Nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
These neurons have usually have one axon and several dendrites
A
motor neurons
2
Q
transmits signals a long distance from the neuron to the area to be activated
A
axon
3
Q
axon is covered with a insulating fatty layer called a
A
myelin sheath
4
Q
are short and unsheathed part of the neuron
A
Dendrites
5
Q
Motor neurons cause
A
muscle contractions
control secretions from glands and organs
6
Q
These neurons do not have true dendrites. They are attached to sensory receptors and transmit impulses to the central nervous system
A
Sensory neurons
7
Q
Sensory neurons are attached to
A
sensory receptor
8
Q
NERVE RECEPTORS > __________ NEURONS > _______NEURONS > _________NEURONS
A
Sensory, Inter-, Motor
9
Q
are located entirely within the central nervous system. They intercept the
impulses from the sensory neurons and transmit the signals to the motor neurons.
A
Interneurons
10
Q
, only found on peripheral nerves which can regenerate
A
Schwann cells
11
Q
a fatty layer of insulation on some
nerve fibers
A
Myelin sheath
12
Q
These nerves conduct impulses to the central nervous system
A
AFFERENT nerves
13
Q
These nerves conduct impulses to the muscles, organs, and glands.
A
EFFERENT nerves
14
Q
A bundle of nerve fibers is simply called a
A
nerve
15
Q
Nerve impulses are transmitted via branches called
A
synapses
16
Q
The synapses are __________… hooking dendrites and axons from one neuron to another.
A
connectors
17
Q
The number of synapses
influences
A
transmission
18
Q
the central nervous system receive impulses, process the information, and respond with the appropriate action
A
brain and spinal cord
19
Q
_____ _________ of the brain and spinal cord consists of unsheathed nerve fibers (cannot be regenerated if damaged) in the cortex or surface layer
A
Gray matter
20
Q
Gray matter of the brain and spinal cord consists of unsheathed nerve fibers n the
A
cortex or surface layer
21
Q
makes up the internal structure, and consists of myelinated nerve fibers.
A
white matter
22
Q
The brain and spinal cord are
enclosed by 3 membranes,
collectively known as the
A
meninges
23
Q
the outside membrane is the
A
dura mater
24
Q
the middle membrane is the
A
arachnoid
25
the inside membrane is the
pia mater
26
governs all sensory and motor
activity which includes sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements
cerebrum
27
cerebrum Taking up of the _____ brain’s weight
7/8
28
The cerebrum is divided into the l______ & _____hemispheres
left and right
29
cortex is arranged in bulging folds, each one called a
gyrus
30
the furrows, each one called a
sulcus
31
The surface of the brain is called the
Cortex
32
The cortex is also divided into 4 lobes that correspond to the overlying bones of the skull:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
33
This lobe specializes in motor activity,
personality, and speech
Frontal lobe
34
This lobe is where s where language, temperature, pressure, touch are interpreted;
Parietal lobe
35
This lobe contains centers for hearing, smell, and language input
Temporal lobe
36
This lobe specializes in vision
Occipital lobe
37
the second largest part of the brain which contains nerve fibers that connect it to every part of the central
nervous system.
cerebellum
38
This part of the brain coordinates voluntary and involuntary patterns of movements. It also adjusts muscles to automatically maintain posture
cerebellum
39
refers to the thalamus, epithalamus
and hypothalamus.
diencephalon
40
the relay center for all sensory impulses except olfactory (sense of smell) and motor areas of the cortex.
thalamus
41
regulates behavior and emotional expression, body temperature,
and many metabolic activities
hypothalamus
42
hypothalamus is Attached to the ____________ ______, it also controls
hormonal secretions of this gland.
pituitary gland
43
brainstem consists of 3 structures:
gray matter of the midbrain
white matter of the pons
medulla oblongata
44
control visual reflexes and sense of hearing
gray matter of the midbrain
45
plays a role in regulating visceral (internal organ) control.
white matter of the pons
46
connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord. It regulates breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
medulla oblongata
47
The spinal cord has ____ segments
31
48
__ cervical segments to the vertebrae; ____ thoracic segments
___ lumbar segments
___ sacral segments
__ coccygeal segment.
8
12
5
5
1
49
The 44 cm long spinal cord is shorter than the ________ ________
spinal column
50
At each segment of the spinal cord, left and right pairs of sensory and motor nerves branch out and connect to the
Peripheral NS
51
A colorless fluid is produced in the ventricles of the brain; it surrounds the brain and spinal cord which cushions the brain and cord from
shocks that could cause injury
Cerebrospinal fluid
52
Cerebrospinal fluid is maintained at a level around ____-___ cup.
1/2 - 2/3
53
The network of nerves branching out
throughout the body from the brain and spinal cord is called the
peripheral nervous system.
54
there are _____ pairs of cranial nerves that attach to the brain:
12
55
This cranial nerve carries sensory input for smell
olfactory nerve
56
This cranial nerve carries sensory input for vision
optic nerve
57
This cranial nerve controls muscles
of the eye and eyelid
oculomotor nerve
58
This cranial nerve controls the eyeball
trochlear nerve
59
This cranial nerve controls the face, nose, mouth, forehead, top of head, and jaw.
trigeminal nerve
60
This cranial nerve controls muscles of the face and scalp, and part of the tongue for sense of taste.
facial nerve
61
This cranial nerve provides sensory
input for hearing and equilibrium.
auditory or cochlear nerve
62
This cranial nerve controls saliva, swallowing, and taste.
glossopharyngeal nerve
63
This cranial nerve is the longest cranial nerve, extending to and controlling the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines.
vagus nerve
64
This cranial nerve permits movement of the head and shoulders.
accessory nerve
65
This cranial nerve controls the muscles of the tongue.
hypoglassal nerve
66
a part of the peripheral nervous system which controls the involuntary bodily functions
autonomic nervous system
67
autonomic nervous system is divided into 2 parts which are
the ‘sympathetic’ and
‘parasympathetic’ divisions.
68
Responsible for the ‘flight or fight’
responses. It increased alertness, metabolic rate, respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and sweating and a decrease in digestive and urinary function.
sympathetic nervous system
69
counteracts the responses of the
sympathetic system… restoring homeostasis
parasympathetic nervous system
70
primary process is to stimulate the
body's fight-flight-or-freeze response.
sympathetic nervous system
71
functions to regulate the body's
unconscious actions.
autonomic nervous system
72
This system relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy
functions.
parasympathetic nervous system
73
* Sympathetic nervous system originates in the
spinal cord
74
The cell bodies of the first neuron (the preganglionic neuron) are
located in the
thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.
75
Axons from these neurons project to a chain of ________ located near
the spinal cord
ganglia
76
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones to accelerate the heart rate
epinephrine and norepinephrine
77
catecholamines produced by the SNS are
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
78
results from an increase in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, and perhaps from a decrease in
activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
reduced heart rate
79
After the _________ sends a distress signal→the ________________
activates the sympathetic nervous system by sending signals through
the _________ nerves to the _________ glands.
amygdala ; hypothalamus; autonomic, adrenal
80
a collection of cells near the base of the brain. This is where emotions are given meaning, remembered, and attached to associations and responses to them
* Amygdala
81
* Amygdala is -considered to be part of the brain's
limbic system
82
This causes a temporary decrease in the amount of blood pumped by the heart.
Valsalva maneuver
83
True or false
If the sympathetic nervous system is damaged, however, the blood vessels constrict and blood pressure progressively decreases
False, Blood vessels does not constrict
84
a breathing method that may slow your heart when it's beating too fast.
Valsalva maneuver
85
True or False
In Valsalva maneuver, you breathe out weakly through your mouth while holding your nose open. This creates a forceful strain that can trigger your heart to react and go back into normal rhythm.
False,
breathe out strongly
holding your nose tightly closed
86
performed by moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing one's mouth, pinching one's nose shut while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon
Valsalva maneuver
87
The heart is innervated
vagal and sympathetic fibers
88
primarily innervates the SA node
Right vagus nerve
89
innervates the AV
Left vagus nerves
90
releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate
the heart rate.
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
91
releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate.
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
92
Pain stimulates the sympathetic nervous system→which in turn increases ________ ______ _____ and causes ____________ ______________
heart rate (HR)
peripheral vasoconstriction
93
The main drugs that have been clearly shown to affect SNS function are
beta-blockers
alpha-blockers
centrally acting drugs
94
Beta blockers, also known as
beta-adrenergic blocking agents
95
are medications that reduce your blood pressure.
Beta blockers
96
are medications that reduce your blood pressure.
Beta blockers
97
Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone
epinephrine
98
epinephrine other term is
adrenaline
99
Beta blockers cause your heart to beat more slowly and with less force which
lowers blood pressure.
100
Examples of beta blockers
Acebutolol (Sectral) AS
Atenolol (Tenormin) AT
Bisoprolol (Zebeta) BZ
Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) ML
Nadolol (Corgard) NC
Nebivolol (Bystolic) NB
Propranolol (Inderal, InnoPran XL) PI
101
are used in combination with other drugs to treat high blood pressure and can treat prostate problems in men.
ALPHA BLOCKERS
102
ALPHA BLOCKERS lowers ______ __________ by keeping the
hormone norepinephrine from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins.
blood pressure
103
ALPHA BLOCKERS lower blood pressure by keeping this hormone from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins.
norepinephrine
104
Examples of alpha blockers
Doxazosin (Cardura) DC
Prazosin (Minipress) PM
Terazosin T
105
lowers your heart rate and reduce your blood pressure. They do this by blocking signals from your brain to your nervous system that speed up
your heart and narrow your veins and arteries
CENTRAL-ACTING AGENTS
106
As a result, your heart doesn't pump as hard and your blood flows more easily through your blood vessels
CENTRAL-ACTING AGENTS
107
Examples of central-acting agents include:
Clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay) CCK
Guanfacine (Intuniv) GI
Methyldopa M
108
relating to or denoting nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter
CHOLINERGIC
109
any of various drugs that inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
CHOLINERGIC DRUG
110
the primary transmitter of nerve impulses within the parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
111
that part of the autonomic nervous system that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels,
increases bodily secretions, and slows the heart rate.
parasympathetic nervous system
112
Examples of CHOLINERGIC DRUG are
Anticholinesterase.
Eserine.
Muscarine.
Neostigmine.
Pyridostigmine
113
Adrenergic Receptors are also known as
Adrenoceptors
114
a class of G protein-coupled
receptors that are targets of many
catecholamines produced by the body, but also many medications like beta blockers, β2 agonists and α2 agonists
Adrenergic Receptors or Adrenoceptors
115
are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma
beta blockers,
β2 agonists
α2 agonists,
116
The autonomic nervous system has two main receptors types:
cholinergic receptors
adrenergic receptors.
117
those that are acted upon by natural biochemicals found in your body
adrenergic receptors
118
natural biochemicals found in your
body are called
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
119
The adrenergic receptors are divided into two types:
ALPHA
BETA.
120
Adrenergic is called the
sympathetic line (SNS)
121
Cholinergic is called the
parasympathetic line (PNS)
122
receptors binding epinephrine
adrenergic receptors
123
there are five types of adrenergic receptors are
α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3.
124
These receptors are also the targets of commonly used classes of drugs that block or stimulate signaling.
β-Adrenergic Receptors
125
often used to treat hypertension and heart failure, and to control heart rate in atrial fibrillation
β-Blockers
126
used to treat asthma.
β-agonists
127
β-Adrenergic Receptors
β-Blockers
β-agonists
128
a control system that acts largely
unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual
arousal.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
129
Within the brain, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the
hypothalamus
130
the nervous system can be divided
into the
central nervous system (brain
and spine) and peripheral nervous
system
131
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into the
sensory (afferent) pathway or the motor (efferent) pathway
132
motor pathway can be subdivided
according to whether the response is
voluntary (somatic) or involuntary
(autonomic)
133
controls involuntary processes in the body using centres located mostly within the brainstem
autonomic nervous system
134
Sympathetic nerves release ____________ to mobilise
body systems (‘fight or flight’ responses)
noradrenaline (adrenergic)
135
Parasympathetic nerves release this hormone to relax body systems and conserve energy (‘rest and digest’)
acetylcholine (cholinergic
136
a part of the brainstem responsible for coordinating many autonomic
(involuntary) activities
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
137
MEDULLA OBLONGATA includes the regulation of body activities such
as
swallowing, breathing and heart rate
138
SYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (FIGHT/FLIGHT) Decreases ________ _________ and ________ ______ to the gut in response to swallowing
salivary release & blood flow
139
in SYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (FIGHT/FLIGHT), it Increases ventilation rate and dilates airways
in response to a
reduction in blood pH
140
reduction in blood pH is caused by
increased levels of CO2
141
SYMPATHETIC RESPONSES Increases heart rate by raising the normal sinus
rhythm of the ____________ of the heart
pacemaker
142
PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (REST & DIGEST / FEED & BREED) Increases ________ _________ and ________ ______ to the gut in response to swallowing
salivary release & blood flow
143
in PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (REST & DIGEST / FEED & BREED) Lowers ventilation rate and constricts airways in response to an
increase in blood pH
144
n increase in blood pH is caused
by
lower levels of CO2
145
PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (REST & DIGEST / FEED & BREED) Reduces _______ _____ ) by lowering
the normal sinus rhythm of the pacemaker of the heart
Reduces heart rate
146
Reduces heart rate in the parasympathetic response is monitored via
vagus nerve
147
This nerve runs from the brain through the face and thorax to the abdomen.
vagus nerve
148
vagus nerve is a _______ nerve e that contains parasympathetic fibres
mixed nerve
149
VAGUS NERVE has two sensory ganglia which are
superior and the inferior ganglia
150
masses of nerve issue that transmit sensory impulses
Ganglia
151
(I) Olfactory nerve is a ________ nerve
Sensory nerve
152
(II) Optic nerve is a ________ nerve
Sensory nerve
153
(III) Oculomotor nerve is a ________ nerve
Motor nerve
154
(IV) Trochlear nerve is a ________ nerve
Motor nerve
155
(V) Trigeminal nerve is a ________ nerve
Both sensory & motor nerve
156
(VI) Abducens nerve is a ________ nerve
Motor nerve
157
(VII) Facial nerve is a ________ nerve
Both sensory & motor nerve
158
(VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve is a ________ nerve
sensory nerve
159
(iX) Glossopharyngeal nerve is a ________ nerve
Both sensory & motor nerve
160
(X) Vagus nerve is a ________ nerve
Both sensory & motor nerve
161
(XI) Spinal accessories nerve is a ________ nerve
Motor nerve
162
(XII) Hypoglossal nerve is a ________ nerve
Motor nerve
163
