Prelim - Types of CELLS Flashcards
1
Q
Father of modern Anatomy
A
ANDREAS VESALIUS
2
Q
Is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
A
Anatomy
3
Q
Is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.
A
PHYSIOLOGY
4
Q
is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye such as the heart or bones.
A
GROSS (MACROSCOPIC) ANATOMY
5
Q
Is the body’s control center.
A
Brain
6
Q
the most important organ of the
circulatory system, which helps deliver blood to the body
A
Heart
7
Q
Work with the heart to oxygenate blood.
A
Lungs
8
Q
the most important organ of the
metabolic system.
A
Liver
9
Q
Remove wastes and extra fluid from your body
A
Kidney
10
Q
Kidneys remove acid that is produced by the cells of your body and maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals—
such as _______, ___________, ___________, and ____________ —in your blood
A
sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium
11
Q
_______ can then be used to identify and locate the positions of the patient’s internal organs
A
planes
12
Q
a _______ _______ perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right
A
Sagittal Plane
13
Q
Sagittal plane is also known as
A
Longitudinal Plane
14
Q
The ________ ______ in the midline i.e. it would pass through the midline structures
A
Midsagittal plane
15
Q
Midsagittal plane is also known as
A
Median Plane
16
Q
Sagittal plane is also known as
A
parasagittal plane
17
Q
A _________ ______ is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body
into (posterior of back) and
(anterior or front) portions
A
Coronal plane
18
Q
Coronal plane is also knwon as
A
Frontal plane
19
Q
Also known as posterior or back
A
Dorsal
20
Q
Also known as anterior or front
A
Ventral
21
Q
a __________ ______ divides the body into cranial (head) and caudal
(tail) portions. It is parallel to the ground, which (in humans) separates the superior from the
inferior, or put another way, the head from the feet.
A
Transverse Plane
22
Q
Transverse plane is also known as
A
Axial plane or cross-section
23
Q
For example, if a person jumped directly up and then down, their body would be moving through the
__________ _______ in the coronal and sagittal planes.
A
transverse plane
24
Q
_____ a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint takes place in plane about it.
A
Axis
25
Passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and
transverse planes.
Sagittal Axis
26
Passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by the intersection of the frontal and
transverse planes.
Frontal axis
27
Passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and
frontal planes
Vertical Axis
28
Sole of the foot moves out
Ankle Eversion
29
The soles moves in
Ankle inversion
30
Tail is the
caudal
31
head is the
cranial
32
any motion of the limbs or other body parts that pulls away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
33
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
Adduction
34
a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment.
Flexion
35
describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.
Extension
36
the movement of the foot in a downward motion away from the body
plantar flexion
37
where the toes are brought closer to the shin.
Dorsiflexion
38
➢ Exhibits all characteristics of life
➢ Are highly organized
➢ Many become specialized for complex functions.
Cells
39
Smallest unit of life
Cell
40
➢ All living things are composed of cells
➢ Cells are the functional and structural units of organisms
➢ All cells are derived from previously existing cells.
Cell Theory
41
invented the light microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
42
first observed cells in cork
(actually saw the cell walls of dead cells)
Robert Hooke
43
proposed cell
theory
Schleiden and Schwann
44
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented
Light microscope
45
Robert Hooke was the first to observe
cells in cork
46
Scheiden and Schwann proposed
cell theory
47
the ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes.
Homeostasis
48
the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
Homeostasis
49
the condition of optimal Functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits.
Homeostasis
50
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS HAVE
AT LEAST THREE INTERDEPENDENT
Receptor, Integrating center, Effector
51
Also known as integrating center
Control center
52
generally a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, signals
an effector (e.g. muscle or an organ) to respond to the
stimuli.
Integrating center
53
generally a
region of the brain called the ______________ signals
an effector (e.g. muscle or an organ) to respond to the
stimuli.
Hypothalamus
54
Examples of effector
muscle or organ
55
a bodily function in response to cold in warm-blooded
animals.
Shivering
56
Also knwon as shivering
shuddering
57
When the core body temperature drops, the shivering
reflex is triggered to ___________ ____________. Skeletal
muscles begin to shake in small movements, creating
warmth by expending energy
maintain homeostasis
58
basic building blocks of living things.
Cell
59
smallest structural and functional unit of an
organism, typically microscopic and consisting of
cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
CElls
60
These cells are tightly
attached to one another. These are cells that come
from the surfaces of your body, such as your skin,
blood vessels, urinary tract, or organs. They serve as
a barrier between the inside and outside of your body,
and protect it from viruses. A small number of epithelial cells in your urine is normal.
Epithelial cells
61
These cells are specialized for
communication. They send and receive signals from your brain.
Neurons/Nerve cells
62
Nerve cells are also known as
neurons
63
Specialized projections called _____ allow neurons to
transmit electrical and chemical signals to other cells.
axons
64
These cells are specialized for
contraction. They are
the cells that make up muscle tissue
Muscle cells / Myocytes
65
Muscles are also known as
Myocytes
66
There are 3 types of muscle cells in the human body
: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.
67
Cardiac and skeletal myocytes are sometimes referred to as ______ _______ due to their long and
fibrous shape.
muscle fibers
68
most common cell type of
connective tissue. They produce both fibers and amorphous ground substance.
Fibroblasts
69
unique cells of the body in that they are unspecialized and have the ability to develop into
specialized cells for specific organs or to develop into
tissues.
STEM CELLS
70
able to divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue.
Stem cells
71
a type of mineralized connective tissue and a major component of the skeletal system.
Bones
72
Bone cells form bone, which is composed of a matrix
of _______ & _________ __________ minerals.
collagen and calcium phosphate
73
There are three primary types of bone cells in the body.
Osteoclast, Osteoblast, and Osteocytes
74
large cells that decompose
bone for resorption and assimilation.
Osteoclast
75
regulate bone mineralization and
produce osteoid (organic substance of bone matrix),
which mineralizes to form bone.
Osteoblast
76
Osteoblasts mature to form ____________
osteocytes
77
aid in the formation of bone and
help maintain calcium balance
Osteocytes
78
organic substance of bone matrix
osteoid
79
From transporting oxygen throughout the body to
fighting infection, _______ _____ are vital to life.
Blood cells
80
From transporting oxygen throughout the body to
fighting infection, _______ _____ are vital to life.
Blood cells
81
three major types of cells in the blood are:
RBC, WBC, and Platelets
82
determine blood type and are
also responsible for transporting oxygen to cells.
Red Blood Cells / Erythrocytes
83
immune system cells
that destroy pathogens and provide immunity
White Blood Cells / Leukocytes
84
help to clot blood and prevent
excessive blood loss due to broken or damaged blood vessels.
Platelets / Thrombocytes
85
Blood cells are produced by
Bone marrow
86
form muscle tissue, which is
important for bodily movement.
Muscle Cells
87
attaches to bones enabling voluntary movement
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
88
form involuntary cardiac muscle found in the heart. They aid in heart contraction and are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow for synchronization of the heartbeat.
Cardiac Muscle Cell
89
They are covered by connective tissue, which protects and supports the muscle fiber bundles.
Skeletal Muscle Cells
90
is not striated like
cardiac and skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle Tissue
91
________ ___________ is involuntary muscle that lines body
cavities and forms the walls of many organs (kidneys,
intestines, blood vessels, lung airways, and so on).
Smooth muscle
92
are the major cell
component of adipose tissue.
Adipocytes / Fat cells
93
contain droplets of stored fat
(triglycerides) that can be used for energy
Adipocytes
94
Other name of Adipocytes
Fat cells
95
When fat is being stored → fat cells ________ & ________. When fat is being used, these cells
________
Swell & Round,
Shrink
96
also have an endocrine function
as they produce hormones that influence sex hormone
metabolism, blood pressure regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood clotting, and cell signaling.
Adipose cells
97
composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue (dermis) and an underlying
subcutaneous layer
Skin
98
The _________ _____ of the skin is
composed of flat, squamous epithelial cells that are
closely packed together.
Outermost layer
99
basic units of the nervous system.
Nerve cells/Neurons
100
send signals among the brain, spinal cord, and
other body organs via nerve impulses.
Nerves
101
A neuron consists of two major parts:
a cell body and
nerve processes.
102
"finger-like" projections that extend from the cell body and are
able to conduct and transmit signals
Nerve processes (axons
and dendrites)
103
form the inner lining of
the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system structures. They Are responsible for angiogenesis.
They also regulate the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood and surrounding tissues, and help to regulate blood pressure.
Endothelial Cells
104
creation of new
blood vessels
Angiogenesis
105
reproductive cells produced in male and female gonads.
Sex cells or gametes
106
a sex cell that is motile and have a long, tail-like projection
Male sex cells or sperm
107
a sex cell that are non-motile
and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete.
FEmale sex cells or Ova
108
In sexual reproduction, sex cells unite during _____________ to form a new individual
Fertilization
109
Other body cells - ______________
Gametes - _________________
Mitosis
Meiosis
110
functions as both an exocrine and
endocrine organ.
Pancreas
111
produce and secrete
digestive enzymes that are transported by ducts to the
small intestine.
Exocrine Acinar cells
112
Pancreatic endocrine cells are found in small clusters called
Islets of Largerhans
113
These pancreatic endocrine cells can produce hormones like
Insulin, Glucagon, and gastrin
114
are important for regulating blood glucose concentration levels as well as for the digestion of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats.
Pancreatic cells
115
results from the development of abnormal properties in normal cells that enable them to divide
uncontrollably and spread to other locations.
Cancer
116
lose sensitivity to anti-growth
signals, proliferate rapidly, and lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death
Cancer cells
