Previous Exam 1 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
In tubular reabsorption renal tubules and WHAT are absorb 99% of filtered water & useful solutes
A
Collecting Ducts/tubule cells
2
Q
Urine secreted during tubular secretion is composed of water & wAste material including 3
A
Excess electrolytes
Drugs
Hormones
3
Q
Complaints of severe colicky pain in kidney area radiating to groin
Pain so severe making nauseous
Very rapid pulse
A
Renal calculus
4
Q
Renal calculi - what might you find in urine dipstick test
A
Microscopic blood
Trace blood
5
Q
6 possible underlying causes renal calculi
A
Dehydration Alkaline/acid urine Infection Urine obstruction Hyperparathyroidism Gout
6
Q
Advice given to kidney stone sufferer to prevent recurrence 5
A
Treat any underlying condition Adjust urine pH through diet Reduce dietary load of oxalates & uric acid Balance calcium levels Increase fluid intake
7
Q
Where is angiotensinogen
A
The liver
8
Q
What overall effect does angiotensin2 have on blood pressure
A
Raises it
9
Q
Glomerular filtration occurs in the
A
Renal capsule
10
Q
2 other hormones secreted as a result of angiotensin 2 production which affect tubular re absorption and secretion
A
Aldosterone
Anti diuretic hormone
11
Q
4 phases of menstrual cycle
A
1-5 menstrual
6-13 preovulatory
14-17 ovulation
17+ post ovulatory phase
12
Q
Which hormone secreted by anterior pituitary influences development/maturation of follicles
A
Follicle stimulating hormone
13
Q
Which hormone, secreted by Anterior Pituitary leads to rupturing of the mature follicle and expulsion of the egg
A
Luteinising hormone
14
Q
What hormone is tested for in pregnancy
A
Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG
15
Q
T/F placenta develops from mothers uterine cells
A
F
16
Q
T/F
Mother & foetal blood cells cross the placenta
A
F
17
Q
T/F certain drugs/stress hormones cross the placenta
A
True
18
Q
T/F when placenta attaches close to or covering cervix it is referred to as placenta précis
A
T
19
Q
List 3 clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome
A
Cysts on ovaries Multiple follicles on ovaries - pearl necklace Amenorrhea Oligomenorrhea Anovulation Infertility Impaired glucose tolerance Hyperinsulinsemia Hirsuitism High oestrogen High testosterone Acanthosis Weight gain Oily skin Acne
20
Q
Two forms orthodox medical treatment for pcos
A
OCP - with anti-androgen
Insulin resistance treatment - metformin
Weight loss
21
Q
Mid-cycle bleeding/bleeding between cycles
A
Metorrhagia
22
Q
Absence of periods
A
Amenorrhoea
23
Q
Short cycle, frequent periods
A
Polymenorrhea
24
Q
Breast tissue in male
A
Gynocomastia
25
Form/maintain myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
26
Hold neurons to blood supply & help make up blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
27
Form/maintain myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
28
Phagocytic neuroglia
Mobile in brain
Multiply when brain damaged
Microglia
29
chemical synapse - nerve impulse travels down axon and finally arrives at the
synaptic end bulb
30
synapse - depolarisation phase causes what to open and all what into this end of the neuron
calcium channels
| calcium
31
an increased concentration of these ions causes what of what, releasing neurotransmitters into the what?
exocytosis
synaptic vesicles
synaptic cleft
32
the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the WHAT neurone. this opens ion channels here, allowing ions to flow across the membrane
postsynaptic neuron
33
the change in ion concentration then triggers what in this neuron
an action potential
34
what is the potential energy of a neurone at REST
-70mV
35
which channels/gates in the nerve membrane are BLOCKED by anaesthetics?
sodium channels/gates
36
tonic-clonic seizures caused by intense/abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Grand Mal Epilepsy
37
formation of amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex with atrophy of the nervous tissue.
symptoms start with inability to incorporate new info and memories despite the retention of old info
alzheimer's disease/dementia
38
lack of movement, mask like face, low voice, shuffling steps
| muscle tiffness, jerky movements, tremors, unstable moods, pill-rolling of fingers
parkinson's
39
sudden one-sided facial parylisi following a chronic history of infection with cold sores
bell's palsy
40
which enzyme catalyses seratonin
monoamine oxidase
41
what is main function/effect of nitric oxide
vasodilation - used for angina, lowering BP and raising erections!
42
MS in associated with progressive demyelination of neurone T/F
T
43
MS affects the PNS T F
F
44
a suspected cause of MS may be viral infection TF
T
45
MS causes progressive paralysis TF
true
46
2 diff diagnosis instead of ms
slipped/herniated disc
Motor neurone disease
candiasis
47
function for trigeminal nerve
facial sensations
48
hypoglassal nerve function
speech
49
trochlear nerve function
proprioception
50
which cell/protein inhibits bacterial growth by binding to iron
transferrin
51
which cell/protein tag invading cells/pathogens for phagocytosis, attract macrophages, form membrane attack complex thereby initiating cytolysis
complement proteins
52
what is released by a cell that is infected by a virus, stopping replication in nearby other cells
interferon
53
2 benefits of inflammation
promotes phagocytosis/immune response
toxin dilution
fibrin formation - walls off area/binds wound endges
54
2 benefits of fever
makes interferon more effective
inhibits growth of some microbes
speeds reactions that aid repair
55
which 2 types of immune cells are involved at the beginning of cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
| phagocytes/macrophages
56
what is the main cytokine/inflammatory mediator involved in cell-m,edited immunity
interleukin 2
57
what is name of process of differentiation and proliferation of the activated immune cells involves in cell mediated immunity
clonal selection
58
name 2 types of cells formed at the end of clonal slection
killer T cells
memory T cells
helper t cells
regulatory t cells
59
example of artificially acquired active immunity
vaccination
60
ex of artificially acquired passive immunity
injection with antibodies - ed snake anti-venom
61
ex of naturally acquired passive immunity
antibody transfer across placenta
62
Graves disease auto immune?
yes
63
Ankylosing spondylitis auto immune
yes
64
osteoarthritis auto immune
no
65
coeliac disease auto immune
yes
66
systemic lupus erythematosus auto immune
yes
67
client anaemic, persistent malaise, recurrent cyclical fever made up of chills, fever & extreme sweating.
also nausea, vomiting, joints ache. been on holiday. urine sample haemoglobinuria. what does she have
malaria
68
what causes malaria
protozoal - plasmodium parasite carried by female anopheles mosquito
69
why is malaria sufferer anaemic with haemoglobinuria
plasmodium parasite infects RBCs causing HAEMOLYSIS, releasing loads HAEMOGLOBIN into plasma -
this is filtered/excreted by kidneys into urine
70
what causes chickenpox
virus
71
what causes shingles
virus
72
what causes measles
virus
73
what causes TB
bacterial
74
what causes impetigo
bacterial
75
which immune cells are targeted by HIV
T helper cells & macrophages
76
list 2 common opportunistic infections that occur in AIDS
candida albicans
pneumonia
cervical cancer
active TB
77
2 reasons why difficult to develop HIV drugs
virus hides in host cells
virus has few structures of own
virus able to mutate
78
```
60 male has problems swallowing
pain behind sternum on eating
food being regurgitated with non-sour reflux - cough
anaemic, weight loss
no food allergies, no heartburn what?
```
oesophageal cancer
79
1 risk factor for development of oesophageal cancer
smoking
alcohol consumption
history of chronic acid reflux?GORD
80
what is medical term for 'weight loiss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, wasting away"
cachexia
81
4 early warning signs cancer
```
unusual bleeding/discharge
anaemia
change in bladder/bowel habits
change in appearance wart/mole
sore doesn't heal
unexplained weight loss
persistent cough
solid lump
```
82
why do leukaemia sufferers often present with shortness of breath/fatigue
overproduction of WBCs - so less RBCs, platelets
leads to anaemia - presents with SOB & fatigue as less oxygen from RBCs - sufferer will feel hypoxic = shortness of breath
83
why do benign tumours rarely cause systemic symptoms or death
grow v slow
| often encapsulated - so don't metastasise
84
which type of tissues do sarcomas develop in
connective tissues - bone, muscle, cartilage
85
to view object at distance ciliary muscles contract/relax
relax
86
object at distance lens rounds/flattens
flattens
87
object at distance eyeballs converge/diverge
diverge
88
inflammatory balance disorder, following upper respiratory tract infection
mild hearing loss/tinnitus
may be caused by bacterial or viral infection, head injury
Labyrinthitis
89
most common cause of earache in children - build up of exudate puts pressure on ear and may eventually rupture it
Otitis Media (chronic)
90
increased pressure within the eye
obstruction of canal of schlemm
intense eye pain, red watery eye, sensitivity to bright lights, nausea vomiting
glaucoma
91
red swollen/painful infection of sebaceous glands of eyelid by staph
stye
92
which taste are we most sensitive to
| why important
bitter
| most poisons are bitter
93
what process enables sewage workers to work in a smelly environment all day without being bothered
Olfactory Adaptation
94
urobilinogen urine yes no
yes
95
uric acid urin y n
y
96
sodium urine y n
y
97
albumin urine y n
n
98
oxalates urine y n
y
99
ketones urine y n
n
100
female client - frequent urination, pain on urination, pain lower abdomen, fever. urine dark, smelly, cloudt
(acute) cystitis
101
urine dipstick test findings acute cystitis
trace blood
nitrates (bacteria)
WBCs
102
2 causes for cystitis
```
not emptying fully
bacteria pushed in - honeymoon cystitis
wiping back - front
urine flow obstruction
diabetes
catheter
infection
```
103
2 advice to prevent recurrence
```
lots of water - 2L+ a day
avoid alcohol, lots sugar
cranberry juice
probiotics
avoid tights, soaps
cotton underwear
```
104
3 stages urine formation in kidneys
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular sectretion
105
2 hormones produced by body to raise BP
Angiotensin 2
Aldosterone
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
Andrenalin?Cortisol
106
drug prescribed by GPs to lower BP
ACE inhibitors
| Diuretics
107
20 y o woman, no periods, acne, excess facial hair overweight
Polycystic Ovarian Sydrome
108
2 blood tests to confirm PCOS
```
high Androgens/testosterone/oestrogen
low progesterone
high LH:FSH ratio
high insulin
high blood glucose
```
109
which hormone stimulates ovulation
luteinizing hormone
110
what is wall of follicle that left behind after egg fertilised called
corpus luteum
111
what is found/made by mothers body but cannot cross placenta
blood cells
112
male secondary sex characteristics in female
Virilization
113
lactation not pregnant
galactorrhoea
114
pain on intercourse female
dyspareunia
115
no sperm in ejaculate
Azoospermia
116
lower abdo pain, gradual or sudden, severe ass fever, nausea, vomiting
pain increases with walking
purulent discharge, dysuria
PID
117
1 nutrient supports/nourishes myelin sheath
phospolipids/omega oils/amino acids/B12
118
purpose of blood brain barrier
protect brain from harmful substances in bloodstream by maintaining tightness of capillaries/junctions between cells
119
why might alcohol affect mental cognition
alcohol lipid soluble
| crosses blood brain barier
120
excitatory neurotransmitter ass with voluntary movement, learning, memory
acetylcholine
121
excitatory neurotransmitter helps regulate mood, sensory perception, temperature, appetite, sleep
serotonin
122
excitatory neurotransmitter associated with addictive behaviours pleasurable experiences, regulates muscle TONE
dopamine
123
inhibitory neurotransmittor - inhibits motor neurons/brain activity
GABA
124
name 1 enzyme breaks down epinephrine
Monoamine Oxidase
| Catechol-oxygen-methyl transferase
125
what does CSF stand for
cerebrospinal fluid
126
2 functions csf
supports protects brain/cord - shock absorber
maintains uniform pressure around brain
keeps brain/cord moist
circulates nutrients/waste
127
absences seen in children due to abnormal electrical activity in brain
epilepsy - petit mal seizure
128
3 causes of inter cranial pressure
```
haemorrhage
tumour
trauma
infection/abscess
inflammation of brain/meninges
```
129
2 complications increased cranial pressure
brain damage
death
seizures
130
2 harmful effects inflammation
swelling - confined space - pressure on nerves/icp!
pain
suppuration/pus formation
atherosclerosis
131
define systemic lupus erythematous
chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease can affect ANY part of the body
132
cell-mediated immunity requires antigen presentation to T cells T F
T
133
b lymphocytes are involved in antibody mediated immunity T F
T
134
helper T cells are involved in antibody-related immunity T F
t
135
the main cytokine/inflammatory mediator involved in adaptive immunity is transferrin t f
f
136
starts with fever & koplik spots on oral mucosa, followed by maculopapular skin rash
measles
137
v contagious skin infection, common in infants, presents with pustules, round oozing patches, clear blisters, golden yellow crusts. Grow larger daily
impetigo
138
why does TB primarily affect respiratory system
the mycobacterium Tb is highly AEROBIC, thus requiring high oxygen evils for growth
139
medical term for spread of cancer to other part of body
metastasis
140
what is term for medical care for easing of symptoms not recovery
palliative care
141
4 danger signs skin cancer
```
asymmetry
border irregular
colour varied
itching
bleeding
larger than 6mm diameter
```
142
what is a tumour marker
proteins, enzymes, hormones produced by some malignant cells
143
which type of tissues do carcinomas develop in
epithelial tissue
144
to view up close ciliary muscles
contract
145
to view close lens becomes
more rounded
146
to view close the eyeballs
converge
147
opacity of the lens ass with old age
cataract
148
one structure in ear involved in balance
vestibular apparatus
149
what is white noise
sound which contains all frequencies of sound
analogous to white light
brain ignores it
150
what white noise used for
to mask other sounds - privacy enhancers, sleep aids
