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Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

congenital disorders result from what

A

failure of neural tube to form

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2
Q

what neural tube defect is due to folic acid deficiency

when does it occur

A

spina bifida

1st trimester

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3
Q

what presents with failure of the neural arch to close and with a tuft of hair (fauns beard) and a dimple in the region of the lumbar spine

A

spina bifida occulta

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4
Q

what presents with failure of the neural arch to close with meninges herniating under the skin

A

spina bifida vera

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5
Q

what is the more severe form of spina bifida

A

spina bifida vera

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6
Q

spina bifida (occulta and vera) are associaed with elevated levels of what

A

alpha feto protein

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7
Q

what refers to protrusion of meninges through the defect in the spinal cord

A

meningocele

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8
Q

what refers to protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through a spinal column defect

A

myelomeningocele

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9
Q

what refers to failure of the brain and cranial vault to develop

A

anencephaly

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10
Q

accumulation of excessive CSF in the ventricles

A

hydrocephalus

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11
Q

obstruction of CSF flow leading to accumulation in the ventricles

A

obstructive hydrocephalus

or non communicating type

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12
Q

obstructive hydrocephalus is also called

A

non communicating type

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13
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus causes what

symptoms?

A

dilated ventricles in elderly

wet, wobbly, wacky
incontinence, ataxia, dementia

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14
Q

what form of hydrocephalus causes reversible dementia

A

normal pressure hydrocephalus in the elderly

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15
Q

herniation of cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum

A

arnold chiari type 1

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16
Q

herniation of cerebellar vermis and medulla into foramen magnum

A

arnold chiari type 2

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17
Q

what is characterized by a large posteriior fossa with cystic dulation of 4th ventricle

A

dandy walker syndrome

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18
Q

what is a non progressive motor disorder due to prenatal anoxia

A

cerebral palsy

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19
Q

scissors gait is caused by what type of lesion

seen in what condition

A

UMN lesion

seen in cerebral palsy

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20
Q

accumulation of blood under the dura layer

seen in what population

tear of what

A

subdural hematoma

elderly

veins

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21
Q

accumulation of blood outside the dura layer

seen in what population

tear of what

A

extradural or epidural hematoma

adults

artery tear

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22
Q

accumulation of blood under the arachnoid layer

seen in what population

tear of what

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

anyone

berry aneurysm

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23
Q

what is a saccular congenital swelling in a cerebral artery

A

berry aneurysm

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24
Q

increase of berry aneurysms in what patients

A

adult polycystic disease

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25
what refers to damage to the part of the brain opposite to the site of injury same side
opposite - contrecoup same - coup
26
what causes a sudden contralateral motor or sensory loss due to interrupted blood supply
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
27
what causes a sudden contralateral motor or sensory loss due to interrupted blood supply but occurs in brief episodes of neuro dysfunction
transient ischemic attack (mini stroke)
28
how long do neurological symptoms last in a transient ischemic attack
less than 24 hours | mini stroke
29
what refers to clot formed in atherosclerotic blood vessel
thrombus
30
what refers to a mass of undissolved material in blood vessels that was brought by the blood
embolism
31
what refers to accumulation of blood inside the brain
intracerebral hemorrhage
32
the most commonly affected arteries in the brain are what
lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery
33
what is infection of the brain
encephalitis
34
what arthropods cause encephalitis
western equine eastern equine st louis
35
meningitis is caused by what 3 things
neisseria meningitidis e coli hemophilus influenze
36
what is a collection of bus in the brain lobe
brain abscess
37
brain abscesses are caused by what 2 things
sinusitis | otitis media
38
what is the human form of bovine spongiform encephalitis
creutzfeldt jakob disease bovine = mad cow
39
what is a prion disease associated with eating of brains of the dead in paua new guinea
kuru
40
prions are what
infectious protein particles
41
what is a enterovirus that causes flaccid paralysis due to destruction of anterior horn cells
poliomyelitis
42
congenital syphilis is due to what
intrauterine infection
43
what are the symptoms of congenital syphilis
interstitial keratitis - inflammation of cornea that leads to blindness deafness saddle nose rhagades - linear fissures in the skin at corner of the mouth hutchinsons teeth - notched central incissors saber shin
44
patient presents with interstitial keratitis, deafness, and saddle nose what is dx
congenital syphilis
45
notched central incissors is associated with what
congenital syphilis | hutchinsons teeth
46
what refers to diffuse cerebral atrophy, memory loss, hirano bodies, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles
alzheimers disease
47
what is another name for parkinsons
paralysis agitans
48
parkinsons disease affects what part of the brain
substantia nigra (pale colored)
49
what is characterized by lewy bodies, resting tremors, mask face, and a festinating gait
parkinsons disease
50
parkinsons have what going on with hormones
decrease dopamine
51
what is another term for resting tremor seen in parkinsons
pill rolling tremor
52
what is festinating gait seen in what disease
gait that occurs with ever increasing speed seen in parkinsons
53
huntingtons chorea affects what part of the brain
basal ganglia - caudate
54
huntingtons have what going on with hormones
decreased GABA
55
what refers to chorea and mental deterioration in middle aged adults
huntingtons disease
56
amylotropic lateral sclerosis is also called
lou gehrigs disease
57
what is characterized by progressive upper and low motor neuron lesions in the lower and upper limbs
amylotropic lateral sclerosis | lou gehrigs disease
58
what is a patchy autoimmune demyelination with some regeneration in the brain and spinal cord
multiple sclerosis
59
MS is seen comonly in what population
younger females of northern european descent
60
MS is more common in what type of climates
colder climates
61
what disease is associated with charcots triad what is the triad
MS scanning speech intention tremor nystagmus
62
what is due to thiamine deficiency seen in alcoholics and deficient diets
wernickes syndrome
63
what is due to thiamine deficiency characterized by memory loss accompanied by confabulation (lying)
korsakoffs psychosis
64
what is due to vitamin b12 deficiency and results in dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract damage
posterolateral sclerosis | combined systems disease
65
what tracts are affected by posterolateral sclerosis
dorsal columns spinothalamic (combined systems disease)
66
what is the most common brain tumor
metastases from breast, renal, gut, airway, skin, anywhere
67
what is the most common primary brain tumor
glioblastoma multiform
68
what is the deadliest brain tumor
gliobastoma multiform
69
what is the most common brain tumor in a child
medulloblastoma
70
what is the second most common brain tumor
meningoma
71
meningioma is __ lesion which may appear where
benign falx cerebri
72
psammoma bodies are seen in what brain tumor
benign meningioma
73
what is a benign tumor in the internal acoustic meatus
acoustic neuroma | schwannoma
74
patient presents with unilateral deafness and facial paralysis .. what is dx
acoustic neuroma
75
what disease causes multiple neurofibromas in the skin, spinal cord, and brain with cafe au lait skin lesions and freckling in the groin and axilla (crowes sign)
von recklinghausens disease
76
what are characteristics of von recklinghausens disease
mulitple neurofibromas in the skin, spinal cord, brain cafe au lait skin lesion crowes sign - freckling of groin and axilla
77
what are the two types of von recklinghausens disease
type 1 neurofibromatosis - peripheral variety associated with pheochormocytoma type 2 neurofibromatosis - central variety associated with bilateral acoustic neuroma
78
what results in retardation, microcephaly, indistinct philtrum, and maxillary hypoplasia
fetal alcohol syndrome
79
what results in cherry red skin color
carbon monoxide poisoning
80
how does one get carbon monoxide poisoning
ventilated heaters in the winter
81
carbon monoxide binds ___ to hemoglobin
irreversible
82
what is characterized by seizures of unknown origin
epilepsy
83
what is characterized by progressive spinocerebellar tract damage, ataxia, scoliosis, speech and heart problems
friedreichs ataxia
84
what is a dilation of the central spinal cord called
syringomyelia
85
what results in a cape like pattern loss of pain and temp but no loss of proprioception or vibration
syringomyelia
86
where is syringomyelia located
dilation in central spinal cord
87
what is transient injury to a nerve with rapid and complete recovery
neuropraxia
88
what is an axon that is damaged but the sheath is still intact resulting in slow recovery as axon regernates
axonotmesis
89
what is an axon and sheath that are completely transected that leads to permanent nerve damage without recovery
neurotmesis
90
cant make ok sign
anterior interosseous syndrome
91
sign of benediciton
pronator teres syndrome
92
compression of superficial radial nerve
cheiralgia paresthetica
93
compression of saphenous nerve
gonalgia paresthetica
94
plumbism is due to what
lead poisoning
95
minamato disease is due to what
mercury poisoning
96
what occurs when you eat tuna fish in japan that results in peripheral neuropathy
minamato disease | mercury poisoning
97
what causes peripheral neuropathy that damages the vasa nervora that presents as glove and stocking paresthesia
diabetic mellitus caused by advanced glycated end products
98
what is leprosy caused by
mycobacterium leprae
99
what is caused by a bacteria that loves cool areas of the skin and peripheral nerves
leprosy | mycobacterium leprae
100
what presents as claw hand, loss of outer third of eyebrows, and anesthetic hypopigmented skin
leprosy
101
herpes zoster is caused by what infection
HHV 3
102
what contains a prodrome of pain and hypersensitivty which presents with a dermatomal rash
herpes zoster
103
what is an infectious demyelinating polyneuropathy due to viral infections or immunization
guillian barre syndrome
104
what presents as progressive motor loss starting in legs and affects the diaphragm later causing respiratory problems
guillain barre syndrome
105
what results from arrested neural crest migration to the gut with congenital agangliosides of the colon leading to chronic constipation
hirschsprungs disease
106
achalasia is due to decreased function of what
myenteric plexus
107
what causes dysphagia mainly for liquids
achalasia
108
what is due to destruction of ganglionic cells that presents with dysphagia
megaesophagus
109
megaesophagus is caused by what
trypansoma cruzi chagas disease
110
what is horners syndrome symptoms
PAM is horny ptosis anhydrosis miosis
111
horners sydrome is caused by destruction of the superior cervical ganglion that occurs in what condition
pancost tumors
112
rewhat is refered to as sudecks atrophy or complex regional pain syndrome syndrome
reflex sympathetic dystrophy

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