Nervous System Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Divisions of the NS
A
CNS and PNS
2
Q
Divisions of the PNS
A
Afferent (Sensory) and Efferent (Motor)
3
Q
Divisions of the Efferent NS
A
Autonomic and Somatic
4
Q
Divisions of the ANS
A
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
5
Q
What are the two cells of the NS ?
A
Neurones and Glial cells
6
Q
What do astrocytes do ?
A
- Form the BBB
- Provide neurones with nutrients
7
Q
What do microglia do ?
A
They act as phagocytes and are important in immune response.
8
Q
What do Oligodendrocytes do ?
A
They form the myelin sheath for neurones in the CNS
9
Q
What do Schwann cells do ?
A
They form the myelin sheath for neurones of the PNS
10
Q
What function do Ependymal cells carry out ?
A
They act as cilia in the ventricles and subarachnoid space wafting the CSF.
11
Q
What makes up the BBB ?
A
- Thick basal lamina
- Tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries
- Astrocytes
12
Q
What is the job of Satellite cells ?
A
They help to regulate the movement of substances within the PNS. Same job as astrocytes.
13
Q
What are the features of a multipolar neurone ?
A
- Multiple dentrites
- One axon
14
Q
What is the function of a multipolar neurone ?
A
Motor neurone
15
Q
What is the function of a pseudounipolar neurone ?
A
Sensory neurone
16
Q
What are the features of a bipolar neurone ?
A
- One cell body in centre
- One axon
- One dendrite
17
Q
What are the features of a pseuounipolar neurone ?
A
- One cell body in centre
- One axon that splits into two
18
Q
Name the 3 primary brain vesicles
A
Pink Mice Rule
Prosecencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
19
Q
Name the 5 secondary brain vesicles
A
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
20
Q
What does the Telencephalon form ?
A
- Lateral ventricles
- Cerebral hemispheres
21
Q
What does the Diencephalon form ?
A
- 3rd ventricle
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
22
Q
What does the Mesencephalon form ?
A
- Midbrain
- Cerebral aqueduct
23
Q
What does the Metencephalon form ?
A
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- 4th ventricle
24
Q
What does the Myelencephalon form ?
A
- Medulla
- 4th ventricle
25
What do ganglia of the ANS form from ?
Neural crest cells
26
What does the CNS form from ?
Neural tube
27
What do motor neurones form from ?
Neural tube
28
What do sensory neurones form from ?
Neural crest cells
29
Cells on the dorsal side form which plate ?
Alar plate - Dorsal horn
30
Cells on the ventral side form which plate ?
Basal plate - Ventral horn
31
Where are sympathetic ganglion located ?
In the prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia
32
What type of the synapses are between the pre and post-ganglionic cells in the sympathetic nervous system?
Cholinergic and nicotinic
33
What type of the synapses between the pre and post-ganglionic cells in the parasympathetic nervous system are ?
Cholinergic and nicotinic
34
What type of synapses are between the post-ganglionic and target organs in the parasympathetic nervous system ?
Cholinergic and muscarinic
35
What type of synapses are between the post-ganglionic and target organs in the sympathetic nervous system ?
Adrenergic - Beta and Alpha receptors
36
4 facts about the post-ganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla
- Have no axons
- Part of the Sympathetic NS
- Involved in mass activation
- Release adrenaline into the blood
37
What is the neurotransmitter to the cholingeric neurones ?
Ach
38
How does the sympathetic system affect the eye ?
Causes contraction of the dilator pupillae and relaxation of the ciliaris muscle.
39
What may eye drops that dilate the pupil contain ?
A muscarinic antagonist or an alpha 1 agonist
40
What affect does parasympathetic activity have on the heart ?
Causes the release of acetylcholine and decreases HR.
41
What affect does the sympathetic activity have on blood vessels ?
Causes them to vasoconstrict due to A1 mainly but in some causes vasodilation due to activation of B2.
42
What happens to the body in CNS ?
Disease which affects the CNS and causes demyelination of axons in the white mater.
43
How would a patient present with MS ?
They may have had a relapse which has resolved. Could present with
- Optic neuritis
- Bladder and bowel problems
- Ataxia
- Limb weakness
- Sensory symptoms
44
Medical definition of MS
Episodes of demyelination desalinated in space and time
45
Are more relapses seen during pregnancy or less ?
Less
46
Are women at a higher risk or lower risk of relapsing postpartum ?
More at risk
47
What other factor can increase chances of releasing in MS ?
Infection
48
What are the 3 types of MS ?
- Primary progressive
- Relapsing remitting
- Secondary progressive
49
How is MS diagnosed ?
Usually diagnosed clinically using Poser's criteria or via MRI using McDonald's criteria.
50
What chemical is used to held us see episodes of demyelination on MRI ?
Gadolinium
51
What other investigations may be done to rule out differential diagnosis to MS ?
- Bloods
| - Lumbar puncture
52
What is MS associated with ?
Autoimmune disease
53
What treatment is given in MS for acute relapses ?
- Prednisolone
- Rehabilitation
- Symptomatic treatment
54
What treatment is given in MS to modify the disease ?
| 1st line
- Beta interferons (IV or SC)
| - Dimethyl fumarate (oral)
55
What treatment is given in MS to modify the disease ?
| 2nd line
Natalizumab
| Alemtuzumub
56
What do disease modifying agents do ?
Lower the chances of relapses
57
What symptomatic treatment may be used in people with MS ?
Constipation - Laxatives
Erectile dysfunction - Sildenafil
Spasticity - Antispasmodics/Physiotherapy
Urinary dysfunction - Catheterisation
58
What occurs during synaptic transmission ?
1. Na flood into terminal as action potential
2. Calcium ions start to move into presynaptic terminal
3. Triggers the packaging of transmitter into vesicles and they begin to move to surface
4. Exocytosis of transmitter occurs and it diffuses across cleft
5. Transmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors
6. If not uptakes back into presynaptic cell then it is broken down in the gap
7. Transmitter is metabolised within cells
59
How could you reduce the synaptic transmission ?
- Block voltage gated sodium channels
- Increase the uptake of transmitters and their breakdown
- Decrease the synthesis and packaging of transmitter
60
What do spider toxins do ?
Block calcium channels
61
How could you increase the synaptic transmission ?
- Increase synthesis and packaging of neurotransmitters
- Activate postsynaptic receptors using agonists
- Block neurotransmitter uptake and breakdown
62
Where is dopamine found ?
In the brainstem, limbic system and basal ganglia
63
What type of receptors are dopamine ones ?
Metabotropic
64
What are metabotropic receptors ?
G-protein coupled receptors
65
What are ionotropic receptors ?
Ion channel receptors
66
What are dopamines receptors called ?
D1-5
67
What are the 5 drug classes that can be used to treat Parksinson's disease ?
1. Levodopa
2. Carbidopa
3. MAO inhibitors
4. COMT inhibitors
5. Dopamine agonists
68
What are the side effects of dopaminergic drugs ?
- N/V
- Hallucinations
- Tremors
- Abnormal behaviour
69
What are the side effects of long-term dopaminergic drug use ?
- Balance
| - Slurred speech
70
Is the vommiting centre inside or outside the BBB ?
Outside
71
What drug can be used to treat Parkinson's but doesn't cause N/V ?
Domperidone
72
Define dyskinesia
Abnormal involuntary movements
73
How do tricyclic antidepressants and MAO inhibitors work ?
Block noradrenaline uptake
74
What does SSRI's stand for and what is their main use ?
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and antidepressants
75
What are triptans used for ?
Migraine treatment
76
How do triptans work ?
5HT agonists - so they mimic serotonin
77
What can GABA agonists be used for ?
Anti-epileptic and anti-anxiety
78
How does GABA work ?
Decreases the activity of the NS
