor” of midbrain

161
Q

Where is the forebrain located?

A

Anterior

162
Q

What are apart of the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

163
Q

What are apart of the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum, hippocampus, olfactory bulbs, cingulate cortex (limbic system)

164
Q

What are apart of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalmus

165
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Relay info to cortex

166
Q

What does the epithalmus do?

A

Regulated activity of epiphysis (pineal gland)

167
Q

Pallium?

A

Cerebral cortex and hippocampus

168
Q

Subpallium?

A

Basal nuclei, caudate nucleus, amygdala

169
Q

Which pallium expands in reptiles and birds?

A

Lateral pallium

170
Q

What pallium expands in Mammals?

A

Dorsal and lateral pallium

171
Q

What do mammals brains have?

A

Folding

172
Q

What are the raised areas of the folding called?

A

Gyri (gyrus)

173
Q

What are the depressed areas of the folding called?

A

Sulci (sulcus)

174
Q

What does the folding in the brain do?

A

It provides more surface area, which makes room for more neurons

175
Q

What are some areas of the brain?

A

Striatum + pallidum, limbic system, hypothalamus, reticular activating system (RAS)

176
Q

What is apart of the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

177
Q

What is apart of the pallidum?

A

Globes pallidus

178
Q

What are the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus apart of?

A

Basal ganglia

179
Q

Decrease dopamine in basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s Disease

180
Q

What is apart of the limbic system?

A

Cingulate gyrus (cortex), hippocampus, thalamus, mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, and amygdala

181
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus do?

A

Daydream, ordering of behavior(s), and emotional memory

182
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Learning + memory

183
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Relay to cortex

184
Q

What does the maxillary bodies do?

A

Recollection and feeding (hunger)

185
Q

What does hypothalamus do?

A

Common output of limbic system
Cardiovascular control, respiratory control, hunger, thirst, body temp, sex drive, autonomic functions, pituitary regulations “homeostasis”

186
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Fear, aggression

187
Q

What is apart of the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior, paraventricular, medial preoptic, supraoptic, anterior, suprachiasmatic, ventromedial, dorsomedial, and mammillary body

188
Q

What is the posterior do?

A

Shivering

189
Q

What does paraventricular do?

A

Water balance stress

190
Q

What does the medial preoptic do?

A

Blood pressure

191
Q

What does the supraoptic do?

A

Water balance

192
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic do?

A

Biological clock, melatonin release

193
Q

What does the anterior do?

A

Body temperature

194
Q

What does the ventromedial do?

A

Satiety (full)

195
Q

What does the dorsomedial do?

A

GI tract

196
Q

What does the mammillary body do?

A

Feeding

197
Q

What is apart of the reticular activating systems (RAS)?

A

Medulla, pons
Thalamus, corpus callous, cerebral cortex

198
Q

What does the reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

Arousal center, consciousness

199
Q

Why does a coma happen?

A

Damage to RAS (reticular activating system)

Anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions