Variations Flashcards
1
Q
What are variations?
A
“Differences observed within a species. “
2
Q
What causes variations?
A
“Inherited characteristics or environmental effects (acquired characteristics). “
3
Q
Are most features a blend?
A
“Yes
4
Q
Are inherited variations passed on?
A
“Yes
5
Q
How do inherited variations occur?
A
“New genetic combinations during sexual reproduction and mutations. “
6
Q
Types of variation
A
“Morphological and physiological. “
7
Q
Two categories of variations
A
“Continuous and discontinuous. “
8
Q
Continuous variation definition
A
“Gradual transition between two extreme forms. “
9
Q
Continuous variation example
A
“Height in humans (short to tall). “
10
Q
Discontinuous variation definition
A
“Sharp differences between various forms. “
11
Q
Discontinuous variation example
A
“Presence or absence of ear lobes. “
12
Q
What causes discontinuous variations?
A
“Mutations. “
13
Q
Morphology definition
A
“Form and structure of an organism. “
14
Q
What does morphology determine?
A
“Physical appearance and helps identify individuals. “
15
Q
Morphological features with variations
A
“Size
16
Q
Size variations examples
A
“Length
17
Q
What is a frequency distribution curve?
A
“A curve showing the distribution of a feature with continuous variation. “
18
Q
What does a frequency distribution curve show for size?
A
“Most individuals in a medium range
19
Q
Color variations in humans
A
“Skin
20
Q
Color variations in animals
A
“Coat patterns (e.g.
21
Q
Color variations in plants
A
“Leaves
22
Q
What are fingerprints?
A
“Impressions of ridges on fingers and thumbs. “
23
Q
Are fingerprints unique?
A
“Yes
24
Q
Physiology definition
A
“Functions and activities of a living organism or its parts. “
25
Are physiological variations visible?
"No
26
Examples of physiological variations
"Behavior patterns
27
Behavior pattern variations
"Aggressive/non-aggressive
28
Factors influencing behavior
"Environment and inherited characteristics (hormones). "
29
Tongue rolling variation type
"Discontinuous. "
30
PTC tasting variation type
"Discontinuous. "
31
ABO blood groups
"A
32
What are antigens?
"Substances on the surface of red blood cells. "
33
What are antibodies?
"Substances in blood plasma. "
34
How to identify blood groups
"Mixing blood with anti-A and anti-B serum. "
35
What is agglutination?
"Clumping of red blood cells. "
36
Rhesus factor
"Another antigen on red blood cells. "
37
Rhesus positive (Rh+)
"Blood has the Rhesus factor. "
38
Rhesus negative (Rh-)
"Blood lacks the Rhesus factor. "
39
How to test for Rhesus factor
"Using anti-Rhesus serum. "
40
Applications of variation
"Crime detection
41
Use of fingerprints in crime detection
"Identification
42
DNA 'fingerprints' use
"Solve crimes by analyzing DNA patterns from body cells. "
43
DNA 'fingerprints' effectiveness
"Especially useful in identifying rapists
44
When is blood transfusion needed?
"After losing much blood (e.g.
45
What is important for successful blood transfusion?
"Compatibility between donor and recipient blood. "
46
What happens if blood is incompatible?
"Donor's red blood cells clump in recipient's vessels. "
47
Blood group A compatibility
"Can be given to A and AB recipients
48
What part of blood is crucial in transfusions?
"Antigens on donor's red blood cells and antibodies in recipient's plasma. "
49
Universal donors
"Group O people (no A or B antigens). "
50
Universal recipients
"Group AB people (no anti-a or anti-b antibodies). "
51
Paternity determination
"Using inherited variations (blood groups
52
What can blood group tests show?
"Whether a man could not be the father
53
More conclusive paternity test
"DNA fingerprints. "
54
What is adaptation?
"Process by which an organism becomes fitted to its environment. "
55
What are adaptations?
"Features that are changed or modified for survival and reproduction. "
56
Types of adaptations
"Structural
57
Necessity of adaptation
"Organisms must adapt to survive. "
58
Factors involved in adaptation
"Variation
59
Competition definition
"Interaction for a resource in short supply. "
60
Resources organisms compete for
"Food
61
Types of competition
"Direct and indirect. "
62
Direct competition
"Interference with a competitor's ability to obtain a resource (e.g.
63
Indirect competition
"Unequal efficiency in obtaining a resource
64
Competition outcome
"Only a small number of offspring survive and reproduce. "
65
Survivors' characteristics
"Features that help them compete successfully. "
66
Example of adaptation to drier climate
"Better root system and thicker cuticle in plants. "
67
Result of successful adaptation
"Better survival
68
Complexity of adaptation
"Often involves multiple simultaneous adaptations in different body parts. "
69
Survival value definition
"Helpful variations for survival in a given environment. "
70
Examples of variations with survival value in dry conditions
"Efficient water tapping and reduced water loss. "
71
Inherited variations and survival value
"Only inherited variations have survival value. "
72
Natural selection definition
"Better-adapted varieties are 'selected' by environmental pressures. "
73
Example of natural selection
"Drier climate favors plants with better water conservation. "
74
Natural selection duration
"A continuous process due to constant environmental change. "
75
Variations important in natural selection
"Variations with survival value and inherited. "
76
Levels of competition
"Interspecific (between different species) and intraspecific (within the same species). "
77
Intensity of competition
"Intraspecific competition is generally more intense. "
78
Competition's role in succession
"Hardy colonizers are replaced by better competitors as conditions change. "
79
Climax community
"Established through competition under stable conditions. "
80
Adaptations origin
"Natural selection acting on inherited variations. "
81
Adaptations types
"Modifications in form
82
Adaptations examples
"Structural adaptations
83
Structural adaptations definition
"Adaptations in body parts for specific functions. "
84
Structural adaptations functions
"Obtaining food
85
Food acquisition adaptations
"Mouths and hands/feet adapted to diet (plant or animal). "
86
Bird adaptations for food
"Beaks and feet adapted for catching
87
Insect adaptations for food
"Mouthparts and legs modified for feeding/catching prey. "
88
Spiny anteater adaptations
"Spade-like claws for digging
89
Toad adaptations for food
"Long sticky tongue attached at the front
90
Insectivorous plants adaptations
"Trap and digest insects for nitrogen. "
91
Predator-prey relationship
"Most animals are either predators or prey. "
92
Prey adaptation categories
"Escape and defense adaptations. "
93
Escape adaptations example
"Camouflage (blending with surroundings). "
94
Camouflage mechanism
"Concealing coloration. "
95
Defense adaptations examples
"Physical defenses (armor
96
Physical defenses examples
"Hedgehog spines
97
Bird of prey beak and feet adaptations
"Strong hooked beak for tearing flesh
98
Weaver bird beak adaptation
"Strong short conical beak for picking and cracking seeds. "
99
Woodpecker beak and feet adaptations
"Strong narrow pointed beak for boring
100
Hummingbird beak adaptation
"Long slender curved beak for sucking nectar. "
101
Kingfisher beak adaptation
"Long beak with saw-like edges for catching fish. "
102
Pelican beak adaptation
"Pouched beak for catching fish. "
103
Duck beak and feet adaptations
"Flat grooved/ridged beak for scooping/sieving
104
Fowl beak and feet adaptations
"Short stout conical beak for picking seeds
105
Flamingo beak and feet adaptations
"Boomerang-shaped beak with slits for scooping/sieving
106
Mimicry definition
"Resemblance of one species to another."
107
Mimicry purpose
"To deceive predators."
108
Chemical defences definition
"Use of chemicals to deter predators."
109
Chemical defences examples
"Foul taste/smell (millipedes)
110
Individual responses definition
"Actions by a single animal to escape predators."
111
Individual responses examples
"Fleeing
112
Group responses definition
"Coordinated actions by a group to escape predators."
113
Group responses examples
"Schooling (fish)
114
Adaptive coloration definition
"Use of color to aid survival."
115
Types of adaptive coloration
"Concealing coloration
116
Concealing coloration purpose
"Blend with the environment to avoid detection."
117
Warning coloration purpose
"Bright colors warn of danger (e.g.
118
Disruptive coloration purpose
"Patterns break up the outline
119
Mimicry types
"Batesian (harmless mimics harmful) and Müllerian (harmful resemble each other)."
120
Batesian mimicry example
"Harmless hoverflies resemble harmful wasps."
121
Müllerian mimicry example
"Bees and wasps have similar colors/patterns."
122
Behavioural adaptations definition
"Actions that help survival and reproduction."
123
Behavioural adaptations examples
"Courtship
124
Courtship behavior purpose
"Attract a mate."
125
Courtship behavior examples
"Visual displays
126
Mating behavior purpose
"Increase fertilization success."
127
Mating behavior examples
"Copulation
128
Parental care purpose
"Increase offspring survival."
129
Parental care examples
"Nest building
130
Migration purpose
"Move to better conditions."
131
Migration examples
"Birds flying south for winter."
132
Hibernation purpose
"Survive harsh conditions."
133
Hibernation examples
"Bears sleeping through winter."
