Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Nervous System function
A
“Coordinates activities like locomotion
2
Q
Two main communication systems
A
“Endocrine system and Nervous system. “
3
Q
Speed of the nervous system
A
“Works very rapidly. “
4
Q
Message transmission in the nervous system
A
“Electrical impulses along nerves. “
5
Q
Purpose of rapid response
A
“Enables quick detection and response to stimuli
6
Q
Components of the nervous system
A
“Brain
7
Q
Function of sensory receptors
A
“Detect stimuli from the external and internal environment. “
8
Q
Examples of effectors
A
“Muscles and glands. “
9
Q
Actions of effectors
A
“Muscular contractions
10
Q
Functions of the nervous system
A
“Collect information
11
Q
Speed of information transfer in the nervous system
A
“Extremely rapid due to electric impulses. “
12
Q
Two main parts of the vertebrate nervous system
A
“Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System. “
13
Q
Components of the Central Nervous System
A
“Brain and spinal cord. “
14
Q
Components of the Peripheral Nervous System
A
“Sensory system and motor system. “
15
Q
Components of the sensory system
A
“Sensory receptors and sensory or afferent neurones. “
16
Q
Components of the motor system
A
“Motor or efferent neurones. “
17
Q
Two parts of the motor system
A
“Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. “
18
Q
Function of the somatic nervous system
A
“Carries instructions to voluntary muscles. “
19
Q
Function of the autonomic nervous system
A
“Carries instructions to involuntary muscles and glands. “
20
Q
Two parts of the autonomic nervous system
A
“Parasympathetic system and sympathetic system. “
21
Q
Function of the parasympathetic system
A
“Operates during normal relaxed circumstances. “
22
Q
Function of the sympathetic system
A
“Takes over under stressful situations and emergencies. “
23
Q
Central Nervous System protection
A
“Enclosed within the vertebral column and skull. “
24
Q
Function of the Central Nervous System
A
“Coordinates the activities of the nervous system. “
25
Information transmission to the CNS
"Sensory impulses via sensory nerves. "
26
Information transmission from the CNS
"Motor impulses via motor nerves. "
27
Structure of the spinal cord
"Cylinder of nervous tissue made of thousands of neurones. "
28
Protection of the spinal cord
"Enveloped within three membranes
29
Central canal of the spinal cord
"Filled with cerebrospinal fluid. "
30
Grey matter of the spinal cord
"Central region containing cell bodies of neurones. "
31
White matter of the spinal cord
"Lighter region surrounding grey matter
32
Functions of the spinal cord
"Coordinating simple reflex actions and acting as a pathway between spinal nerves and the brain. "
33
Average weight of the adult human brain
"1.2 to 1.4 kg. "
34
Oxygen consumption of the brain
"Consumes 25% of the body's oxygen supply. "
35
Brain composition
"Mainly neurones forming grey and white matter. "
36
Location of grey matter in the brain
"Outer region. "
37
Location of white matter in the brain
"Inner region. "
38
Hollow chambers within the brain
"Ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid. "
39
Three regions of the brain
"Forebrain
40
Spinal nerves
"Extend from the right and left sides of the spinal cord. "
41
Composition of spinal nerves
"Sensory and motor neurones (mixed nerve). "
42
Dorsal root of spinal nerve
"Contains sensory neurones bringing impulses to the spinal cord (sensory root). "
43
Ventral root of spinal nerve
"Contains motor neurones carrying impulses away from the spinal cord (motor root). "
44
Function of spinal nerve structure
"One-way system for sensory impulses to enter and motor impulses to leave the spinal cord. "
45
Dorsal root ganglion
"Swelling containing cell bodies of sensory neurones. "
46
Cranial nerves
"Part of the peripheral nervous system. "
47
Number of cranial nerve pairs in humans
"12. "
48
Function of cranial nerves
"Link the brain to receptors and effectors mainly in the head and neck. "
49
Meninges
"Membranes enveloping the spinal cord and brain. "
50
Dura mater
"Outermost
51
Pia mater
"Innermost
52
Arachnoid mater
"Fine
53
Cerebrospinal fluid function
"Acts as a shock absorber
54
Location of cerebrospinal fluid
"Spinal canal
55
Formation of cerebrospinal fluid
"Continually formed from blood in capillary networks. "
56
Functions of cerebrospinal fluid
"Bathes neurones
57
Increase in size
"Forebrain "
58
Most predominant part of the human brain
"Forebrain "
59
Parts of the forebrain
"Cerebrum
60
Halves of the cerebrum
"Right and left cerebral hemispheres. "
61
Connection between cerebral hemispheres
"Corpus callosum. "
62
Lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
"Frontal
63
Most active region of the cerebrum
"Cerebral cortex. "
64
Thickness of the cerebral cortex
"About 3 mm. "
65
Composition of the cerebral cortex
"Grey matter. "
66
Convolutions in the cerebral cortex
"Increase surface area and number of neurones. "
67
Cerebrum functions
"Coordinates voluntary and some involuntary activities. "
68
Functions of the cerebrum
"Receiving sensory information
69
Processing sensory information
"Recognizing
70
Higher mental functions
"Learning
71
Other activities of the cerebrum
"Imagination and creativity. "
72
Control of the body
"Left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side and vice versa. "
73
Association areas
"Concerned with higher mental activities. "
74
Thalamus
"Two ovoid structures at the back of the forebrain. "
75
Functions of the thalamus
"Relay centre for sensory information and coordination of outgoing motor impulses. "
76
Hypothalamus
"Region below the thalami. "
77
Function of the hypothalamus
"Main coordinating and control centre for the autonomic nervous system and homeostasis. "
78
Homeostatic regulations by the hypothalamus
"Regulates body temperature
79
Additional function of the hypothalamus
"Controls endocrine secretions. "
80
Midbrain function
"Connects the forebrain with the hindbrain and controls certain sight and hearing reflexes. "
81
Hindbrain function
"Coordinates most of the body's automatic involuntary activities. "
82
Components of the hindbrain
"Cerebellum
83
Parts of the cerebellum
"Central part and two lateral cerebellar hemispheres. "
84
Function of the cerebellum
"Controls and coordinates body posture and muscular movements
85
Pons varolii
"Broad band of fibres connecting the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. "
86
Medulla oblongata
"Posterior end of the brain continuing into the spinal cord. "
87
Function of the medulla oblongata
"Controls many involuntary movements
88
Additional function of the medulla oblongata
"Controls constriction and dilation of blood vessels (regulating blood pressure). "
89
Peripheral nervous system
"Neurological bridge between the environment and the central nervous system (sensory system) and the central nervous system and the effectors (motor system). "
90
Sensory system components
"Sensory receptors and sensory or afferent neurones. "
91
Location of some sensory receptors
"Special sense organs like eyes and ears. "
92
Motor system components
"Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. "
93
Somatic nervous system
"Network of motor or efferent neurones connecting the central nervous system to skeletal muscles. "
94
Function of the somatic nervous system
"Controls all skeletal movements
95
Autonomic nervous system
"Connects the central nervous system with glands
96
Components of the autonomic nervous system
"Motor or efferent nerve fibres from the CNS to ganglia and motor or efferent neurones from ganglia to effectors. "
97
Action of impulses in the autonomic nervous system
"May stimulate or inhibit effectors.
98
Effects of the autonomic nervous system
"The effectors that the autonomic nervous system innervates are part of internal organs like the heart and the alimentary canal. Their activities are mainly involuntary
99
Two separate systems of the autonomic nervous system
"The parasympathetic nervous system
100
Parasympathetic nervous system effects
"The effects of this nervous system dominate during normal relaxed periods. "
101
Sympathetic nervous system effects
"The effects of this nervous system dominate in times of emergency or prolonged exertion
102
Effects of the sympathetic nervous system
"The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline
103
Basic structural units of the nervous system
"The nerve cells or neurones. "
104
Specialization of neurones
"They are highly specialized for transmitting electric impulses and have therefore lost their ability to regenerate. "
105
Basic parts of a neurone
"A cell body
106
Function of dendrons
"Carry nerve impulses that their dendrites receive to the cell body. "
107
Function of the axon
"Carries electric impulses away from the cell body
108
Myelin sheath
"A fatty sheath that sometimes surrounds an axon
109
Function of the myelin sheath
"Acts as an electrical insulator and increases the speed at which impulses travel along an axon. "
110
Synaptic knobs function
"Release chemicals that bring about the transfer of electrical impulses from an axon to target cells. "
