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Exam 2 cramming > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

parasympathetic NS on digestion

A

stimulates peristalsis/secretion of digestive enzymes

stimulates saliva

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2
Q

sympathetic/parasympathetic effect on liver

A

para stimulates release of bile

sympathetic conversion of glycogen to glucose

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3
Q

sympathetic/parasymapthetic on bladder

A

parasy - contracts bladder

S inhibits bladder contractiom

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4
Q

para/symapthetic on bronchi

A

para constricts bronchi

S - dilates bronchi

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5
Q

heart beat - para/s

A

para slows heartbeat

S accelerates heartbeat

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6
Q

para/symapthetic pupil

A

para contracts pupil

S dilates pupil

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7
Q

Action potentials - what can open/close due to stimuli, changing the potential & creating an electrical current

A

SPECIFIC ION CHANNELS

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8
Q

what is the ELECTRICAL DIFFERENCE across the membrane of the cell known as?

A

the RESTING POTENTIAL

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9
Q

what is the resting potential

A

electrical difference across the membrane of the cell

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10
Q

what type of channels are ion channels

A

transport channels

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11
Q

what are ion channels created by and where are they

A

created by trans-membrane proteins within the neuronal membranes

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12
Q

what happens when ion channels open

A

they allow specific ions to move through the membrane across an electrochemical concentration gradient

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13
Q

channels open in response to a _ which changes the permeability of the neurone membrane to Na+ & K

A

stimulus

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14
Q

Na+

A

sodium

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15
Q

K+

A

ptassium

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16
Q

4 categories of stimulus causing ion channels to open

A 
1 voltage
2 chemicals (hormones/transmitters)
3 mechanical pressure
4 light (photoreceptors of the eye)
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17
Q

what do neurone at rest possess

A

an electrical difference/gradient across the cell membrane

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18
Q

what is the electrical difference/gradient across the cell membrane created by

A

a build up of negative ions on the inside of the cell membrane and positive ions on the other side of the cell membrane in the extra cellular fluid

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19
Q

in resting potential the separation of the positive and negative charges creates

A

potential energy

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20
Q

the potential energy of resting potential is approx

A

-70mV

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21
Q

cells exhibiting a membrane potential are said to be -

A

polarised (meaning charged)

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22
Q

resting potential extracellular fluid positive or negative

A

positive (women sign)

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23
Q

which 2 minerals is extracellular fluid rich in

A

Na+ & Cl-

Natalie & Clare!

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24
Q

resting potential intracellular fluid positive or negative

A

negative - man sign

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25
resting potential intracellular fluid rich in
K+ Kevin & large negative ions that can't leave cell
26
What tries to move back to equalise the charge
Na+ Cl- | Natalie & Claire - women always peacekeepers
27
the separation of the charges (polarity) of the resting potential is maintained by the
sodium-potassium pump
28
this separation of charges creates a potential energy of
-70mV
29
the formation of a nerve impulse/signal/excitation is
An action potential
30
an action potential is a series of events which
decrease and reverse the membrane potential, then restore it to its resting state
31
2 phases of action potential
1 depolarisation | 2 repolarisation
32
the negative membrane potential (-70mV) becomes less negative, reaches zero, then becomes postitive
depolarisation
33
the membrane is then restored to its resting potential of -70mV
repolarisation
34
descrive depolarisation
the negative membrane potential (-70mv) becomes less negative, reaches zero, then becomes positive
35
describe repolarisation
the membrane is then restored to its resting potential of -70mV
36
in an action potential the only stage where the negative charge is outside and the positive charge in insides is
depolarisation
37
depolarisation is triggeerd by
stimulation of a nerve ending
38
depolarisation must reach a what in order to generate an action potential
threshold value
39
what physically happens in depolarisation
Na+ channels open allowing Na+ to flood into the cell | positive charge builds inside cell
40
what physically happens in repolarisation
K+ channels open much more slowly than Na+ channels so that as Na+ ones open, K+ open allows K+ flood out of cell, restoring membrane potential to -70mV
41
period of time after depolarisation in which a nerve cannot generate another action potential because Na+ and K+ are on wring sides of the membrane
refractory period
42
actopn potential - what levels of Na+/K+ are maintained by sodium/potassium pumps
low level Na+ | fixed level K+
43
action potential 2 - what opens and ovverideas Na/K pumps
sodium gates
44
depolaristaion/an action potential is achieved if what floods fast enough
Na+
45
what opens just as Na+ gates close
K+ gates
46
what slows/increases during repolaristaion
Na+ inflow slows | K+ outflow increases
47
what happens during the refractory period which resets the resting potential
Na/K pumps pump out the Na+
48
amino acids, peptides, monoamines are all types of
neurotransmitters
49
acetylcholine primary action
excitatory (inhibitory in vagus nerve)
50
neuro transmitter muscular contractions/cognition
acetylcholine
51
removal acetylcholine
degraded by enzyme acetylcholinesterase
52
most common neurotransmitter in the brain - excitatory | amino acid
Glutamate/aspartate
53
removal glutamate
reuptake
54
glutamate/aspartate CNS/PNS
cns
55
most common inhibitory neurotransmittor
Gamma-aminobutyris acid - GABA
56
location GABA
CNS
57
adrenalin produced by
tyrosine
58
location adrenalin
sympathetic NS
59
removal GABA
reuptake
60
removal adrenalin
reuptake/degradation by mao or comt
61
MAO long word
monoamine oxidase
62
COMT long word
catechol-oxygen-methyl transferase
63
exitatory/inhibatory NT in brain | regulates muscle tone, coordination/movement
dopamine
64
dopamine removal
reuptake/ mao/comt
65
seratonin produced by
tryptophan
66
what located in brain stem, digestive tract, platelets & pineal
seratonin
67
removal seratonin
reuptake or mao
68
Mao breaksdown which
seratonin adrenaline nor dopimine
69
comt breaks down what
adrenalin nor dopamine
70
nitric oxide formed from
arginine
71
widespread, autoimmune disorder causing acute inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves usually triggered 1-3 weeks after respiratory tract infection
Neuritis | guillain-barre syndrome
72
``` sudden acute progressive bilateral ascending paralysis ```
neuritis
73
cause neuritis
autoimmune
74
allopathic treatment neuritis
emergency - respirator, intensive care
75
complication neuritis
death - heart/respiratory failure
76
s/sx neuritis
``` sudden acute progressive bilateral ascending paralysis ```
77
what is ICP
cerebral oedema/inflammation
78
causes ICP
``` haemorrhage, hypoxia, infections abscesses tumours traumas/injury ```
79
s/s ICP
impaired eye movement impaired motor function change in speech progressively losing consciousness
80
complication of icp
permanent neurological problems seizures death
81
treatment icp
critical condition intensive care
82
infection/inflammation of the membranes covering spinal cord
meningitis
83
causes meningitis
bacterial or viral infection | viral less severe
84
s/s meningitis
petechiae - non-blanching photophobia stiff neck
85
2 signs meningitis (names)
kernig's | brudzinski
86
diagnosis meningitis
lumbar puncture
87
treatment meningitis
treat as medical emergency | antibiotics/antivirals
88
complications meningitis
brain/nerve damage
89
'waiters tip' caused by forceful pulling away of head from shoulder at childbirth
erb's palsy
90
claw hand by ulnar nerve damage
klumpke's palsy

Exam 2 cramming (9 decks)

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